Convolvulus plant—A comprehensive review from phytochemical composition to pharmacy

Convolvulus genus is a representative of the family of Convolvulaceae. Convolvulus plants are broadly distributed all over the world and has been used for many centuries as herbal medicine. Convolvulus genus contains various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, mucilage, unsaturated sterols or terpenes, resin, tannins, lactones, and proteins. This review highlights the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, application as food preservative, traditional medicine use, anticancer activities, and clinical effectiveness in human of Convolvulus plants. All the parts of Convolvulus plants possess therapeutic benefits; preliminary pharmacological data validated their use in traditional medicine. However, further preclinical and clinical experiments are warranted before any application in human health.     

Dieffenbachia: Uses,abuses and toxic constituents: A review

Dieffenbachia may well be the most toxic genus in the Araceae. Calcium oxalate crystals, a protein and a nitrogen-free compound have been implicated in the toxicity, but the available evidence is unclear. The plants have also been used as food, medicine, stimulants, and to inflict punishment.     

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??The plants of Nigella genus distribute worldwide among Southwest Asia, South Europe and North Africa rigions. Their seeds are applied extensively as both traditional food additives and medicinal herbs in all Islamic countries since ancient time. In the past three decades, Nigella seeds were reported to contain fatty acids, volatile oil, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other constituents. It had pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-infective, anti-tumor, anti-platelet aggregation effects, etc. In this paper, the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Nigella seeds in the recent five years are reviewed, which may be helpful for further investigations of these valuable herbs.     

Chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of plants from Cichorium genus

Plants of genus Cichorium are famous due to their therapeutic and medicinal properties. They are used as traditional medicine and edible food. To date, several scholars concentrated on compounds belonging to coumarins, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, organic acids and other chemical constituents. Pharmacological effects such as photo-protective, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic and lipid lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antifungal, antimalarial, increased bone mineral density,  as well as vasorelaxant and antitumour activity were wildly reported. In this study, botanical resources, ethnopharmacological application, chemical constituents and bioactivities, as well as safety and toxicity of clinical applications of genus Cichorium were reviewed, which may provide a reliable basis for further development and utilization of Cichorium genetic resources.     

Ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Benincasae Exocarpium: A review

Benincasae Exocarpium (BE, Dongguapi in Chinese), as the dried outer pericarp of Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) in Cucurbitaceae family, is one of traditional Chinese medicines with the same origin as medicine and food. Up to now, 43 compounds were isolated from BE, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic acids, soluble fiber and carbohydrates. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practice showed that BE has diuretic, hypolipidemic effects, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other effects. The folk uses, functional factors, pharmacological activities, patents and clinical applications of BE were reviewed in this paper. In addition, the paper also discussed the current problems for the further studies. The information summarized in this paper provides valuable clues for the comprehensive utilization of medicine and food resources and gives a scientific basis for the development of medicinal plants of BE.     

蜂斗菜属植物化学成分研究进展

收集到近20年来国内外关于蜂斗菜属植物化学成分研究的文献,并进行总结概括.蜂斗菜属药用植物在我国分布广泛,属内多种植物可药食两用且药用价值前景良好.目前研究表明,该属植物中以倍半萜类化合物居多,主要是蜂斗菜内酯型和艾里莫芬烷型倍半萜,此外还有oplopane型.另外还含有三萜类,黄酮类,吡咯里啶生物碱类,挥发油类等成分.蜂斗菜属植物药理活性明确,营养价值高.其中所含化学成分复杂,该属植物无论在新药研究还是食品应用中都具有广阔前景.     

我国傣药资源的调查与整理研究

为了探讨我国傣药资源的组成与特点,以及傣药传统利用特点,促进傣药资源和传统知识的合理保护与传承利用,该文对我国傣药资源和传统知识进行了系统研究和整理分析。结果共查明我国傣药资源1 077种,其中272种为首次记录在傣族民间的药用情况。1 077种傣药中包含植物药1 053种,隶属于169科694属。这些植物药在我国主要分布于云南南部,西南部和东南部,广西南部,广东,贵州南部,四川南部,福建南部和台湾等热带亚热带地区,其中94.49%以上的物种在云南有分布。从生活型看,傣药植物以草本和灌木为主;从药用部位看,傣药中根及根茎类植物比例最高,其次为全草类和叶类;从性味与入塔看,凉性、苦味、入水塔类的傣药所占比例最大;从傣药治疗疾病情况看,治疗胃肠疾病的药物最多,其次为治上呼吸道感染、骨伤科疾病、风湿性疾病、泌尿系感染、妇科疾病、肝病、月子病、毒虫猛兽咬伤等药物。该研究表明我国有丰富的傣药资源及传统利用知识,但傣药资源和传统知识均面临逐渐减少和流失的风险,建议今后采取相关措施加强重要傣药及濒危资源的保护与利用研究,以及傣医药传统知识的保护和传承。     

Quantitative analysis of aristolochic acids, toxic compounds, contained in some medicinal plants

The amounts of aristolochic acid I and II in four groups of medicinal plants from the Aristolochiaceae and some related plants were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography, for Aristolochia was reported to produce interstitial nephritis caused by aristolochic acids during chronic use for the treatment of rheumatism, diuretic and analgesic. They were detected in all the plants that originated from the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) and in some of the plants from the genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae). The present results suggest that these medicinal plants should be prohibited to use for remedy due to the harmful effects attributed to aristolochic acids.     

金石斛属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

目的：了解金石斛属植物化学成分和药理作用的国内外研究状况。方法：查阅国内外有关金石斛属植物研究的文献，了解上述两方面的基本情况。结果与结论：目前金石斛属植物研究所涉及的种类仅3种，从该属植物中分离出化学成分30余种，包括菲类、二萜、联苄、苯丙素、木脂素、酚酸、甾体和脂肪族化合物等结构类型。一些成分在抗氧化、抗血小板聚集和抑制糖蛋白等方面显示了较好的活性。开展金石斛属植物的研究，对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

中国鼠尾草属酚酸类活性成分的分布规律研究

唇形科鼠尾草属（Salvia）植物，在全球约有1000种，中国约有84种，资源丰富且分布广泛，尤以中国西南地区为多。本属是药用植物的一个重要类群。为了深入探讨本属植物在亲缘学、化学成分及传统疗效方面的联系，我们应用HPLC—DAD法检测了分布于本属的酚酸类成分。研究表明，本属植物所含酚酸类成分相当丰富，尤其是在宽球苏组和丹参组的植物中。这两个类群中的药用植物在传统疗效方面具有活血通经、通络的功效，在民间作为“丹参”使用的植物皆来自这两组。然而我们的实验数据表明，适合作“丹参”入药的植物仅仅限制在丹参组中。同时，鼠尾草亚属的植物在传统疗效方面具有清热、凉血的倾向，这类植物是寻找抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌等药物的重要研究对象。     

西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区药用植物资源及其多样性研究

该研究是西藏大学农牧学院普查队对芒康县进行中药资源普查的部分调查内容。首次报道了保护区内共有药用植物资源67科202属300种,其中蕨类植物5科5属7种,裸子植物3科4属6种,被子植物6科194属287种。藏药共有47科102属166种。从药用植物资源的科属构成、入药部位、药性、药味、藏药的应用、有毒药用植物及新的植物6个方面进行了多样性统计分析,提出了开发利用和保护的具体建议,为该区药用植物资源的可持续利用和系统研究提供可靠的科学依据。     

The genus Broussonetia: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology

Plants belonging to the genus Broussonetia (Moraceae), which grow naturally in Asian and Pacific countries, have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various conditions, particularly tinea, dysentery, hernia and oedema. Various parts of plants of this genus such as the fruits, bark, leaves, flowers and roots are used medicinally. According to Flora of China, the inner bark fibre is used in making paper, and the wood is used for furniture. Several active compounds including coumarins, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans and diterpenes have been isolated from the plants of this genus in the past few years, and some members of these constituents have been demonstrated to exert antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, antityrosinase, antimicrobial and antinociceptive effects. Antidiabetic and antitumoural properties seem possible, but need further support. Due to the lack of clinical trials, there are few published reports on target-organ toxicity or side effects. Currently, some East Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Japan have shown increased interest in these plants. This article reviews the phytochemical and potential beneficial therapeutic effects of plants of this genus reported since 2000.     

多酚在植物中的分布及其生物活性研究进展

天然酚类化合物广泛存在于植物中,资源、种类丰富且具有多种药效如抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒、抑菌、心脏保护、预防肥胖与糖尿病等多种药效作用。目前,植物多酚应用于食品、医药、化工、畜牧养殖等多个领域,利用纳米、微胶囊等技术可提高其生物利用度,从而产生较好的生物学效应。以植物多酚为研究对象,通过Phenol-Explorer等数据库挖掘,结合文献研究,综述其在植物中的分布、种类、生物活性及开发利用现状,为植物多酚的综合开发利用及植物多酚新资源的发现提供新思路。     

重楼属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

重楼属Paris隶属于百合科(Liliaceae),全世界共有24个种,我国有19个种,分布于云南、贵州、四川等西南地区。其主要化学成分有甾体皂苷类、黄酮类、三萜类、脂肪酸类等,具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、止血、驱虫等药理作用。总结了重楼属植物系统分类、化学成分和药理作用的研究现状,以期为该属植物的进一步研究提供参考。     

千斤拔属药用植物的研究进展

千斤拔入药始载于清朝吴其濬所编《植物名实图考》,是我国多民族使用、多基原药材。主要从千斤拔属药用植物的应用概况、化学成分、药理作用方面进行综述,为以后能够更加深入地研究千斤拔属药用植物提供依据,并且对其发展的市场潜力能有更直观的认识。迄今为止,千斤拔属植物中共有197个化合物被分离鉴定,结构类型主要包括黄酮类、皂苷及三萜类、蒽醌类和挥发油等。现代药理研究表明千斤拔属植物(主要为黄酮类)具有广泛的药理作用,包括镇痛与抗炎、抗菌、雌激素样、皮肤保护、神经保护、保肝等方面作用。千斤拔资源丰富,但其种质资源复杂,质量控制指标目前仍未统一,对千斤拔属植物进行更深入的多成分综合研究,将对进一步开发千斤拔属植物药用价值有重大意义。     

The Genus Gentianella Moench: A Phytochemical and Ethno- pharmacological Review

The plants in genus Gentianella Moench (Gentianaceae) which comprised approximately 250 species, are mainly distributed in temperate regions of the world. Many Gentianella plants are intensely bitter and employed in traditional medicine to stimulate appetite, treat disorders of the gallbladder, and treat fever like the other bitter gentians in various regions of the world. Some species exhibit other remarkable therapeutic effects in the treatments of obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases. Eleven iridoids, twenty-eight xanthones, three C-glucoflavonoids, and eight other compounds have been isolated from the genus. Most of these compounds are associated with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, and antitumor activities, which provide an empirical base for the traditional utilization of the plants in genus Gentinella Moench.     

金粟兰属植物的化学成分和药理作用研究进展

金粟兰属植物在化学成分和药理作用方面的研究进展进行了综述。金粟兰属植物在民间是治疗肿疖、毒蛇咬伤和跌打损伤的良药，从金粟兰科金粟兰属植物共分离得到68个化合物，化学结构类型包括萜类、香豆素及香豆素苷类、酰胺、有机酸、甾体及甾体皂苷等，其中倍半萜烯类化合物51个。现代药理研究表明金粟兰属植物多具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、增强免疫等活性。目前尚有必要对该属植物的化学成分和药理作用进行深入研究以验证该属植物的民间疗效、探讨该属甚至该科的化学分类学及系统学位置等，从而更好地对其进行开发利用。     

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plants from Ehretia Linn.

The plants of the genus Ehretia Linn. composed of about 50 species mainly distributed in tropical Asia and Africa. They have been used as folk medicines or traditional tea to treat various ailments in China for a long time. This contribution reviews the chemical constituents isolated from the plants of the genus Ehretia Linn. and related biological activities of these species in the past few decades. The compounds in the genus mainly belong to the classes of phenolic acids, flavonoids, benzoquinones, cyanogenetic glycosides, and fatty acids. The main biological activities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antisnake venom, and anti-allergic activities.     

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plants from the genus Ehretia Linn.

The plants of the genus Ehretia Linn.composed of about 50 species mainly distributed in tropical Asia and Africa.They have been used as folk medicines or traditional tea to treat various ailments in China for a long time.This contribution reviews the chemical constituents isolated from the plants of the genus Ehretia Linn.and related biological activities of these species in the past few decades.The compounds in the genus mainly belong to the classes of phenolic acids,flavonoids,benzoquinones,cyanogenetic g...     

黄精属植物抗糖尿病本草学、物质基础及其作用机制研究进展

黄精属(Polygonatum)隶属于百合科(Liliaceae),多数植物为"药食同源"类中药材,多具有养阴润燥、生津止渴等功效,民间常用于治疗"口干食少、内热消渴"等证,临床广泛用于糖尿病、高血脂及肿瘤康复。随着黄精属基础研究不断深入及产业化开发的发展,其防治糖尿病的效应成分群与作用机制不断被揭示。该文通过梳理古代本草及现代文献,对黄精属植物抗糖尿病的本草学、物质基础及其作用机制的研究进行综述,结果表明黄精属在古代本草文献和现代研究中的相关证据支持其用于糖尿病的治疗,其物质基础主要为多糖、黄酮和皂苷类成分。其中,多糖类成分是其降血糖的主要化学成分,其在抗糖尿病领域具有巨大的开发潜力。虽然目前已有学者对黄精属植物抗糖尿病药效和物质基础开展了相关研究,但缺乏系统性,且药效、作用机制、代谢途径等尚不清楚。因此,进一步加强黄精属植物相关研究,特别是从中筛选出显著的活性物质,并对其物质基础、药效学和作用机制开展研究,将对抗糖尿病药物的研发和黄精属植物的开发利用具有重要的现实意义。