蛋糕制作与销售行业中存在问题及对策

蛋糕的原料营养丰富,在制作和销售过程中易被病原微生物污染,危害消费者身体健康。历年来蛋糕质量抽检合格率仅在50%左右,而食用被污染或变质蛋糕引起食物中毒的事例也时有发生。故蛋糕的质量是卫生监督工作的一大难点。近年来,本所在对蛋糕质量监管中,通过对制作、销售行业的现场调查和实验室检测,找出了存在的问题,并运用HACCP系统理论对其进行了危害分析,找出了关键控制点,并提出对策,现报告如下。     

裱花蛋糕制售过程应用HACCP效果评价

通过在裱花蛋糕制售过程中应用危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP)系统,对影响裱花蛋糕卫生质量的危害因索进行分析,确定以下环节为关键控制点(ccp):1．工艺布局不合理;2．器具、人手、空气二次污染;3．冷却和销售时间过长。并采取针对性干预措施,使裱花蛋糕合格率从32%上升到84%。结果表明,效果显著,行之有效。从而为加强裱花蛋糕的卫生监督管理提供了科学依据。     

裱花蛋糕加工制作的危害分析与控制

[目的]以HACCP体系用于裱花蛋糕的加工制作的质量控制,以提高我县裱花蛋糕的安全性,防止危害公众健康的问题发生。[方法]对不同销售时间的裱花蛋糕及裱花蛋糕各生产环节进行采样和检验,对加工场所的卫生设施及卫生管理情况进行卫生学调查。[结果]裱花蛋糕微生物污染因素是多方面的。确定原料、操作间洁净度、裱花蛋糕存放时间与冷藏设施和操作工人的个人卫生为关键控制点。[结论]应用HACCP系统确定关键控制环节及控制措施,可指导经营者生产合格的产品。     

裱花蛋糕污染环节调查分析

裱花蛋糕污染环节调查分析淮阴市卫生防疫站金良华徐子伟裱花蛋糕生产过程易受细菌污染，抽检合格率普遍较低，在５０％左右，卫生质量亟待提高。本文通过对裱花蛋糕各工序原料、半成品、成品等抽样检验分析，表明裱花工序是裱花蛋糕制作过程中重点的污染环节，是其危害因...     

现场裱花蛋糕制售过程实施HACCP的研究

目的提高市售现场制作的裱花蛋糕产品的卫生合格率。方法南京市疾病预防控制中心根据该市市售现场制作的裱花蛋糕产品情况,选择数家具有代表性的现场制作裱花蛋糕的点心店,作为研究对象,制定并组织实施HACCP(危害分析关键控制点)的研究。结果通过危害分析确定了关键控制点,对关键控制点实施有效控制后,取得了良好效果。相同季节(6~8月),实施HACCP前后生产的产品微生物指标检测合格率由54%提高到91%;相同条件下,实施控制措施的试验组产品合格率(91%)明显高于对照组(52%),差异有统计学意义。结论研究制定的HACCP系统,对提高市售现场制作的裱花蛋糕产品的卫生合格率切实有效。     

HACCP在提高裱花蛋糕卫生质量方面的应用

裱花蛋糕的制作过程环节多 ,容易受微生物的污染 ,卫生质量合格率低。根据 2 0 0 0年 3月宜兴市现制裱花蛋糕生产加工单位的实际调查情况 ,参照糕点厂卫生规范 ,运用危害分析关键控制点 (HAC-CP)的原理 ,提出改善我市裱花蛋糕卫生质量的方案和措施 ,通过 1 2个月的整改 ,使我市     

郑州市中原区面包房卫生学调查

目的了解面包、蛋糕、裱花蛋糕的卫生质量状况,以便发现问题,加强管理。方法对中原区47家面包房加工销售的面包、蛋糕及裱花蛋糕的卫生状况进行现场调查,同时抽检94份样品进行卫生学评价。结果裱花蛋糕、面包、蛋糕的菌落总数超标率分别为23.26%、3.70%和12.50%,大肠菌群超标率分别为25.58%、11.11%及20.83%,霉菌超标率分别为11.63%和8.33%,94份样品的微生物指标超标率为30.85%。结论该区面包房加工销售的食品卫生质量欠佳,存在食物中毒的隐患。有关部门应加强对面包房加工销售各环节的卫生管理,加强对面包房从业人员的卫生知识培训,应制订切实可行的面包房的卫生规范,加强现场卫生监督和糕点卫生质量监测工作力度。     

裱花蛋糕生产的HACCP管理

在裱花蛋糕制作过程中手工操作比重较大，生产过程中极易受到各种因素影响而引起化学及微生物的污染。为了保证产品的卫生质量，必须采取有效的预防控制措施，消除或减少潜在性危害，遂对其生产过程中的危害因素进行分析以确定关键控制点（ＣＣＰ），建立良好的生产工艺。...     

超市连锁店熟食卤味销售的HACCP研究

应用HACCP的原理和方法,对超市连锁店熟食卤味销售进行了危害因素分析,找出了关键控制点(CCP),提出了控制措施,并建议超市连锁店销售非包装熟食卤味时使用密封低温冷藏展示柜。     

凉拌菜制作过程的危害分析和“关键控制环节”的探讨

国内多起食物中毒的发生是由凉拌食品引起的，同时长期以来凉拌食品卫生合格率低于其它各类食品，为了解凉拌菜在加工制作销售过程中污染环节、污染来源，找出影响凉拌菜食品卫生质量的关键控制环节(CCP)，我们于1996年8月对管辖内有制作销售凉拌菜的酒楼进行了卫生学调查和HACCP的调查。     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease.

The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries