Treatment of intestinal parasites in Australian aboriginal children.

Five to nine-year-old Aboriginal children on Mitchell River Community maintained a satisfactory growth rate in the presence of multiple infections with intestinal parasites. Intensive treatment was successful in eliminating Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Strongyloides stercoralis infections, but reinfection with G. lamblia was rapid. Treatment failed to produce any growth spurt in the group. This may have been due to the rapidity of reinfection, but raises the question of whether intestinal parasites contribute significantly to growth retardation or whether growth retarded children have an immune deficit rendering them more susceptible to parasitic infections.     

河南省人体肠道原虫感染状况调查

目的了解河南省人体肠道寄生原虫的防治效果,掌握其流行现状,为全省下一步防治规划的制定提供科学依据。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查方案》的要求,抽取16个县(市)48个调查点进行肠道寄生原虫调查。结果全省调查24348人,发现肠道原虫感染者1609人,阳性率6.61%(1609/24348),低于10年前调查的感染率20.43%。检出人体肠道原虫11种,其中兰氏贾第鞭毛虫感染率最高,为2.55%(620/24348),迈氏唇鞭毛虫感染率最低,为0.004%(1/24348);10～年龄组感染率最高,为7.95%(277/3485);豫南丘陵片区感染率最高为15.88%(483/3042),南阳盆地感染率最低为2.67%(81/3038)。结论河南省肠道寄生原虫感染率较10年前显著下降,应继续开展以驱治肠道寄生虫感染为主的防治工作。     

Effects of albendazole on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia trophozoites.

Albendazole, a benzimidazole carbamate commonly used for the treatment and control of intestinal helminthic infections, is also useful for the treatment of giardiasis. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether the drug has activity against other intestinal protozoa, such as E. histolytica. The present results demonstrate that albendazole inhibits the growth of E. histolytica trophozoites in axenic cultures and induces fine structural changes such as polyribosome aggregation and loss of cytoplasmic vacuoles at concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml. The viability of E. histolytica trophozoites was not affected by the drug. In contrast, lower concentrations of albendazole showed dramatic effects on G. lamblia trophozoites. These included loss of adhesiveness, striking modifications of the overall morphology of giardias, disassembly of the ventral disk, and loss of viability after prolonged treatment. The results provide further evidence on the potent antigiardial activity of albendazole and indicate that, at the concentrations used, the drug has no antiamebic activity.     

广西百色市人体重点寄生虫病调查结果

目的 了解百色市人体重点寄生虫病的流行现状和态势。方法 按照《广西人体重点寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》的要求,选取百色市2个县的3 个调查点开展土源性线虫病( 包括钩虫病、蛔虫病、鞭虫病、蛲虫病) 、带绦虫病、华支睾吸虫病和肠道原虫病的调查。每个调查点调查不少于250 人,共调查800 人。采集监测对象粪便标本,采用改良加藤厚涂片（Kato-Katz法）,对受检者进行粪检（一粪两检）,检查土源性线虫、带绦虫、华支睾吸虫等蠕虫虫卵并计数;土源性线虫调查点加做钩蚴试管滤纸培养法,检查并鉴定粪样中的十二指肠钩虫和美洲钩虫;采用碘液涂片法查肠道原虫包囊或滋养体;透明胶纸肛拭法查蛲虫卵。结果 百色市肠道寄生虫感染者130人,总感染率为16.25%,共检出肠道寄生虫7 种,包括线虫4 种,吸虫1 种,原虫2 种。其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、蛲虫、华支睾吸虫、结肠内阿米巴、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫感染率分别为5.38%、3.13%、6.75%、0.50%、0.25%、0.38%、0.38%。土源性线虫占肠道寄生虫感染人数的93.85%。结论 相比百色市第1次、第2次全国人体寄生虫调查和广西少数民族地区寄生虫感染调查的结果,百色市人群寄生虫感染率呈下降趋势。感染人群的分布存在地区间的差异。土源性线虫病是防治的重点,特别是农村地区,少数民族居住地,经济欠发达地区,中小学生和学龄前儿童是以后宣传教育工作的主要对象。     

云南大理在校大学生3种肠道原虫分子流行病学调查

目的 了解云南大理在校大学生蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、人芽囊原虫、毕氏微孢子虫的感染情况,为青少年肠道寄生原虫病的防治工作提供参考依据。方法 采集426份云南大理在校大学生粪便样本,提取DNA,根据设计的引物序列进行PCR扩增,通过测序和序列比对,确定其基因型并构建遗传进化树。应用软件SPSS 19.0进行统计学分析。结果 426份在校大学生粪便样本中PCR扩增出25份阳性样本,3种原虫感染率分别为：蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫4.23%（18/426）、人芽囊原虫1.41%（6/426）、毕氏微孢子虫0.23%（1/426）;蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫感染率在不同性别、民族之间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,来自农村的学生感染率5.57%显著高于城镇学生0.83%（P<0.05）;人芽囊原虫感染率在不同性别之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,少数民族感染率1.99%略高于汉族感染率0.57%,但不同民族、生源地之间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。经鉴定蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、人芽囊原虫、毕氏微孢子虫的基因型分别为AⅠ亚型、ST1型、EbpC型,且均为人兽共患基因型。结论 大理在校大学生存在蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、人芽囊原虫、毕氏微孢子虫感染,具备潜在的传播风险。学校应加强对青少年学生的卫生宣传教育,培养学生养成良好卫生习惯,提高学生自我保健能力。     

Immunological status of women with prolonged oral contraceptives and occurrence of giardiasis

Immunological status of 14 women taking oral contraceptive for prolonged period (more than 6 months, low dose pill) was studied. Phytohaemagglutinin induced lymphocytes stimulation (PILT) was found to be significantly depressed in these subjects though T-lymphocyte subpopulation was found to be normal. Serum IgA and IgG levels in these cases were found to be normal but IgM level was increased. Though incidence of G lamblia infection was reported to be high in immunocompromised subjects, it was found only one out of 14 subjects taking oral contraceptive harboured the protozoa.     

Intestinal parasitic infections in homosexual men: prevalence, symptoms and factors in transmission.

In a controlled study 67.5% of 200 homosexual men but only 16% of 100 heterosexual men were found to be infected with intestinal parasites. Entamoeba histolytica was isolated from 27% of the homosexual and 1% of the heterosexual men, and Giardia lamblia was isolated from 13% of the homosexual and 3% of the heterosexual men. The presence of symptoms could not be correlated with infection except when the infection was caused by more than one organism, including G. lamblia. Symptoms were much more common in both infected and uninfected homosexuals than in heterosexuals. Among the homosexual men recent foreign travel, living in a homosexual household and promiscuity were not correlated with intestinal parasitic infection, but cleansing of the anus before and sex was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of infection. These findings suggest that the male homosexual community may be an important reservoir of potentially pathogenic protozoa.     

污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测的结果分析

目的调查深圳市污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染情况。方法采用免疫磁分离姬姆萨染色法，对深圳市内3家污水处理厂处理后排出的污水，进行对病原虫的离心沉淀、淘洗、磁分离及染色鉴定。检测污水中的隐孢子虫卵囊和贾第鞭毛虫包囊的含量。结果3家污水处理厂中有2家在处理后的污水中检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。结论目前污水处理厂处理后的水仍可检出致病原虫，表明地面水存在水污染的危险性。     

Parasitic infections among aborigine children at Post Brooke, Kelantan, Malaysia

This study investigated the prevalence of parasitic infections among aborigine children at Post Brooke, Kelantan. Eighty-four formalin-fixed specimens and 78 PVA-fixed specimens were obtained. 79.8% and 35.9% of the samples were positive for helminth ova and protozoa respectively. The parasites detected (single plus mixed infections) were A. lumbricoides (50/84, 59.5%), T. trichiura (35/84, 41.7%), hookworm (5/84, 6.0%), S stercoralis (1/84, 1.2%), G. intestinalis (18/78, 23.1%), E. histolytica (7/78, 9.0%) and E. coli (7/78, 9.0%). Two hundred thick blood film examinations detected only one case of Plasmodium falciparum infection. A high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the children at Post Brooke was demonstrated in this study; thus there is an urgent need to improve the hygiene, education and living standards of this population.     

Mixed infections in childhood diarrhoea: results of a community study in Kiambu District, Kenya

One thousand four hundred and twenty diarrhoea specimens from 846 children aged 0 to 60 months were collected and analysed for bacteria, parasites and rotavirus over a 16 month period, from June 1985 to September 1986 inclusive. The study was conducted in 4 villages situated in Kiambu District, Kenya. All the specimens were analysed for rotavirus and parasites, including Cryptosporidium. The majority of the specimens were analysed for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Aeromonas. Only 387 specimens were analysed for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). However, of this proportion analysed for ETEC, 33% were positive. A total of 344 specimens were negative for any organisms while a further 140 were only positive for parasites which have been implicated as being pathogenic, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Trichomonas hominis and Blastocysts hominis were considered to be at least potentially pathogenic and capable of causing diarrhoea. An average of only 29.4% of these organisms occurred as single isolates. The remaining infections were mixed, with a maximum of 7 potentially pathogenic organisms occurring together in a single specimen. The associations of certain organisms were significant, notably Campylobacter with Giardia lamblia. Campylobacter with EPEC, EPEC with Ascaris, and G. lamblia with rotavirus. The latter was a negative association.     

Risk factors for persistent middle-ear effusions. Otitis media, catarrh, cigarette smoke exposure, and atopy

To ascertain risk factors for persistent middle-ear effusions (PMEE), we interviewed the parents of two groups of children. The first consisted of 76 children with PMEE who were admitted to the hospital for tympanostomy-tube insertion. The second, a control group, consisted of 76 children admitted for other types of surgery, who were matched for age, sex, season, and surgical ward. Nearly all (97%) of the children admitted for insertion of tympanostomy tubes had one or more episodes of suppurative otitis media. Only 59% of the control children had previous ear infections. Frequent ear infections sharply increased the risk for persistent effusions. Catarrh, household cigarette smoke exposure, and atopy also occurred more frequently in children with PMEE. The risk for middle-ear effusions was greatest when these three factors were all present. The avoidance of daily exposure to domestic tobacco smoke and, if atopic, of specific allergens should be included in the medical treatment of children with PMEE.     

Person-to-person transmission of Giardia lamblia in day-care nurseries.

In an outbreak of giardiasis at two day-care nurseries in metropolitan Toranto Giardia lamblia appeared to be transmitted person to person. No common source of infection could be found. The proportions of children infected in the two nurseries were 39% and 17%; infection was spread to 7% and 23% of their household contacts. Of the infected children and household contacts 26% and 30% respectively of those for whom detailed information could be obtained were symptomatic. Canadian children were more likely to be infected and symptomatic than were immigrant children attending the nurseries. The most susceptible ages for infection were 1 to 3 years. The results of this study suggest that all children in day-care nurseries who are infected with G. lamblia should be treated, regardless of whether they are symptomatic.     

云南省2015年人体肠道原虫感染现状调查

目的 了解云南省人体肠道原虫感染现状。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取10个调查县20个调查点5 067人进行调查。采集粪便标本,使用卢戈氏碘液涂片法检查肠道原虫包囊,生理盐水涂片法检查滋养体。应用SPSS 22.0 软件进行统计学分析, 感染率通过χ²检验进行比较。结果 肠道原虫感染率为3.37%(171例)。共检出7种肠道原虫,分别是人芽囊原虫(1.76%)、哈门氏内阿米巴(0.77%)、微小内蜓阿米巴(0.32%)、溶组织内阿米巴(0.26%)、结肠内阿米巴(0.16%)、布氏嗜碘阿米巴(0.08%)、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(0.02%),混合感染率为0.12%(6例)。男、女性感染率分别为3.10%和3.63%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.294）。感染者中以医务人员感染率(20.83%)最高,其次为待业人员(9.30%),不同职业人群肠道原虫感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。独龙族人群肠道原虫感染率（8.21%）,纳西族次之（7.69%）,不同民族肠道原虫感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。最高感染率主要分布于藏东-川西生态区(5.90%)和藏东南-滇桂粤南部生态区(5.01%),不同生态区肠道原虫感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。香格里拉县最高(10.02%),其次为麻栗坡县(5.74%),不同县（市、区）原虫感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。中等经济水平感染率最高(4.50%),不同经济水平类型地区肠道原虫感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 云南省人体肠道原虫感染率较高,建议有计划的开展健康教育,加强防治知识的宣传,提高群众自我健康保护意识。     

The intraspecific difference of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene from Giardia lamblia

目的：探讨蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（Giardia lamblia）磷酸丙糖异构酶基因种内差异。方法：提取虫体总DNA,对所有虫株磷酸丙糖异构酶（tim）基因部分片段进行PCR扩增。测定序列后,用简约法和NJ法构建系统树进行系统发育分析。结果：共有124个位点存在变异（占所有测定序列中的23％）,且大多数为发生在密码子的同义突变。两种构树方法所得二树的分枝结构相似,均将受试的16株蓝氏贾第虫分为明显的两组。结论：宿主及地理因素对蓝氏贾第虫群体的遗传多样性影响不大。在DNA分子进货水平上,自然选择的影响十分显。可将tim基因作为蓝氏贾第虫群体遗传结构一个十分有效的遗传标记。     

白血病患儿入住层流病房的护理

目的探讨自血病患儿化疗后严重骨髓抑制入住无菌层流病房的效果。 方法对8例白血病患儿在化疗后出现严重骨髓抑制（中性粒细胞绝对值〈0．5×10^9·L^-1）时入住无菌层流病房，并在层流病房中采取科学恰当的护理措施。 结果8例患儿入住层流病房时间为5～12d（平均8d），外周血各系均上升（中性粒细胞绝对值〉1．0×10^9·L^-1）。8例中除1例患上呼吸道感染外，其余均未发生口腔粘膜损害、肛周及其他部位感染。 结论无菌层流病房对白血病患儿顺利渡过化疗后骨髓抑制期具有重要作用。     

Intestinal parasites in a rural community in Kenya: cross-sectional surveys with emphasis on prevalence, incidence, duration of infection, and polyparasitism

A cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic infection in a rural community, Nderu, in Kiambu District, Kenya, was carried out in 1985 by examining 1129 individuals from 203 households (about 25% of the total population). This was followed by 3 more cross-sectional surveys, in January, May and October 1986, of 56 families comprising 461 individuals, who had also participated in the first survey. In the first survey, 81.4% of the sample was positive for at least one intestinal parasite and 78% was positive for intestinal protozoa. 72.7% of those infected had multiple infections. The prevalence of most of the protozoa increased with age but that of Giardia lamblia peaked in the 0 to 4 year class at 35.5%. Females were infected more often with several of the protozoa, but males with Ascaris. People living in larger households were more often infected with Entamoeba histolytica and Iodamoeba butschlii, while the opposite was true of H. nana and tended to be for Giardia. Significant positive associations between parasite species were common at all surveys, especially among the amoebae. The majority of negative associations were for Giardia. Unformed stools were significantly associated with Giardia, Blastocystis, and trophozoites of Trichomonas hominis and Chilomastix mesnili. Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli were found more often in formed stools. Estimates of daily incidence, and duration of infection in days, were calculated for 11 parasites. The longest mean estimated duration of infection for any species was 237 +/- S.D. 151.4 days for H. nana and the shortest was 41.6 +/- S.D. 0.4 days for T. hominis.     

Trends and prevalence of intestinal parasites at a tertiary care center in Lebanon over a decade

Intestinal parasitic infections or infestation are amongst the most prevalent infections worldwide. This study aimed at revealing the changing trends over a decade duration of intestinal parasites identified at a major tertiary care center in Lebanon between 1997-1998 and 2007-2008. The total number of specimens tested were 14,771 for 1997-1998 vs 7477 for 2007-2008. The positive findings for parasites were 2077 (14%) vs 1047 (14%), respectively. The majority of recovered parasites in both study periods belonged to intestinal protozoa (91% and 95%), followed by cestodes (6% and 3%), and nematodes (3% and 2%), while trematodes were negligible in both periods. The highest prevalence occurred among ages 16 to 35 years for 1997-1998, and without age predominance in the second period. The detected parasites from 1686 individuals (11.4%) in the first period vs 904 (12.1%) in the second period encompassed 18 species. The most common "pathogenic" parasite in both periods were: Entamoeba histolytica (14% vs 12%), Giardia lamblia (16% vs 6%), Taenia spp. (6% vs 3%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (2% vs 1%). Generally, these were detected more in males than females, in adults than in children, and during the summer (= 30%) and autumn (= 26%) than winter (= 20%) seasons for both periods. Despite some observable decrease in prevalence among the two study periods, sustainability of substantial intestinal parasites detection continues to exist. The latter is a valuable indicator for a state of collective ill-health, warranting more attention and efforts for public health awareness to improve hygiene and sanitation in order to minimize the prevalence of these parasites in this country.     

腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝“一日病房”护理模式的探讨

目的探讨＂一日病房＂护理模式应用于腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的临床效果。方法收集140例经腹腔镜治疗的腹股沟斜疝小儿,随机均分为观察组与对照组,观察组实施＂一日病房＂护理模式,对照组实施传统住院护理。结果观察组患儿的平均住院时间较对照组显著缩短,平均住院费用、医院感染发生率以及护理差错事件发生率显著低于对照组,而患者的满意度显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论对行腹腔镜治疗的腹股沟斜疝患儿实施＂一日病房＂护理模式,可有效促进患儿的康复,缩短住院时间,并减少护理差错事件以及医院感染率的发生,值得推广应用。     

不同宿主贾第虫对不同实验动物感染的比较

以来自人的兰氏贾第虫滋养体经口和直接接种于十二指肠感染不同实验动物，以来自自然感染的金黄仓鼠的西蒙氏贾第虫滋养体经口分别对大鼠、豚鼠和兔作交叉感染。结果，大鼠、豚鼠和兔对兰氏贾第虫滋养体均不感染；但西蒙氏贾第虫对大鼠具有感染力，而对豚鼠、兔无感染力。同时发现，幼龄大鼠比性成熟期大鼠易感，但滋养体在十二指肠内的分布十分相似，主要分布于前段、中前段和中段，而中后段和后段相对较少。尽管来自不同宿主的贾第虫经染色后形态相似，无法区别，但本文结果表明两者的宿主特异性存在差异。     

Intestinal parasites among young children in the interior of Guyana

Intestinal parasites contribute greatly to morbidity in developing countries. While there have been several studies of the problem in the Caribbean, including the implementation of control programmes, this has not been done for Guyana. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among young children in a town located in the interior of Guyana. Eighty-five children under the age of 12 years were studied prospectively for intestinal parasites in Mahdia, Guyana. Stool samples were transported in formalin to the Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica, for analysis using the formalin-ether concentration and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Data on age and gender of the children were recorded on field data sheets. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 43.5% (37/85) of the children studied and multiple parasitic infections were recorded in 21.2% (18/85). The most common intestinal helminth parasite was hookworm (28.2%; 24/85), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (18.8%; 16/85) and then Trichuris trichuria (14.1%; 12/85). Among the protozoan infections Giardia lamblia was detected in 10.5% (9/85) of the study population while Entamoeba histolytica appeared rarely. All stool samples were negative for Cryptosporidium and other intestinal Coccidia. There was no predilection for gender with any of the parasites. The pattern of distribution of worms in this area of Guyana was unlike that seen in other studies. Hookworm infection was the most common among the children and a large proportion had multiple infections. The study established the occurrence and prevalence of a number of intestinal parasites in the population of Guyana. This sets the stage for the design and implementation of more detailed epidemiological studies.