中药注册申报中非临床研究资料常见问题探讨

近年来,我国陆续出台中药产业支持政策,对中药新药研发带来了新的发展机遇,2020年9月国家药品监督管理局发布了《中药注册分类和申报资料要求》,对中药注册申报提出了新的要求。非临床研究资料作为在中药注册申报资料重要的组成部分,是中药开展临床试验或上市重要的有效性和安全性的依据。本文结合《中药注册分类和申报资料要求》,对中药注册申报资料中发现的常见问题进行分析和探讨,以期为中药研发和注册申报提供参考。     

Interactions Between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anticancer Drugs in Chemotherapy

Herbal medicines, including traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs), have been used in Eastern countries for treating diseases such as cancer for thousands of years. With the growing knowledge of tumorigenesis and cancer therapy, some natural compounds have been developed as clinical anticancer drugs. In addition, many compounds and TCMs have been characterized as complementary and alternative treatments,with synergetic effects on enhancing the efficacy or reducing the side effects of the therapeutics. In this review, we summarized the recent studies focusing on the combination of natural compounds or TCM decoction with chemotherapeutics. The detailed mechanisms of action of the combinations and the application of analytical methods on TCM development are also discussed.     

基于高通量分子对接虚拟筛选SARS-CoV-2 3CL水解酶中药小分子抑制剂及抗新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的中药及其复方预测

目的基于中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台TCMSP,运用计算机虚拟筛选技术寻找新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)3CL水解酶的中药小分子抑制剂,推测潜在抗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)中药及中药复方。方法以SARS-CoV-2 3CL水解酶蛋白为靶点,利用Autodock Vina软件和Python脚本实现高通量分子对接,结合"ADME-Lipinski"规则进行再次筛选,以优选活性成分,推测关键中药及复方。基于网络药理学角度,构建成分-靶点-通路网络,推测核心药对的作用机制。结果以SARS-Co V-2原配体为阳性对照,筛选出66个药动学性质良好的天然小分子抑制剂,优选出12味中药单味药,2个中药药对甘草-桑白皮和金银花-连翘,以及桑菊饮、桑菊饮合银翘散加减等12个中药处方作为抗SARS-CoV-2的候选方案。结论基于高通量分子对接技术虚拟筛选SARS-CoV-2 3CL水解酶的中药小分子抑制剂及中药,结合网络药理学分析潜在分子机制,为中药抗击SARS-Co V-2提供了科学指导与理论依据。     

中药组分结构特征对多成分/组分药代动力学影响的新探索

中药药代动力学是中药现代化研究进程中的桥梁学科,在对中药复杂物质基础、各成分/组分体内过程以及药动/药效关系等的研究中发挥着重要作用。但由于中药的多成分/组分复杂体系,如何科学揭示符合中药自身特征的药代动力学一直是探索的热点和难点。中药物质基础的最优组成结构发挥着最佳的功效,而成分/组分组成结构的功效差异与体内的吸收、转运、代谢、排泄密切相关。该文系统回顾了当前中药及复方药动学的研究方法,并根据组分结构理论思想对中药药代动力学进行探索,拟采用中药组分结构整合中药药代动力学的方法,深入探究组分结构对中药多成分/组分的体内药动学特征的影响,以促进我国中药现代化、创新中药的进程。     

中药分子印迹技术对中医药理论的特殊影响

目的:根据分子印迹技术与实验研究现状探讨中药分子印迹现象对中医药基础理论的影响.方法:结合分子印迹理论基本原理,分析中药分子产生印迹现象的物质基础,结合中医药学科基础理论与中药现代化的要求,寻找更直接的中药作用物质基础.结果:与单成分结构相比,中药及复方成分可以相互络合、复合、螯合、包合、中和、自组装、化学反应形成超分子化合物,中药的物质基础是包括了单成分群在内的超分子体的混合物,超分子与分子之间存在印迹现象,因此在进行中药药性、质量控制、炮制、药物制剂制备、药理学研究时,应特别重视中药超分子之间的印迹作用,中药复方配伍能显著性地改变这一作用形式.结论:中药的物质基础是基于单分子群的超分子混合物,超分子与分子群之间按印迹规律形成作用,这是中药复方区别于单分子药物又一显著的地方.     

新形势下中药创新药物的发现与研发

该文根据近年来生命科学的快速发展和我国对中药创新药物审批要求的不断提升,在分析基于中医药理论和天然产物资源的创新药物发现的优势以及当前中药新药研发存在的问题的基础上,从基于中药资源的活性化合物发现、中药有效部位及其复方制剂的发现、基于经典名方的中药创新药物的研发、基于名优中成药的创新药物研发以及临床有效方剂的新药转化等5个方面,系统介绍了新形势下中药创新药物的发现和研发思路,并就加快我国中药创新药物的发展提出五点建议,为中药创新药物的研发提供参考。     

Phenolic Compounds from Roots of Imperata cylindrica var. major

Objective To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Imperata cylindrica var.major.Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,polyamide,and ODS column chromatography.The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by means of spectral data and physicochemical property.Results Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated from I.cylindrica var.major and identified as 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methylcoumarin(1),7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin(2),7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin(3),6-hydroxy-5-methoxyflavone(4),5-methoxyflavone(5),5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone(6),4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(7),4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid(8),4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid(9),3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(10),impecyloside(11),and graminone A(12).Conclusion Compounds 2—4,6,and 10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.     

Chemical constituents of Lomatogonium carinthiacum and Halenia corniculata

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from traditional characteristic Lomatogonium carinthiacum and Halenia corniculate. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silicagel column, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and high performance liquid chromategramphy. The structures were identified by NMR and MS analysis technics. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as isovitexin (1), Luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside (2), Isosaponarin (3), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (4,7), 1,4,8-Trimethoxy-xanthone-6-O-β-D-glucoronyl-(1→6)O-β-Dglucoside (5), friginosideD (6), 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone (8), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone (9), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone(10), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,7-pentamethoxyxanthone (11) and usnic acid (12). Conclusion: Compounds 6 and 12 are obtained from this medicine for the first time.     

基于药性组合的归肺经药理作用特征研究

目的：药性是中药的基本属性,药性理论是中药组方配伍的核心理论依据。该文通过药性组合探讨归经中药的药理作用特征,目的在于将药性配伍规律引入到复方药的设计与优化过程,发挥药性理论在组方配伍中的指导作用。方法：以代表性归经"肺经"为例,收集整理2010年版药典中归肺经中药药性组合。利用“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)检索,收集1980年以来国内公开发表的有关上述中药的全部药理研究文献,并参考《中药学》、《临床中药学》对其药理信息进行补充。利用关联规则方法挖掘归肺经中药的药性和药理作用之间的关联关系。结果：不同性味的归肺经中药在药理作用上存在明显差异,例如,平甘肺能降血糖、抗缺氧、免疫促进;平苦肺能够抗菌、降血压、抗氧化;温甘肺能够镇咳、抗菌;温苦肺能祛痰、抗炎等。同时,归肺经中药也具有相似的药理特征,例如抗菌、抗炎,与肺为门户易感外邪的特点相一致。结论：该研究发现了不同性味归肺经中药的药理作用特征,连通了中药传统理论与现代研究成果,为建立符合中医药思想的中药药性组方体系打下基础。     

Phenolic compounds of Sideritis ozturkii and their in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities

Acetone extract from aerial parts of Sideritis ozturkii Aytaç &; Aksoy and its fractions were investigated for its in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. For the anti-inflammatory activity assessment, carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and for the antinociceptive activity, p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction tests were used. Acetone extract of the plant and its phenolic fraction were found to possess significant inhibitory activity on these in vivo models in mice. Ozturkoside A (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2′′′-O-caffeoyl-6′′′-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside]); ozturkoside B (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2′′′-O-caffeoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside]); and ozturkoside C (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2′′′-O-p-coumaroyl-6′′′-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside]) were isolated from the active phenolic fraction. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS). Ozturkoside C showed notable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage. Although the activity of ozturkosides A and B were found insignificant in statistical analysis, some inhibitory effect was observed. Accordingly, it is suggested that these components in phenolic fraction might possibly share the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities together.     

亲和阵列-色谱联用筛选中药活性成分新方法：钓鱼法

提出了基于亲和阵列及色谱联用系统的中药及天然产物活性成分高通量筛选方法。相对于先纯化后筛选的方法,利用先亲和再分离鉴定的方法更像从大量的鱼群中钓鱼,钓钩上的鱼饵不同,上钩的鱼会有差异。鱼饵类似于各种不同的生物作用靶点,将各类靶点固定后进行亲和吸附,吸附后的成分再进行色谱分离及色谱联用技术进行结构鉴定,将大大提高生物活性成分筛选的命中率。通过各类靶点亲和柱进行阵列后,可同步提高不同靶点筛选的通量。因此我们称这种筛选方式为：钓鱼法。以此方法为基础,介绍了从中药中筛选血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的过程。     

基于数据挖掘探讨中药热熨治疗膝骨关节炎用药规律及其毒性中药的应用

目的 探究临床中药热熨治疗膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)的用药规律及其毒性中药应用情况,为临床应用和组建新热熨方提供参考.方法 检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库和PubMed数据库,按照纳入与排除标准,筛选中药热熨治疗KOA的处方,运用Microsoft Excel2019...     

Evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase activity of the traditional Chinese medicines and determination of the anti-influenza A virus effects of the neuraminidase inhibitory TCMs in vitro and in vivo

Etnopharmacological relevance

Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are currently the most effective drugs to treat influenza A viruses infection. Many traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used in the clinics to treat influenza. The anti-viral mechanisms of these TCMs and their inhibitory effects towards NA need to be systematically tested.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the anti-NA activity of the TCMs and the anti-influenza A virus effects of the NA inhibitory TCMs in vitro and in vivo.

Material and methods

We tested the inhibitory activity of water extracts from 439 TCMs towards NA. The in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of the 5 TCMs were evaluated using the strain A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) NYMC X-179A of influenza A virus. A randomly selected TCM with NA inhibitory activity, Melia toosendan extract, was further evaluated using a mouse model infected with influenza A virus.

Results

Five TCMs, Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke [Fragaria indica Andr.], Liquidambar formosana Hance., Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc., Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., and Prunella vulgaris L., exerted potent inhibitory activity towards NA. These TCMs in the range of 25-250 μg/mL had the ability to reduce virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and the virus yield in MDCK cells. Melia toosendan significantly reduced death rate and prolonged mean day to death (MDD) of the viral infected mice.

Conclusions

This study describes five TCMs exerted strong inhibitory activities towards NA, and exhibited antiviral effect against influenza A virus by reducing viral reproduction and reduced CPE of the viral infected cells. Melia toosendan, significantly reduced death rate and prolonged survival of the H1N1 viral infected mice.     

Progress in the design and quality control of placeboes for clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine

In recent years, new preparations of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) have been developed, increasing the need for their clinical trials. Using placeboes rather than control drugs is increasingly popular in clinical trials of TCMs, as the therapeutic effects of the tested TCMs can be more properly judged. The basic attributes of TCM placeboes include similarity, safety, applicability and controllability. In particular,it is necessary to have similarities in appearance, color, smell and taste ...     

Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important compounds

Kadsura coccinea belongs to medicinally important genus Kadsura from the Schisandraceae family. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gastroenteric disorders. The initial phytochemical work focused on the identification of some structurally novel and diverse natural products, which turned the attention of many researchers towards this plant. Thus far, 202 compounds have been reported in this plant. Lignans and terpenoids were found as the main chemical constituents of this plant. Some of the triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids with novel structures are of particular interest for natural product researchers. The isolated compounds of this plant have shown different bioactivities including anti-tumor, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory and other pharmacological effects. This review systematically summarizes all the phytochemical and pharmacological work done so far on K. coccinea, and can be used as a reference for future research on this plant.     

糖尿病常用中药中常见成分的α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制作用

目的：从临床常用的治疗糖尿病中药中寻找α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制剂,为中药治疗糖尿病提供物质基础。方法：收集存在于常用治疗糖尿病中药中的常见成分,体外检测它们对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制活性抑制作用。结果：有24个成分有显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性（IC50〈100μg·mL^-1）,20个化合物对α-淀粉酶有显著抑制活性,其中10个成分对两种酶均有很强的抑制作用。结论：常用的治疗糖尿病中药中的常见成分高达40%以上对α-葡萄糖苷酶和/或α-淀粉酶有抑制作用,为含有这些成分的中药治疗糖尿病提供部分酶学依据。     

降香化学成分、药理作用及药代特征的研究进展

降香是一味常用的活血化瘀中药,具有行气活血、止痛、止血的功效,其主要化学成分为挥发油类和黄酮类化合物.现代药理研究表明,降香具有舒张血管、增加冠脉流量、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等作用.降香作为一种具有深入开发潜力的特色中药,常与其他中药配伍用于心脑血管类疾病的治疗.该文将对近几年来国内外有关降香的化学成分、药理作用、体内代谢过程及配伍应用方面的研究报道进行较为系统的梳理和综述,旨在为降香的深入研究工作提供参考.     

铁棒锤中二萜生物碱成分及其生物活性

目的:研究铁棒锤中二萜生物碱的成分及其生物活性。方法:采用正相硅胶柱色谱、羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱、半制备高效液相色谱等方法分离纯化,理化性质及现代波谱技术鉴定其结构。通过MTT法评价化合物2~8的细胞毒活性。结果:从铁棒锤根部的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定出8个二萜生物碱,分别为3-脱氧乌头碱(1),3-乙酰乌头碱(2),乌头碱(3),次乌头碱(4),8-O-methyl-14-benzoylaconine(5),spicatine A(6),aldohypaconite(7),hokbusine A(8)。化合物3对肺癌A549细胞、肺癌1299细胞具有较强的细胞毒活性,化合物2,4~8则表现出较弱的细胞毒活性。结论:二萜生物碱是铁棒锤药材的主要及有效化学成分,其中6~8为首次从该植物中分离得到。化合物2~8均表现出一定的细胞毒活性。     

不同归经中药在生物系统发育树的分布规律及关联关系分析

中药药性理论是中医药理论的核心组成部分,归经理论是中药药性理论的重要组成部分,按经选药,可以提高中药用药的准确性和针对性,对指导中医临床组方用药具有重要意义。为研究中药归经在系统发育树的分布,及与科属之间的关联关系,为诠释和评价中药归经提供依据,本文以2 435味中药涉及的3 044种中药物种为研究对象,采用关联规则挖掘和系统发育树构建方法,分析了不同归经中药在生物系统发育树上的分布规律及其关联关系。结果发现,在研究的中药物种的频数分析中,属于植物界的物种中,归入肝经的物种最多为1 151种;属于种子植物门的,归入肝经的物种最多为1 109种;属于单子叶植物纲的,归入肺经的物种最多为110种。在关联规则挖掘的过程中,很多与同一归经关联程度高的规则分布在系统发育树的同一分支中,或者在发育树上的距离非常近,如与肾经关联程度较高的红豆杉属植物;与肝经相关程度较高的为忍冬科、茜草属;与大肠经相关程度较高的为石榴属。结果提示药性和生物的门纲科属等亲缘关系信息具有一定的关联关系,部分亲缘相同或相近生物物种的中药可能会具有某些相同的归经。这为中药新资源的药性预测和评价、中药临床配伍和精准治疗提供了新的评价指标和参考依据。