支气管肺泡灌洗术在支气管哮喘中的应用

目的探讨应用支气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗支气管哮喘的作用。方法将常规治疗无效的61例支气管哮喘患者随机分成两组,对照组继续采用支气管舒张剂等常规治疗,支气管镜肺灌洗组在常规治疗基础上加用支气管肺泡灌洗术。治疗前及治疗后48小时观察患者的临床表现,检测第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、呼气峰流速(PEF)等,选用改良英国MRC呼吸困难指数(mMRC)进行病情评估。并对两组患者住院天数进行比较。结果两组患者治疗后哮喘症状、体征好转,肺功能指标及mMRC均得到改善,两组比较,经支气管镜肺灌洗组显著优于对照组,且住院天数缩短,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经支气管镜行肺泡灌洗术能清除支气管内黏性分泌物,通畅气道,改善气道的炎症反应,是治疗由黏液栓引起的哮喘急性发作最有效手段,且见效快。     

应用纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症哮喘的临床

目的　探讨应用纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症哮喘的作用。方法　观察2 0例重症哮喘病人应用支气管肺泡灌洗后血气分析及临床表现的变化。结果　经纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗并注药治疗前后患者的临床表现,血氧分压(PaO2 )、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2 )及血氧饱和度(SaO2 )明显改善,统计学处理有显著性差异,而pH值经统计学处理无显著性差异。结论　经纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗并注药治疗重症哮喘确有疗效且安全,值得推广。     

支气管肺泡灌洗术在支气管哮喘中的应用简

目的 探讨应用支气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗支气管哮喘的作用.方法 将常规治疗无效的61例支气管哮喘患者随机分成两组,对照组继续采用支气管舒张剂等常规治疗,支气管镜肺灌洗组在常规治疗基础上加用支气管肺泡灌洗术.治疗前及治疗后48小时观察患者的临床表现,检测第1 秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、呼气峰流速（PEF）等,选用改良英国MRC呼吸困难指数（mMRC）进行病情评估.并对两组患者住院天数进行比较.结果 两组患者治疗后哮喘症状、体征好转,肺功能指标及mMRC均得到改善,两组比较,经支气管镜肺灌洗组显著优于对照组,且住院天数缩短,差异具有统计学意义（ P ＜ 0.05）.结论经支气管镜行肺泡灌洗术能清除支气管内黏性分泌物,通畅气道,改善气道的炎症反应,是治疗由黏液栓引起的哮喘急性发作最有效手段,且见效快.     

哮喘支气管肺泡灌洗液的研究

本文综述近年对哮喘病人支气管肺泡灌洗液的研究情况;包括细胞学和炎性介质成份和量的变化及其临床意义。     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗危重支气管哮喘疗效观察

1998年1月至2003年4月，我们应用纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗危重支气管哮喘15例，疗效较好。现报告如下。     

支气管肺泡灌洗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者中的应用

目的 探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者的临床价值.方法 将我院收治的94例慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者随机分为治疗组(48例)和对照组(46例).对治疗组患者进行支气管肺泡灌洗,观察灌洗后临床疗效、血气分析和呼吸力学指标变化.结果 治疗组患者灌洗后临床症状改善,PaO2上升,PaCO2下降,气道平均压...     

支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创通气治疗失败的重症哮喘患者疗效观察

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创通气对常规治疗失败的重症哮喘患者肺功能及病情缓解时间的影响。方法选择常规治疗失败的重症哮喘患者41例，随机分为两组，对照组和灌洗组。一组给予无创通气治疗，一组在上述治疗的同时给予支气管肺泡灌洗。结果灌洗组的肺功能PEF，FVC较对照组升高（P〈0．05），症状改善时间及ICU住院天数较对照组缩短（P〈0．05）。结论支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创通气应用于常规治疗失败的重症哮喘，肺功能恢复快，症状缓解时间及ICU住院天数短。     

支气管肺泡灌洗术在难治性哮喘诊治中的应用价值

目的了解难治性哮喘气道炎症的粒细胞表型,初步探讨支气管肺泡灌洗术(broncho-avleolar lavage,BAL)在难治性哮喘诊治中的应用价值。方法 31例难治性哮喘患者选择右肺中叶或左肺舌段进行BAL,回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)进行细胞分类和细菌培养。结果 31例患者的BALF中中性粒细胞比例均呈不同程度升高,范围分布于8%～97%,其中中性粒细胞比例大于40%者占64.5%,而嗜酸粒细胞比例升高者只有6例,其中3%～6%的5例,54%的1例。BALF培养结果发现,烟曲霉(+)4例,铜绿假单胞菌(+)1例,大肠杆菌(+)1例。结论以中性粒细胞浸润为主的气道炎症表型可能是难治性哮喘的一种特征,通过BALF检查有助于难治性哮喘的诊断和制定个体化的治疗。     

诱导痰技术及其在支气管哮喘气道炎症评价中的作用

通过对吸入高渗盐水诱导生成的痰液中细胞和上清液可溶性介质的分析来反映气道炎症是一种非侵入性、简便易行的方法。其安全性、可靠性、有效性已经研究证实。与支气管肺活检、经支气管肺泡灌洗等常用的侵入性检查结果相比,其嗜酸粒细胞与中性粒细胞较多而淋巴细胞减少,上清液中嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白浓度明显增高,这与标本的留取方法和部位的不同有关。目前这一方法正逐步广泛地应用于支气管哮喘的气道炎症机制、气道炎症与可逆性     

对高危低氧血症患者经面罩正压通气支持下行支气管镜检查安全性的研究

目的 :探讨经面罩非侵入性正压通气 (NPPV)支持下对伴有高危低氧血症患者支气管镜检查的安全性。方法 :19例需要接受支气管镜检查或治疗的危重病患者 ,术前氧合指数≤ 10 0 ,pH≥7.35 ,除慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)外 ,经NPPV通气后血氧饱和度均提高至≥ 90 %。NPPV采用BiPAP呼吸机或Servo 90 0C呼吸机 ,检查期间常规进行心电图和经皮血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )的监测。结果 :SpO2保持在 90 %以上 ,1次入镜完成检查与治疗 14例 ;SpO2 降低至 85 %以下的 3例COPD再次入镜时同时施行射频通气 ,结果未发生低氧血症。检查未引起严重并发症和死亡。结论 :伴有严重低氧血症的危重病患者在NPPV支持下接受支气管镜检查可提高检查的安全性     

支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘患者支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌培养及药敏状况研究

目的 探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluids,BALF)病原菌培养及药敏试验在支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘治疗中的临床应用价值.方法 选择90例支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘的住院患者,收集其BALF标本进行病原菌培养及药敏试验.结果 90例患者病原菌检出阳性55例(61.1％),共57株.革兰阴性杆菌54株(94.7％),以铜绿假单胞菌为主,鲍曼不动杆菌次之;真菌2株(3.5％),为曲霉菌;革兰阳性球菌1株(1.8％),为金黄色葡萄球菌.混合菌感染2例,为鲍曼不动杆菌合并金黄色葡萄球菌1例、施氏假单胞菌合并铜绿假单胞菌1例.药敏试验发现,53株革兰阴性杆菌对妥布霉素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、亚胺培南最敏感,对头孢噻肟、复方新诺明、左旋左氧氟沙星耐药性最高;嗜麦芽寡养食单胞菌对左旋左氧氟沙星、米诺环素及复方新诺明100％敏感;曲霉菌对两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑100％敏感;革兰阳性球菌只检出1株,药敏结果代表性不强,未给予深入研究.结论 支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘患者BALF病原菌培养出细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,真菌感染率亦显现,革兰阳性球菌少;2种或2种以上混合细菌感染虽然占少数,但混合菌感染的出现说明各病原菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药性可能增加;药敏结果对临床治疗支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘有重要指导意义;BALF取样部位针对性强,提供结果较可靠,培养阳性率高,临床应用价值较大;通过肺泡灌洗将有助于支气管扩张症的感染性分泌物清除,改善患者支气管阻塞,降低局部病原菌数量和浓度,有助于改善其喘息症状,并有助于控制感染.     

床旁纤维支气管镜在危重症呼吸衰竭患者中的临床应用价值

目的探讨床旁纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)在危重症呼吸衰竭患者中的临床应用价值。方法选择2010年7月—2013年10月我院ICU和RICU收治的88例危重症呼吸衰竭患者,均进行了床旁纤支镜诊疗技术。结果本组患者中37例行纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管均获得成功,插管时间为30 s~3 min。51例患者经纤支镜介入行气道廓清术,吸出痰痂、异物后肺炎、肺不张并发呼吸衰竭症状明显改善,其中21例次下呼吸道吸引和灌洗液标本检出病原微生物,细菌、真菌培养阳性率为67.7%。本组患者未发生严重并发症和死亡。结论对危重症呼吸衰竭患者实施床旁经纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管,借助纤支镜行气道廓清术以解除气道阻塞、改善肺部通气及采集下呼吸道分泌物行病原学检查是较为安全、有效的,值得临床推广应用。     

危重哮喘机械通气治疗的应用

目的评价机械通气治疗急性发作危重症哮喘的方法及疗效。方法对2001年1月至2004年11月收治的246例急性发作危重哮喘中15例危重型哮喘患者,在内科综合治疗同时13例经气管插管,起始模式为同步间歇指令通气+压力支持,应用静脉内注射肌松剂者为控制/辅助模式,低潮气量(6～8ml/kg),慢呼吸频率(10～12次/min),长呼气时间(吸:呼>1:2),吸气压<25cmH2O,吸气时间0.7～1.0秒。2例经面罩行机械通气,为双水平正压通气。结果15例患者均抢救成功,平均1.25小时症状体征开始改善,机械通气24小时症状评分≤2分,平均机械通气时间59.8小时,治疗后血气分析指标均恢复正常,最高呼气峰流量(PEF)值显著增高(P<0.01)。结论机械通气是治疗急性发作危重症哮喘的有效方法,应注意把握适应证,适当的模式和参数。     

Cellular and immunological markers of allergic and intrinsic bronchial asthma

Based on a growing body of evidence, allergic as well as intrinsic bronchial asthma have recently been defined as chronic persistent inflammatory disorders. Agreement has been reached that asthma can no longer be equated with bronchospasm only, and that the absence of reversibility of airflow obstruction does not exclude bronchial asthma. Bronchial hyperreactivity, on the other hand, although common to the vast majority of asthmatics, is not specific for bronchial asthma and provocation tests to measure bronchial hyperreactivity are not suited for routine monitoring of bronchial asthma. The clinical features of asthma are related to cellular as well as to soluble parameters of bronchial inflammation. Therefore, means of assessing and monitoring asthmatic inflammation have been investigated. Since eosinophils, T lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells, and structural cells, as well as various proinflammatory mediators and proteins, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, it has been anticipated that several of these cells or mediators might be either diagnostic of bronchial asthma or could serve as markers to monitor the underlying bronchial inflammation. Currently there is no diagnostic marker of bronchial asthma, which, on its own, either confirms or excludes bronchial asthma with appropriate sensitivity and specificity. Clinically the most reliable feature of bronchial asthma that seems to be related closely to the symptomatology still is the presence of eosinophils in peripheral blood, and especially in sputum. Eosinophil-derived products, particularly eosinophil granule proteins, have been investigated as markers of eosinophil participation in the pathogenesis of asthma and, comparable to eosinophil numbers themselves, are possible predictors of impending exacerbations of allergic, as well as intrinsic bronchial asthma. However, clinically their precise value in diagnosing and monitoring of bronchial asthma has not been documented convincingly and requires further investigation. Increasing data suggest that the regulation of eosinophilia is largely conveyed by interleukin-5 (IL-5) released from activated T-helper lymphocytes and possibly other cells. Therefore, T-lymphocyte activation, and especially assessment of systemic and local IL-5 levels, might be of diagnostic value and possibly useful in monitoring of inflammation in bronchial asthma in the future. A possible role and future applications for other markers of inflammation not related to eosinophils in monitoring or diagnosing bronchial asthma need to be established. Offprint requests to: J.-C. Virchow, Jr.     

Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates

Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates have high mortality rates, especially if mechanical ventilation is required. The diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in these patients is controversial. We retrospectively analyzed the microbiological results of BAL samples obtained during 249 FOB examinations from 199 febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates (underlying diseases: acute leukemia 103 patients, lymphoma 84 patients, other malignancies 12 patients). Two hundred forty-six examinations could be evaluated. Seventy-three out of 246 BAL samples were sterile; 55 samples showed microbiological findings classified as contamination or colonization. One hundred eighteen samples showed positive microbiological results of bacteria and/or fungi classified as causative pathogens. Thereof, in 70 samples, only bacterial pathogens were detectable (Gram-positive, 35; Gram-negative, 30; mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative, 5). Thirteen samples showed both fungi and bacterial pathogens. In 33 samples, only fungi were detectable, thereof, in 15 samples Aspergillus species, in 16 samples Candida species, and in 2 both. In two samples, a viral pathogen could be detected. Three nonlethal complications (bleeding, arrhythmia) occurred that required early termination of FOB. In 94 (38.2%) patient episodes, antibiotic treatment was modified as a result of microbiological findings in BAL samples. Our results show that FOB with BAL is a valuable diagnostic tool with low complication rates in high-risk febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates, contributing crucial results for the individual case, and also improving epidemiologic knowledge.     

BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘33例临床分析

目的探讨BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的疗效。方法选择重症支气管哮喘患者68例,随机抽样分为治疗组（33例）和对照组（35例）。治疗组在常规药物治疗基础上行BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗;对照组予单纯常规药物治疗。观察两组治疗前后的临床症状和血气分析的变化情况。结果治疗组临床症状明显改善,血氧分压（PaO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO：）显著升高,二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）显著降低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论重症支气管哮喘在常规治疗的基础上加用BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状、血气分析指标,疗效满意,安全,值得临床推广应用。     

无创性正压通气与安定联用救治重症哮喘的疗效分析

目的探讨无创性正压通气与安定联用治疗重症支气管哮喘。方法采用经鼻(口)面罩无创性正压通气,联合应用安全治疗16例重症支气管哮喘患者。结果对此组患者的临床征象有显著改善,无任何并发症。动脉血气治疗前后也有明显差异(P均<0.01)。结论无创性正压通气联合安定是一种重症支气管哮喘有效的治疗手段,且有易于操作、不损害上呼吸道防御功能、减少误吸及无创伤等优点。