气管切开术后并发气管无名动脉瘘的法医学初探

目的探讨气管切开术后并发气管无名动脉瘘的发生机理。方法结合案例对气管与无名动脉的解剖学关系和临床上气管无名动脉瘘的主要原因进行分析。结果气管切开术后并发气管无名动脉瘘的主要原因是低位气管切开、术后体位不当。在正确的气管切开切口位置实施手术操作及术后体位的正确保持护理，是避免气管切开术后并发气管无名动脉瘘的关键。结论本鉴定案例中，重型颅脑损伤是主要死因及间接死因，气管切开术后并发气管无名动脉瘘致无名动脉破裂大失血是直接死因。     

关于小儿气管切开术的几点改进和体会

<正> 笔者从1953年以来,通过对600余例学龄前儿童患者施行气管切开术患儿均痊愈出院,无1例发生严重并发症。现回答几个具体问题。问:小儿皮下脂肪丰富,喉及气管结构在颈部不易辨认,施行气管切开术时,应以什么作标志进行皮肤切开和气管软骨环切开? 答:在气管切开术中如对气管软骨环的切开部位选择不当,常会引起严重并发症;切开位置过高,可能切断环状软骨导致喉狭窄。位置过低,也可能损伤无名动脉,发生致死性出血。而气管软骨环的正确切开部位的良好暴     

气管切开术后的安全性分类及对策

目的：探讨气管切开术后的安全性分类及相应防范措施以减少气管切开术后因堵管或脱管或无名动脉出血而致窒息死亡的发生。方法：对从1998年6月至2003年9月行气管切开术的346例患者,依其气管切开以上气道是否阻塞(包括医源性及病变自身),患者年龄、精神状态及自救能力进行安全性分类,共分为危险类(包括永久性和暂时性)和相对危险类安全类3型;并提出相应的对策及护理措施。结果：危险类17例,其中永久性危险类12例,暂时危险类5例;相对危险类169例;安全类160例;采用相对的对策和护理措施后,住院期间所有病例均无套管脱落、脱管、无名动脉出血致窒息死亡发生。结论：对气管切开术后的安全性分类,具有重要的临床指导意义,通过采用相应的对策及护理,可明显降低术后窒息死亡的发生率。     

气管切开术后的安全性分类及防范措施

目的：探讨气管切开术后的安全性分类及相应防范措施以减少气管切开术后因堵管或脱管或无名动脉出血而致窒息死亡的发生。方法：对从1998年6月至2003年9月行气管切开术的346例患，依其气管切开以上气道是否阻塞(包括医源性及病变自身)，患年龄、精神状态及自救能力进行安全性分类，共分为危险类(包括永久性和暂时性)和相对危险类安全类3型，并采取相应的措施。结果：危险类17例，其中永久性危险类12例，暂时危险类5例；相对危险类169例；安全类160例；采取相应措施后，住院期间所有病例均无套管脱落、脱管、无名动脉出血致窒息死亡发生。结论：对气管切开术后的安全性分类，具有重要的临床指导意义，通过采取相应的措施，可明显降低术后窒息死亡的发生率。     

气管切开术并发症分析

1临床资料气管切开术患者312（男207,女105）例,年龄5～76（平均43．6）岁．其中严重的颅脑外伤、高血压脑出血、脑血栓等脑部疾患198例,喉癌57例,喉梗阻Ⅲ。紧急气管切开术22例,慢性阻塞性肺病21例,颈部外伤8例,大面积烧伤5例,气管异物1例．患者仰卧,麻醉成功后,于甲状软骨角至胸骨上切迹连线的中点沿皮纹横行切开皮肤和皮下组织,分离颈前筋膜及肌层,牵开甲状腺峡部,暴露气管软骨环,于2—3气管软骨环间用尖刀横行切开气管前壁,分别向两侧后下方延长,形成倒“U”型瓣,轻提并翻起软骨瓣,吸除气管内分泌物,插入气管套管．彻底止血,缝合切口．气管套管留置时间7d～3mo,     

气管切开术后并发无名动脉大出血的原因及预防

气管切开术后并发无名动脉大出血的原因及预防刘敏苏林（山东省枣庄市立医院ＩＣＵ枣庄市２７７１０２）关键词气管切开术；无名动脉大出血；预防气管切开术后并发无名动脉大出血比较少见［１］，本文就笔者遇到的２例气管切开术后并发无名动脉大出血的患者进行原因分析，...     

星状神经节的应用解剖

通过对35具（70例）成尸的解剖，观察了星状神经节的形态、位置及邻近结构，测量了星状神经节至颈总动脉、喉返神经、甲状颈干，甲状腺下动脉、膈神经、臂丛神经上干中点的距离。依据解剖学观测，探讨了星状神经节阻滞具体的进针方法及进针深度，为避免星状神经节阻滞并发症提供了解剖学依据。     

斜角肌间隙的应用解剖学研究

目的累积国人的解剖学资料，给临床实施臂丛麻醉提供较可靠的解剖基础。资料和方法在４４具成人尸体（男２６具、女８具）上使用层次解剖法，共测量了８８侧斜角肌间隙。结果该间隙的最高点距锁骨上缘中点的距离为ｘ＝５．３６ｃｍ；从锁骨的胸骨端至前斜角肌后缘的距离为ｘ＝５．４９ｃｍ，至中斜角肌前缘的距离是ｘ＝６．６６ｃｍ；锁骨下动脉在前斜角肌后缘的最高点距锁骨上缘的中点为ｘ＝２．０９ｃｍ，臂丛上干距锁骨上缘中点为ｘ＝３．６６ｃｍ，中干距锁骨上缘中点为ｘ＝２．８４ｃｍ；臂丛神经的走行方向与锁骨水平方向形成向前内侧开放ｘ＝６１．５２°的夹角。结论本研究对临床实施臂丛麻醉有一定的指导作用。     

人工气道患者的常见意外及护理

在抢救呼吸衰竭时 ,常需建立人工气道 ,临床上常用的是气管插管或气管切开。现将人工气道患者常见的意外及护理总结如下。1　临床资料我院ＩＣＵ自 1994年 10月～ 1997年 12月共行人工气道 5 7例 ,其中经鼻气管插管 2例、经口腔气管插管 2 9例 ,气管切开 2 6例 ;发生套管气囊破裂 7例、无名动脉破裂出血 2例、气管插管误入右主支气管 1例、导管内痰痂形成1例、 2 1例气管插管患者有喉头水肿症状。2　人工气道常见意外及护理2 1　导管误入右侧主支气管 ,造成左侧肺不张 :本组中有 1例患者从急诊科行气管插管后转入ＩＣＵ ,发现其左侧胸廓不…     

气管切开术后气管套管位置逆转性呼吸困难及其处理

目的 :探讨气管切开术后金属套管发生逆转的原因、处理方法及预防措施。方法 :回顾分析气管切开 8例术后 30min至 7d内出现套管逆转的临床资料。结果 :患者均出现不同程度的呼吸困难 ,经重新调整套管位置后改善或消失。结论 :对于颈项粗短的患者 ,建议使用一次性塑料气管导管     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.