Free amino acids in the blood of the "Salyut-5" crew members before and after a 21-day space flight (2d expedition)

This paper presents the measurements of free amino acids in the plasma of the Salyut-5 crewmembers (the second expedition) before and after their 21-day space flight. The measurements were performed in a Hitachi KLA-3B automatic amino acid analyzer. The changes in amino acid metabolism were associated with the chemical composition of the space diet, actual food intake and space flight effects. The conclusion is made that the dietary content of cystine and methionine, as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, glutamic acid and serine should be increased. No signs of hepatic or renal dysfunction were detected. It is recommended to control strictly food consumption inflight.     

Preliminary results of studies of the cardiovascular system in members of the 2d expedition in the Mir orbital station

Three crewmembers of the second expedition onboard Mir were examined. Their physiological data (bioelectric activity of the heart, phasic structure of the cardiac cycle, circulation parameters at rest and circulation responses to exercise ergometry tests and LBNP tests) were monitored and transmitted to the Earth. This paper presents the physiological data obtained, their interpretation and conclusion that the Commander during his longest-term flight remained in best shape. Individual responses of each cosmonaut in terms of adaptation to flight conditions are discussed.     

Results of medical studies in relation to the program of the second space flight on the orbital complex "Mir"

In 1987, the USSR cosmonauts Y. V. Romanenko (326 days), A. I. Laveikin (approximately 176 days), and A. P. Alexandrov (approximately 160 days) made a space mission on Mir. (A. I. Laveikin showed specific cardiovascular responses to exercise tests and was therefore replaced with A. P. Alexandrov). The most important medical result of this mission was that Yu. V. Romanenko, who remained in orbit for 3 months longer than anyone before, working intensively, did not exhibit any changes that were qualitatively different from those observed in previous long-duration space flights. The health status and work performance of other crewmembers were also good, although each of them showed individual responses. The postflight recovery period went smooth.     

Assessment and prediction of health status of the Mars mission crew members]

The scientific concept of health assessment and prediction in a piloted mission to Mars has been built on the principles of pre-nosologic diagnostics, i.e., identification of the norm-pathology borderline states. The article deals with the medical care policy for the mission, and specific techniques and technologies. A three-level system of health assessment and prediction is proposed. Innovative approaches to evaluation of the body control systems during long exposure in microgravity have a footing of ground-based and space experimental investigations. Namely, these include evaluation of the cardiorespiration autonomous regulation and body functional reserve assessment by noninvasive recording of physiological signals in sleeping crewmembers before and after mission.     

综合心理干预对亚丁湾护航官兵心理健康和睡眠质量的影响

目的：探索综合性心理干预对亚丁湾护航舰员的心理健康和睡眠质量的影响。方法将同批次两艘护航舰艇分为研究组和对照组,研究组应用综合心理干预方法进行干预,包括：多渠道心理训练、咨询、行为干预、多部门合作等措施。分别于干预前及干预后采用症状自评量表（ SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（ SAS ）、抑郁自评量表（ SDS）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（ PSQI）进行调查,分析综合心理干预效果。结果干预前两组各项目差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,干预后研究组SCL-90中的躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、敌对因子等评分明显好于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。研究组SAS、SDS评分低于对照组（ P＜0．05）。睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍因子、PSQI总分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．01）。结论综合性心理干预对亚丁湾护航舰员心理健康和睡眠质量具有一定改善作用,值得推广应用。     

Effects of occlusive cuffs "Braslet" on crew hemodynamics in short space flights and orthostatic stability post flight]

Effects of prophylactic device Braslet (occlusive cuffs wrapped around the calf) on hemodynamics were studied at rest and during the LBNP test during and on orthostatic stability post short (one-month) space flights. The ultrasonic procedure was applied to seven cosmonauts who had and six cosmonauts who had not worn the cuffs while in orbit. The device markedly alleviated the subjective feeling of discomfort caused by blood shift toward the cranial end at the beginning of adaptation to microgravity. Reductions in the central and peripheral hemodynamics, cervico-cephalic venous plethora specifically, were sequel to staying in microgravity. Testing of the hemodynamic reactions to LBNP during and after shortflights failed to discover noticeable deltas among the cosmonauts who had and had not worn the cuffs. The first analysis of objective in- and postflight data did not suggest any determent in orthostatic stability of cosmonauts due to application of the Braslet cuffs.     

Results of microbiological research conducted during the mission of the Saliut-6 orbital station

This paper presents the results of microbiological examinations of the Salyut-6 crewmembers and environment. There were few cases of adverse changes in the automicroflora composition, i. e., propagation of staphylococci of a certain biotype among crewmembers. However, no over manifestations of infectious pathology were seen. This allows the conclusion that personal hygiene measures and general hygiene and antiepidemic measures taken before and during Salyut-6 missions were adequate and efficient.     

中美飞行人员医学鉴定对照实证研究--腰椎峡部裂

目的：通过分析我军飞行人员腰椎峡部裂的医学鉴定情况,与美军标准比较异同以促进我军选拔工作。方法对2013～2015年在空军总医院空勤科进行医学鉴定的结果进行统计,将腰椎峡部裂的具体情况按中美标准进行对比,分析其异同及可能的原因。结果我军飞行人员医学鉴定合格率约为85％,实际鉴定情况与美军标准相似,两军飞行合格率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论我军在腰椎峡部裂这一病种的飞行人员医学鉴定标准方面与美军相似,说明在招飞选拔相关标准中可进行适当改进。     

Psychophysiological characteristics of the organization and regulation of the daily work-rest cycles for the crew on a prolonged space flight

This paper presents the results of analysis of work-rest cycles of the Salyut-6 and Salyut-7 prime crewmembers. The distribution of work-rest cycles within the day, week, month and the flight as a whole, their relation with other components of the time schedule, the effect of various factors involved on the health status and work capacity were studied. It was shown that specified work-rest cycles should be rigorously adhered to. It was demonstrated that proper planning and realization of work-rest cycles, as well as their correction during actual flight with respect to psychophysiological and biorhythmological variations are required to maintain good health condition and high work capacity of crewmembers.     

Diagnostics, treatment and expert evaluation of air crew members with polypoid growth in the gallbladder]

The article discusses results of diagnosing and treatment of various forms of gallbladder polypoid growth (GBPG) in air crew members in the past 10 yr. period. Growth of polyps was detected in 12.1% of pilots with gallbladder pathologies. Timely and correct diagnostics with the use of radiologic visualization may prevent unwarranted surgery of the hepatobilizry system and thus extend the flying longevity. Ultrasound Doppler investigation is particularly effective in diagnosing early GBPG. High quality of visual differentiation attainable with these techniques made it possible to diagnose the nonneoplastic nature of GBPG in 75% of cases that did not require operational treatment. In most cases the authors' diagnostic and treatment algorithm reduced the amount of surgical activity and prolonged ace careers.     

Physical exercise and cognitive function across the life span: Results of a nationwide population-based study

Objectives

To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical exercise and cognitive function across different age groups in a nationwide population-based sample of adults aged 18–79 years in Germany.

Transport aircraft crew and decompression hazards: study of a positive pressure schedule

The protection of the transport aircraft crew against cabin decompression hazards at high altitude (Z less than 45,000 ft) (13,700 m) is achieved by positive pressure breathing (PPB). Currently, many PPB schedules are used. Our research was performed to propose a PPB schedule, using the hypothesis of a decompression at high altitude, including a stay at the flight level and an emergency descent at the rate of 15,000 ft.min-1. The measures were arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, speech capabilities, and psychomotor performance. The tests were conducted up to 45,000 ft. They show that the best protection at 45,000 ft is afforded when the PPB is included between 2 and 2.5 kPa (15 to 18.75 mm Hg).     

Physiological activity of Chlorella following exposure to space flight factors aboard the orbital station "Saliut"]

The photosynthetic activity of Chlorella vulgaris str. LARG-1 was studied after its dark exposure in the Tamiya medium to space flight factors enboard the Salyut orbital station. The exposure of Chlorella cells in the inactive state did not influence their basic physiological parameters (rate of growth and reproduction, cell size and population structure, chlorophyll content, cell viability) during subsequent intensive cultivation. These results show the possibility of storing the generative material of unicellular algae under the experimental conditions.     

海军潜艇某部艇员下腰痛的脊柱功能调查与分析

目的了解潜艇艇员下腰痛的患病及其脊柱功能状况,并分析相关影响因素。方法通过问卷调查海军某潜艇基地现役艇员的一般情况、职业、生活习惯和下腰痛等情况。按照纳入标准确定143例下腰痛艇员,入选者采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法、专项体格检查及改良Oswestry功能障碍指数进行评估。结果所选取的423例艇员中下腰痛143例,占33.81%,腰部疼痛视觉模拟评分法评分以服役年限≥9年组（8.52±0.68）最高,与其他服役年限组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。下腰痛艇员Oswestry功能障碍指数总分（37.92±3.22）分,其影响因素与从事专业、服役年限、病程时间、外伤史有关。结论现役艇员中下腰痛发病率较高,脊柱功能状况差,不适症状明显,应积极开展健康教育,提高艇员对疾病的认知能力,建立健康生活习惯。