强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断

目的:研究强直性脊柱炎所致骶髂关节改变的X线及CT表现,探讨其早期征像,比较X线与CT对AS诊断的价值。方法:临床确诊的50例强直性脊柱炎患者,摄取骶髂关节正侧位平片,其中30例患者做骶髂关节CT扫描,总结其影像学表现与病理分级及临床分期的关系,并对两种检查方法所示结果进行比较分析。结果:AS早期骶髂关节改变影像学表现为:骨质侵蚀、虫蚀样破坏,囊变、周围骨硬化等,对于病变征像,X线与CT显示基本相同,X线为首选方法,但是CT对细微结构显示清楚,能更直观的反映病变的范围及关节间隙的改变,对早期病变显示优于X线平片,对Ⅲ、Ⅳ级病变,如仅满足诊断要求,CT扫描并非必需,对需观察病变及评价疗效者,CT是一种理想的检查方法。结论:骶髂关节骨质侵蚀、破坏、囊变、骨质硬化是AS的早期征像,CT对病变细节显示更清楚对早期病变更具敏感性,对疗效观察更为有利。     

拟定Ⅰ期强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断

目的：拟定强直性脊柱炎(AS)的早期(I期)影像学诊断标准。方法：1463例骶髂关节CT检查中，正常284例，AS1179例，l期483例。并经过中西医结合治疗，以及治疗前后影像学对比观察。结果：正常骶髂关节：①关节面光整，骨皮质密度均匀．厚薄一致；②关节间隙宽度呈左右、上下对称一致；③紧靠关节面骨皮质的松质骨小梁清晰可辨。I期AS的影像学表现为：①髂骨侧关节面骨皮质模糊，浓密不均，部分骨皮质消失或完全消失；②髂骨侧紧靠骨皮质的松质骨小梁难以辨认；③关节间隙狭窄。I期AS经过中西医结合治疗后可完全痊愈，未经治疗的I期变为Ⅱ期，即关节面出现缺损。结论：拟定的I期AS影像学诊断经治疗前后的影像对比证明是正确的。     

拟定Ⅰ期强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断

目的 :拟定强直性脊柱炎 (AS)的早期 (Ⅰ期 )影像学诊断标准。方法 :14 63例骶髂关节CT检查中 ,正常 2 84例 ,AS 1179例 ,Ⅰ期 483例 ,并经过中西医结合治疗 ,以及治疗前后影像学对比观察。结果 :正常骶髂关节 :①关节面光整 ,骨皮质密度均匀 ,厚薄一致 ;②关节间隙宽度呈左右、上下对称一致 ;③紧靠关节面骨皮质的松质骨小梁清晰可辨。Ⅰ期AS的影像学表现为 :①髂骨侧关节面骨皮质模糊 ,浓密不均 ,部分骨皮质消失或完全消失 ;②髂骨侧紧靠骨皮质的松质骨小梁难以辨认 ;③关节间隙狭窄。Ⅰ期AS经过中西医结合治疗后可完全痊愈 ,未经治疗的Ⅰ期变为Ⅱ期 ,即关节面出现缺损。结论 :拟定的Ⅰ期AS影像学诊断经治疗前后的影像对比证明是正确的     

强直性脊柱炎临床及其骶髂关节影像学研究

综述了强直性脊柱炎及幼年强直性脊柱炎的临床表现 ,并比较了二者的主要不同点 ,以及幼年强直性脊柱炎的诊断标准。介绍了正常骶髂关节的解剖及影像解剖学 ,并综述了强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的X线、CT及MRI表现。同时对强直性脊柱炎的X线及CT分级、骶髂关节炎的MRI分级做了简单介绍     

强直性脊柱炎临床及其骶髂关节影像学研究

综述了强直性脊柱炎及幼年强直性脊柱炎的临床表现,并比较了二者的主要不同点,以及幼年强直性脊柱炎的诊断标准.介绍了正常骶髂关节的解剖及影像解剖学,并综述了强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的X线、CT及MRI表现.同时对强直性脊柱炎的X线及CT分级、骶髂关节炎的MRI分级做了简单介绍.     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节改变的影像学表现

强直性脊柱炎是一种以中轴关节慢性炎症为主的全身疾病。骶髂关节常为最早受累的关节，几乎全部受累。本病发生于10—40岁，以20岁左右发病率最高。下腰痛、不适为本病最常见症状，晨起加重，活动后缓解。     

强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断

目的：探讨强直性脊柱炎的影像学表现特点，分析其早期影像学表现，比较X线与CT对强直性脊柱炎的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析临床确诊的43例强直性脊柱炎的影像学资料，总结其影像学表现特点。结果：骶髂关节炎影像学表现为骶髂关节关节面硬化、骨侵蚀、破坏，关节间隙模糊、狭窄、消失．脊椎骨质疏松、竹节样改变，外周关节间隙变窄、关节强直等。CT对早期骶髂关节病变显示明显优于X线摄影。结论：骶髂关节骨质侵蚀、破坏、囊变、骨质硬化是强直性脊柱炎的早期征象，CT检查对病变细节显示更清楚，对早期病变更具敏感性，能对强直性脊柱炎做出正确分期，对临床诊断及治疗预后有较高的准确性，优于X线平片。     

强直性脊柱炎的骶髂关节CT诊断（附45例报告）

目的：研冤和探讨强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的CT改变。材料与方法：45例患者均行骶髂关节CT扫描，部分病人附加脊柱其它部位扫描。结果：本组病人根据CT相应的改变分为4期，1期6例(13％)，2期18例(40％)，3期11例(24％)，4期10例(23％)。结论：CT是诊断骶髂关节炎最好的影像学手段。     

幼年强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的CT表现

目的 总结强直性脊柱炎患儿的骶髂关节的CT影像特征。材料与方法 搜集78例强直性脊柱炎患儿,行骶髂关节CT检查。年龄6～14岁。结果 骶髂关节间隙的CT表现为正常、增宽及宽窄不均,未见变窄及强直征象。骶髂关节面的改变主要为：髂骨面的改变包括关节面的模糊、不规则,骨皮质的不连续、变薄、增厚;关节面下囊变,骨破坏,骨质缺失和骨硬化。骶骨面的改变明显较髂骨面少。左侧关节改变较右侧重且发病率高。按照国际标准分级,本组病例为0～Ⅲ级。结论 影像学特点最初表现为周围关节炎征象,而无典型中轴关节受累征象。骶髂关节炎是幼年强直性脊柱炎确诊的重要标志。     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变早期影像征象探讨

目的研究强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的X线平片、CT、MRI表现及其早期征象。方法从65例强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变中筛选出23例资料完整、临床证实的强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的X线平片、CT及MRI资料进行分析和研究，人组标准：a）有强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变临床症状；b）符合纽约诊断标准；c）X线平片、CT及MRI三种检查资料完整；d）HLA—B27阳性；e）排除股骨头无菌性坏死等其他疾病。结果研究发现髋臼囊变出现率100％，出现在其他异常征象之前，且能独立出现，并存在于强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变全过程。在早期，本组23例中18例髋臼囊变单独存在，而无其他异常征象，在进展期，其他征象如关节间隙变窄、股骨头囊变等均与髋臼囊变并存。结论髋臼囊变是强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的早期影像征象，且在所有征象中最具特征性，对确定强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变早期诊断有重要价值。     

Lung parenchymal changes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

AIM: To assess lung parenchymal changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). METHODS: We included 78 AS patients whose average age was 33.87 (18-56) years with a ratio of 53 males to 25 females who were followed up for 3.88 (1-22) years on average. neumonia and tuberculosis were excluded. In a detailed examination of lung HRCT findings, we investigated the presence of parenchymal micronodules,parenchymal bands, subpleural bands, interlobular and intralobular septal thickening, irregularity of interfaces,ground glass opacity, consolidation, mosaic pattern,bronchial wall thickening, bronchial dilatation, tracheal dilatation, pleural thickening, emphysema, thoracic cage asymmetry, honeycomb appearance, structural distortion, apical fibrosis and other additional findings.RESULTS: In detailed HRCT evaluations, lung parenchymal changes were found in 46 (59%) of all patients. We found parenchymal bands in 21 (27%) cases, interlobular septal thickening in 9 (12%), emphysema in 9 (12%), apical fibrosis in 8 (10%), ground-glass opacities in 7 (9%), parenchymal micronodules in 5 (6%), irregularity in interfaces in 3 (4%), bronchial dilatation in 3 (4%), mosaic pattern in 2 (3%), pleural thickening in 2 (3%), consolidation in 1 (1%), bronchial wall thick ening in 1 (1%) and a subpleural band in 1 (1%) case. Furthermore, we detected subsegmental atelectasis in 2 patients and a cavitary lesion in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Our study had the highest number of AS cases of all previous studies in evaluating lung paren chymal changes. The rate of lung parenchymal changes was slightly lower than that reported in recent literature.     

Diagnostic value of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance image in early ankylosing spondylitis

Background

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) shows the early changes in microscopical movement of water molecules, hence diagnosis of early sacroiliitis which is one of the diagnostic criteria of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Objective

To determine the value of DW-MRI in detection of signal characteristics of the sacroiliac joints in patients with early ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Patients and methods

Fifteen patients with clinically suspected AS, 20 patients with mechanical low back pain and 20 healthy controls underwent conventional MRI and DWI. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured. In addition ten clinically confirmed AS patients underwent whole body-DWI.

Results

Mean ADC values of both sacroiliac joints in AS patients were (0.523 ± 0.15) × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the ilium and (0.502 ± 0.15) × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the sacrum. There was no significant difference between mechanical LBP and healthy controls. But there was a significant difference between AS and LBP patients. Mean ADC value of focal lesions of clinically confirmed AS was 0.965 ± 0.25 × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the sacrum and 0.932 ± 0.31 × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the ilium.

Conclusion

Subchondral bone marrow ADC values of sacroiliac joints allow differentiation between inflammatory and mechanical LBP. Furthermore, it may be helpful in evaluating the efficacy of the treatment and determine disease prognosis.     

强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断研究进展

强直性脊柱炎(ankylosingspondylitis,AS)至今病因不明,缺乏特异的实验室指标,放射学检查是重要诊断方法之一。本文综述了近年来各种影像手段在AS不同病程中的表现和临床应用;并着重介绍X线、MRI的AS分级     

Monitoring ankylosing spondylitis therapy by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Objective The effects of different therapies on enthesitis/osteitis in active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim was to assess the role of quantitative MRI in the evaluation of AS treatment efficacy. Materials and methods Thirty patients with active spondylitis or bilateral sacroilitis were selected and followed up for 1 year. Ten of the patients were treated only with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 10 patients additionally received at baseline an intravenous pulse of glucocorticoids and 10 patients were treated with regular infusions of infliximab. Disease activity was measured according to clinical instruments and laboratory tests. For each patient, one selected inflamed lesion was followed from baseline through control visits quantitatively by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and by dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCEI) with evaluation of the enhancement factor (f_enh) and enhancement gradient (g_enh). Results Clinical and quantitative MRI parameters diminished significantly with regression of the inflammatory activity. The improvement in AS was most pronounced in patients treated with infliximab; after 12 months the ADC diminished from an average of 1.31 to 0.88 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, f_enh from 1.85 to 0.60, and g_enh from 3.09 to 1.40 %/s. Conclusion Diffusion-weighted imaging and DCEI were shown to be effective in quantifying changes in inflammation in skeletal lesions during the treatment of AS, and could therefore be convenient for assessing treatment efficacy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time DWI was used to evaluate the activity of skeletal inflammation in rheumatic diseases such as AS.     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的CT诊断价值

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎（AS）患者骶髂关节病变的CT表现,并评价其对早期诊断的意义。方法对46例经临床证实AS患者骶髂天节病变的CT表现进行了回顾性分析,并参照修订的AS纽约标准（5级分类法）对全部患者的骶髂关节病变进行了分级。结果研究证实,本组46例均有异常CT表现。其中,Ⅱ级（早期,7例）CT表现为骶髂关节受累,关节面轻度硬化、毛糙,皮质白线消失,关节面细小囊变,但关节间隙仍正常;Ⅲ级（进展期,35例）CT表现为骶髂关节面呈虫蚀状侵蚀,软骨钙化,关节面骨质增生硬化,关节间隙略增宽或不均匀变窄;Ⅳ级（晚期,4例）CT表现为关节骨性强直,关节间隙消失。结论CT能清晰显示骶髂关节的微细结构及其病理改变,极有利于诊断AS患者早期骶髂关节病变。     

Comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis

Objective. To compare magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, computed tomography (CT), and radiography in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Design and subjects. Nine volunteers and 24 patients were recruited. Radiography, CT, and MR imaging were completed within a 1-week period in 24 patients with AS. In precontrast MR examination, spin-echo T1, fast spin-echo T2, and gradient echo with rephasing T2* images were obtained without fat saturation using a 0.3-T imager for all volunteers and patients. Postcontrast MR examination was performed using the same precontrast SE T1 sequence for patients with AS. Results and conclusions. MR imaging directly showed the normal cartilage in all 16 sacroiliac joints of the 8 volunteers. In the 24 patients with AS, cartilage abnormalities were observed in 42 sacroiliac joints. More diagnoses of sacroiliitis were made using MR and CT imaging than using radiography (P<0.001). Therefore, low-field-strength MR can be useful in detecting early sacroiliitis in patients with AS. MR imaging was able to reveal early cartilage changes and bone marrow edema, which could not be found by either CT or radiography.     

Pelvis-shoulder coordination during level walking in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Pelvis-shoulder coordination while walking may, as a consequence of changes in spinal structure and posture, be susceptible to modifications in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) sufferers. We designed an explanatory, cross-sectional trial to assess whether Pelvis-shoulder coordination during walking in AS patients differs from that in healthy subjects. Seventeen AS patients and 10 healthy sex- and age-matched subjects were enrolled. Gait analysis was performed in order to define the time-distance and kinematic characteristics during walking. Pelvis-shoulder coordination was calculated in terms of the continuous estimate of relative phase (CRP) between the pelvis and shoulder girdles on the transversal plane for the whole gait cycle (GC), as well as for its sub-phases. No differences were found between patients and controls as regards mean velocity, cadence and stride length. When kinematic variables were compared with those of healthy controls, AS patients displayed greater pelvic tilt and increased hip flexion in both the loading response (LR) and pre-swing (PSw) sub-phases. The CRP mean values significantly differed between groups. Moreover, patients displayed a peculiar CRP pattern, chiefly in the LR, terminal stance and PSw sub-phases. This visual consideration was confirmed by the analysis of the CRP mean values in these sub-phases of the GC. Our results suggest that the walking pattern of AS patients is characterized by altered Pelvis-shoulder coordination during the GC.