单枚PEEK椎间融合器结合椎弓根螺钉治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的:探讨单枚PEEK椎间融合器结合椎弓根螺钉治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效.方法:采用椎管减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、单枚PEEK椎间融合器植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症26例,其中Meyerding分度为I度滑脱10例,II度滑脱16例; L4滑脱17例,L5滑脱9例.根据邹德威方法评价临床疗效.结果:术后随访4～24个月.26例均获得椎间骨性融合,融合时间5～12月.疗效评定为优20例、良4例、可2例、差0例,优良率为92%.结论:后路椎弓根内固定加PEEK椎间融合器治疗腰椎滑脱症,能达到良好的复位及牢固的固定,可保持椎间高度和恢复脊柱生物力学稳定性.     

腰椎椎弓峡部裂伴椎体Ⅱ°或以上滑脱的手术治疗策略

目的　探讨腰椎椎弓峡部裂伴椎体Ⅱ°或以上滑脱的有效的手术治疗方法。 方法　回顾性分析我院2006年1月～2011年6月采取手术治疗、且资料完整的42例腰椎椎弓峡部裂伴椎体Ⅱ°或以上滑脱病例。男13例,女29例,年龄24～70岁,平均51.0岁,病史时间2 ～20年,平均7.5年,均有顽固性下腰痛;病变部位：L4 15例,L5 27例;均为双侧椎弓峡部裂,其中椎体滑脱Ⅱ°28例,Ⅲ°14例。均采用椎弓根螺钉复位固定并椎间融合器植骨术,其中单节段固定38例,双节段固定4例。经椎间孔入路融合器植骨,使用一枚融合器5例,使用两枚融合器37例。对比其术前、后腰椎前凸角、骶倾角、滑脱角、滑脱率和椎间隙高度的变化,采用Oswestry评分(ODI)评价其功能变化。 结果　本组病例切口无感染,1例因螺钉位置不正确术后出现神经根损伤症状而行螺钉调整术。均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月,平均　28.5个月。除腰椎前凸角手术前后无明显变化外,术后滑脱角、滑脱率、骶倾角和椎间隙高度均获得良好的改善。本组未出现内固定松动、断裂及融合器移位现象,椎间融合器植骨除2例不能明确外,其余均获骨性融合;Oswestry评分由术前33.6±6.5至最后随访时10.8±4.1。 结论　腰椎椎弓峡部裂伴椎体Ⅱ°或以上滑脱病例其病史时间长、病情重、病理变化明显。建议单节段椎弓根螺钉复位固定、充分松解、尽量复位并采用椎间融合器植骨方法。     

RF复位固定椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨RF提位复位椎弓根固定结合椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法2003年元月～2005年12月收治Ⅱ度以内的腰椎滑脱症37例，均在椎弓根螺钉系统作滑脱提拉复位固定加椎间植骨融合术。随访时，观察固定节段的椎体间有无移位，滑脱是否复发，植骨是否融合，术前症状是否残留或加重。结果随访5～41个月，平均25个月，按侯树勋等疗效评价标准，优良率94．6％。8例Ⅰ度腰椎滑脱患者和29例Ⅱ度滑脱患者术后全部解剖复位，且全部融合，无滑脱复发。结论使用RF提拉复位椎弓根固定结合椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症可减少术后断钉和滑脱复发的问题，且术后症状缓解较彻底，是治疗腰椎滑脱症比较理想的手术方式，值得推广。     

PLIF技术在退变性腰椎滑脱并椎管狭窄症治疗中的应用

目的分析研究使用单枚椎间融合器(Cage)的腰椎后路椎体间融合技术(PLIF)在退变性腰椎滑脱并椎管狭窄症中的应用效果。方法选择2010年10月~2014年1月期间的退变性腰椎滑脱并椎管狭窄症患者42例,其中男22例,女20例;年龄41~76岁,平均61.9岁。所有患者均采用全椎板减压、椎间盘摘除、椎弓根钉系统复位内固定、后路椎体间融合术,融合均采用单枚椎间融合器(Cage)加自体骨粒植入。术后随访1~3年,平均1.7年。临床症状采用JOA评分、VAS评分和ODI评分来评价,影像学表现评价指标包括滑脱率、椎间隙高度、腰椎前凸角和植骨融合率。结果临床症状,术后6个月JOA评分、VAS评分和ODI评分均较术前有明显改善,且均具有统计学意义(0.05)。影像学表现,滑脱率、椎间隙高度和腰椎前凸角在术后6个月均获得明显的恢复,术前与术后的差异具有统计学意义(0.05)。随访42例病例均达骨性愈合,融合率为100%。结论经全椎板减压、椎间盘摘除、椎弓根钉系统复位内固定、后路椎体间融合术,可以达到彻底椎管减压,有效改善患者脊髓神经功能及生活质量。采用单枚Cage的PLIF技术能有效恢复和维持脊柱生理稳定性,可获得满意的影像学表现,融合率高,并发症风险低。     

椎间融合器加椎弓钉系统治疗腰椎滑脱症疗效分析

目的 探讨后路腰椎管减压、椎弓钉系统复位、Vigor Spacer椎间融合器和小关节突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱并腰椎管狭窄的临床疗效。方法 对37例腰椎滑脱患者进行腰椎管减压、椎弓钉系统复位内固定、Vigor Spacer椎间融合器和小关节突间植骨的手术治疗。其中I度滑脱27例，Ⅱ度滑脱10例；L4.5滑脱12例，L5S1滑脱15例；23例为峡部裂性，14例为退行性。结果 随访10-38个月，平均23．6个月。通过对术前术后临床症状和x线片滑脱复位程度比较，37例中33例症状完全消失，优良率89．2％；27例I度滑脱完全复位，10例Ⅱ度滑脱8例完全复位，椎间融合率97．3％；椎间高度由术前平均4．1mm恢复至术后11．7mm，且无高度丢失。结论 后路减压、椎弓钉系统复位内固定、Vigor Spacer椎间融合器和小关节突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱，效果良好，复位稳定满意。     

后路椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症21例疗效分析

目的：探讨后路椎间融合（自体骨＋cage）加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱的临床疗效。方法：自2009年5月至2012年4月,采用后路减压复位、椎体问置人自体骨及斜向置入单枚融合器（cage）手术,治疗伴有明显神经症状的成人腰椎滑脱患者21例。结果：本组患者均顺利完成手术,术后随访6～30个月。21例患者临床症状均有不同程度改善;X线显示复位效果良好,滑脱复位椎体在6—9个月达骨性融合,无高度丢失及复位丢失,内固定材料无松动、断裂,Cage融合器位置及形态正常。临床疗效优14例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率90．5％。结论：后路椎间融合（自体骨＋cage）加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱,具有复位满意、固定牢靠、植骨融合率高、减压彻底、临床疗效满意等优点,是治疗腰椎滑脱症的有效方法。     

UPASS钉棒系统治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨UPASS钉棒系统内固定加椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效。方法行UPASS椎弓根螺钉系统复位内固定加椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症18例。结果18例均获满意复位,术后随访时间平均16个月,优良率88．89％。结论UPASS钉棒系统纵向撑开力及复位拉力大,能撑开椎间隙和使滑脱的椎体最大限度复位,固定可靠;滑脱椎体间植骨具有较高的融合率,是腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症较理想的治疗方法。     

单枚椎间融合器并椎弓根螺钉单侧内固定治疗单侧腰椎间盘突出症

背景：对于仅有一侧腰腿痛的腰椎间盘突出症需手术治疗的患者,常见的治疗方法包括腰椎椎板开窗减压和全椎板切除加压加双侧椎弓根螺钉内固定,但其治疗效果均不理想。 目的：探讨单侧椎弓根螺钉内固定结合单枚腰椎椎间融合器置入治疗出现一侧腰腿痛症状腰椎间盘突出症的可行性和临床效果。 方法：新疆石河子人民医院对40例一侧腰腿疼痛为主要症状的腰椎间盘突出症患者行单枚腰椎椎间融合器置入+单侧椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗。治疗前后按日本骨科学会(JOA)1984年制定的腰腿痛疗效标准分别对患者进行治疗前和治疗后的随访评分,计算治疗后的改善率和优良率;并按Suk标准评定椎间融合率。 结果与结论：40例患者均获得随访,时间6-60个月。切口均一期愈合,无切口感染。治疗后6个月JOA评分显著高于治疗前(P < 0.05),优良率为88%。按Suk标准评定,38例患者影像学资料符合确认植骨融合或可能融合,椎间融合率为95%。剩余2例患者在治疗后9个月随访时达到上述标准。提示单枚椎间融合器置入加单侧腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗仅有一侧腰腿痛症状的腰椎间盘突出症可获得满意的效果。     

椎弓根螺钉合椎间植骨治疗腰椎骨脱症38例

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉（GSS）合椎间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法对38例腰椎滑脱症患者采用切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定舍椎间植骨治疗。结果术后随访6-24个月,全部患者均达到骨性融合,平均融合时间为4个月,根据Nanana标准,优27例,良7例,可4例,优良率为89．5％。结论椎弓根螺钉合椎间植骨是治疗腰椎滑脱症较为理想的术式。     

椎间融合器与椎间植骨联用椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症的比较性研究

目的 比较不同植骨方法治疗腰椎滑脱症的长期疗效改善率、植骨融合率和椎间隙高度恢复率.方法 2006年2月～2011年2月期间对40例腰椎滑脱症患者采用椎间融合器联用椎弓根钉内固定治疗病例,将其设为A组.同期40例采用植骨加椎弓根钉内固定术的病例设为B组进行比较,采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰腿痛疗效标准(29分法),根据长期疗效改善率和影像学资料对结果进行统计学分析.结果 术后随访6～24个月,以末次随访时JOA评分长期疗效改善率,A组为(89.72±9.15)％,B组为(72.75±11.15)％.A组植骨融合率90％,椎间隙高度恢复率95％,B组植骨融合率80％,椎间隙高度恢复率70％,两组数据经t检(t=5.815,P＜0.05)有统计学差异.结论 椎间融合器联用椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症疗效显著,长期疗效改善率和植骨融合率高,保持了椎间隙高度,增加椎体的稳定性,减少复发率.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.