膝关节前交叉韧带重建的生物学及生物力学特性

目的通过总结前交叉韧带重建的生物学及生物力学特性,探讨早期锻炼对膝关节前交叉韧带重建后移植物愈合及膝关节运动功能恢复的作用.资料来源应用计算机检索MEDLINE1970-01/2004-01期间有关膝关节前交叉韧带重建及其生物力学特征的文献,检索词"anterior cruciate ligament,knee ioint,biomechanics",并限定文章语言种类为英文.资料选择对资料进行初审,选择有关膝关节前交叉韧带重建及其生物力学特征的文献,开始查找全文.选择随机对照类文章,当同一作者有多篇文章时,选择病例数最多的予以纳入;排除综述类及Mete分析类文章.质量评价主要考察资料的真实性,调查、实施过程是否严密.资料提炼共检索到46篇有关膝关节前交叉韧带重建及其生物力学特征的文章,29篇符合以上纳入标准,排除的17篇文章中,9篇为小样本分析,8篇为综述类或Mete分析类文章.资料综合通过了解正常前交叉韧带的生物力学特征制定重建措施及康复计划指导.重建后前交叉韧带动物实验提示膝关节运动功能恢复均不理想,而人体实验结果优于动物.随机对照实验表明,前交叉韧带重建后立即持重不增加膝关节的松弛性,反而有利于减轻髌骨疼痛.结论前交叉韧带损伤重建后固定膝关节,限制关节周围肌肉收缩活动,导致韧带、关节及周围肌肉运动功能受限.早期康复锻炼可以减轻疼痛,改善关节软骨代谢,防止关节囊挛缩,有助于重建后膝关节前交叉韧带运动功能的恢复.     

Overview of the anterolateral complex of the knee

In the last few years, much more information on the anterolateral complex of the knee has become available. It has now been demonstrated how it works in conjunction with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) controlling anterolateral rotatory laxity. Biomechanical studies have shown that the anterolateral complex (ALC) has a role as a secondary stabilizer to the ACL in opposing anterior tibial translation and internal tibial rotation. It is of utmost importance that surgeons comprehend the intricate anatomy of the entire anterolateral aspect of the knee. Although most studies have only focused on the anterolateral ligament (ALL), the ALC of the knee consists of a functional unit formed by the layers of the iliotibial band combined with the anterolateral joint capsule. Considerable interest has also been given to imaging evaluation using magnetic resonance and several studies have targeted the evaluation of the ALC in the setting of ACL injury. Results are inconsistent with a lack of association between magnetic resonance imaging evidence of injury and clinical findings. Isolated ACL reconstruction may not always reestablish knee rotatory stability in patients with associated ALC injury. In such cases, additional procedures, such as anterolateral reconstruction or lateral tenodesis, may be indicated. There are several techniques available for ALL reconstruction. Graft options include the iliotibial band, gracilis or semitendinosus tendon autograft, or allograft.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨膝关节镜下前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后膝关节感染的诊断和治疗方法.方法 收集2015年1月-2019年12月6例行关节镜ACL重建术后膝关节感染患者的临床资料.其中,4例采用抗感染药物治保守疗,2例经二次膝关节镜关节腔清理术治疗.结果 所有患者均得到治愈,体温恢复正常,膝关节局部症状消失,血液学指标恢复正常....     

Kinematic outcomes following ACL reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction aims to restore the translational and rotational motion to the knee joint that is lost after injury. However, despite technical advancements, clinical outcomes are less than ideal, particularly in return to previous activity level. A major issue is the inability to standardize treatment protocols due to variations in materials and approaches used to accomplish ACL reconstruction. These include surgical techniques such as the transtibial and anteromedial portal methods that are currently under use and the wide availability of graft types that will be used to reconstruct the ACL. In addition, concomitant soft tissue injuries to the menisci and capsule are frequently present after ACL injury and, if left unaddressed, can lead to persistent instability even after the ACL has been reconstructed. Advances in the field of biomechanics that help to objectively measure motion of the knee joint may provide more precise data than current subjective clinical measurements. These technologies include extra-articular motion capture systems that measure the movement of the tibia in relation to the femur. With data gathered from these devices, a threshold for satisfactory knee stability may be established in order to correctly identify a successful reconstruction following ACL injury.     

Effect of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

BackgroundQuadriceps strength and mass deficits are common after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Postoperatively, heavy load resistance training can have detrimental effects on knee joint pain and ACL graft laxity. Therefore, low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training has been suggested as an alternative to traditional strength rehabilitation.PurposeThe present systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of LL-BFR training on quadriceps strength, quadriceps mass, knee joint pain, and ACL graft laxity after ACL reconstruction compared to non-BFR training.Study designSystematic reviewMethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE.com, Cochrane Library/Wiley, CINAHL/Ebsco and Web of Science/Clarivate Analytics was performed on 19 February 2021. Studies were included if they compared LL-BFR and non-BFR training after ACL reconstruction with pre- and post-intervention quadriceps strength, quadriceps mass, knee joint pain or ACL graft laxity measurement. Systematic reviews, editorials, case reports and studies not published in a scientific peer reviewed journal were excluded. The risk of bias of randomized studies was assessed with the use of the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.ResultsA total of six randomized controlled trials were included. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment was defined as high risk in two of the six studies. In all studies blinding of participants and personnel was unclear or could not be performed. The included studies used different LL-BFR and non-BFR protocols with heterogeneous outcome measurements. Therefore, a qualitative analysis was performed. Two of the six studies assessed quadriceps strength and demonstrated significant greater quadriceps strength after LL-BFR compared to non-BFR training. Quadriceps mass was evaluated in four studies. Two studies observed significant greater quadriceps mass after LL-BFR compared to non-BFR training, while two studies observed no significant difference in quadriceps mass. Knee joint pain was assessed in three studies with significantly less knee joint pain after LL-BFR compared to non-BFR training. Two studies evaluated ACL graft laxity and observed no significant difference in ACL graft laxity between LL-BFR and non-BFR training.ConclusionThe results of this systematic review indicate that LL-BFR training after ACL reconstruction may be beneficial on quadriceps strength, quadriceps mass, and knee joint pain compared to non-BFR training with non-detrimental effects on ACL graft laxity. However, more randomized controlled trials with standardized intervention protocols and outcome measurements are needed to add evidence on the clinical value of LL-BFR training.Level of evidence2a     

前交叉韧带损伤膝关节6个自由度静态加载体的稳定性

背景:由于膝关节的体外标本无法模拟膝关节的真实运动,而体内的运动测试又无法获得骨结构的运动信息,因而不能得到准确的膝关节稳定性数据,也就无法对膝关节损伤的早期诊断及防治措施进行深入的研究.目的:应用计算机三维重建技术、2D/3D图像配准技术及图像处理技术对前交叉韧带损伤膝关节6个自由度变化进行静态加载体内稳定性测试.方法:8例患者单侧膝关节前交叉韧带断裂而对侧正常,膝关节在屈曲0°,30°,60°和90°时分别进行134 N前加载.采集各角度相互垂直的2D图像,与3D CT图像在虚拟X射线投射系统进行2D/3D图像配准,还原膝关节不同角度时的股骨和胫骨相对3D位置关系,获得膝关节6个自由度数据.结果与结论:前交叉韧带断裂后胫骨前移均明显增加,在完全伸直(0°)时胫骨前移最小,胫骨前移在30°时达到最大;胫骨前移在60°和90°时逐渐减小,各角度间比较差异均有显著性意义(P=0.000).前交叉韧带断裂后,膝关节胫骨内旋、内移均较健侧增加(P=0.000).提示通过2D/3D图像配准技术可以实现对膝关节静态加载的体内稳定性分析;前交叉韧带损伤后膝关节前移、内旋和内移均明显增加.     

A difference in rotational alignment of the tibio-femoral joint after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction between the bone-patellar tendon-bone and semitendinosus-gracilis grafts

BackgroundA question as to the effect of the graft choice on rotational kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any differences in rotational alignment of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) graft compared to that using semitendinosus-gracilis (STG) graft.MethodsTen patients with BTB graft and 10 patients with STG graft were assessed at 3 months after ACL reconstruction. We compared the 6 degrees-of-freedom alignment of the tibiofemoral joint in the fully extended position between knees reconstructed with BTB graft and STG graft using the uninvolved knee as a control.FindingsThe BTB graft group showed no difference in knee alignment between the ACL reconstructed knee and uninvolved knee, whereas the STG graft group showed greater external rotation in the ACL reconstructed knee than in the uninvolved knee (median values, 8.4° vs 5.8°; p = 0.022).InterpretationACL reconstruction with the STG graft leads to increased external tibial rotation. Our findings suggest that clinicians should make an effort to prevent increased external tibial rotation during the rehabilitation process in patients with STG graft.     

MRI在前交叉韧带重建术联合滑膜部分切除术中的应用

目的探讨MRI在前交叉韧带（ACL）重建术联合滑膜部分切除术前指导及手术效果评估中的应用价值。方法选择2017年1月~2019年1月我院收治的80例ACL损伤患者作为观察组,接受ACL重建术和滑膜部分切除术治疗;另外选择无损伤的MRI检查者40例作为对照组。观察组手术前后、对照组均进行MRI检查,记录两组的ACL角、PCL夹角、PCL指数、Blumensaat角、胫骨前移指标。观察组患者术后1年来院接受MRI检查,进行前抽屉实验、Lachman实验、轴移实验,用Lysholm评分、Tegner评分评估膝关节功能,计算ACL移植物MRI评分。结果观察组术后ACL角较术前升高,PCL指数、Blumensaat角、胫骨前移较术前降低（P < 0.05）,与对照组差异无统计学意义（P < 0.05）,术后PCL夹角较术前升高,高于对照组（P < 0.05）。80例患者中,前抽屉实验、Lachman实验、轴移实验3项检查结果均为阴性者70例（87.50%）,1项或以上为阳性者10例（12.50%）。移植物的完整性和信号依据Rak’s法分级:1级73例（92.25%）,2级7例（8.75%）。Lysholm膝关节评分88.63±6.51分,Tegner膝关节运动评分8.02±1.56分,较术前升高（P < 0.05）,ACL移植物MRI评分72.13±10.02分。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,ACL移植物MRI评分与Lysholm膝关节评分、Tegner膝关节运动评分呈正相关（r=0.675、0.742,P < 0.05）。结论ACL重建术联合滑膜部分切除术对ACL损伤患者有较好的治疗效果,可恢复膝关节功能和稳定性,MRI是术前指导、术后手术效果评估的有力工具。      

前交叉韧带损伤膝关节6个自由度静态加载体的稳定性

背景：由于膝关节的体外标本无法模拟膝关节的真实运动,而体内的运动测试又无法获得骨结构的运动信息,因而不能得到准确的膝关节稳定性数据,也就无法对膝关节损伤的早期诊断及防治措施进行深入的研究。目的：应用计算机三维重建技术、2D/3D图像配准技术及图像处理技术对前交叉韧带损伤膝关节6个自由度变化进行静态加载体内稳定性测试。方法：8例患者单侧膝关节前交叉韧带断裂而对侧正常,膝关节在屈曲0°,30°,60°和90°时分别进行134N前加载。采集各角度相互垂直的2D图像,与3DCT图像在虚拟X射线投射系统进行2D/3D图像配准,还原膝关节不同角度时的股骨和胫骨相对3D位置关系,获得膝关节6个自由度数据。结果与结论：前交叉韧带断裂后胫骨前移均明显增加,在完全伸直（0°）时胫骨前移最小,胫骨前移在30°时达到最大;胫骨前移在60°和90°时逐渐减小,各角度间比较差异均有显著性意义（P=0.000）。前交叉韧带断裂后,膝关节胫骨内旋、内移均较健侧增加（P=0.000）。提示通过2D/3D图像配准技术可以实现对膝关节静态加载的体内稳定性分析;前交叉韧带损伤后膝关节前移、内旋和内移均明显增加。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries affect more than 175,000 patients annually. Located in the center of the knee joint, the ACL is the major stabilizing ligament of the knee. If the ACL is injured, then the knee becomes unstable and can buckle when the person pivots. Surgeons can use autograft or allograft tissue to accomplish ACL reconstruction by using a single-bundle or double-bundle type of repair. The surgeon performs the reconstruction arthroscopically, using two ports and a small incision over the anteromedial surface of the tibia to facilitate passage of the graft and for distal fixation of the graft. Correct placement of the tibial and femoral tunnels is the most important technical aspect of the procedure. After reconstruction, the patient must undergo intense physical therapy starting one or two days after surgery. If diligent with physical therapy, then the patient can return to full activity as soon as four months after surgery.     

关节镜下异体骨-髌腱-骨前交叉韧带重建术围手术期的护理

目的探讨膝关节镜下异体骨-髌腱-骨前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后早期功能锻炼的方法,最大限度地减少合并症及功能障碍等不良反应。方法对8例前交叉韧带损伤患者实施异体骨-髌腱前交叉韧带重建术,术后通过使用可调式支具外固定、被动活动器(CPM)、被动及主动功能锻炼等康复护理。结果8例术后均获随访,时间为27~77个月,平均41个月。按Lukianov的ACL重建术后功能评定标准,优8例。随访结果显示,术前7例Lanchman试验阳性,术后均阴性;术前6例前抽屉试验阳性,术后均呈阴性;术前6例有明显膝关节不稳定感,术后均消失;术后8例功能锻炼后膝关节活动度可达0~90°。结论ACL重建术后早期进行综合康复训练明显有利于膝关节功能的恢复。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建材料及其重建的理论研究与临床应用

背景:前交叉韧带是膝关节内的核心结构,近年来前交叉韧带损伤的发生率逐渐增高.目的:就前交叉韧带的损伤机制、手术方法、移植物选择、等长重建、重建韧带翻修等问题进行综述,为临床治疗前交叉韧带损伤提供一定的参考.方法:应用计算机检索Medline数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以Anterior cruciate ligament.implant、reconstruction、repair为检索词;应用计算机检索重庆维普数据库(1996-01/2009-03)、清华同方数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以前交叉韧带、移植物、重建、修补为检索词.结果与结论:共收集200篇关于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的文献,排除发表时间较早、重复及类似研究,纳入18篇符合标准的文献.前交叉韧带是稳定膝关节的重要结构,运动及日常生活中多种因素可导致其损伤,治疗不当将严重影响运动能力或丧失运动能力.为恢复膝关节结构和功能,对损伤的前交叉韧带需要进行重建已成为共识.随着技术的不断进步和手术器械的研制创新,关节镜下重建术已成为当今治疗前交叉韧带损伤的主流方法.尽管治疗前交叉韧带损伤的手术方法很多,但还没有哪一种能完全复制前交叉韧带的解剖关系,手术是否能减少前交叉韧带伤后的继发损害目前还没有定论.对手术方式、移植物的选择、术后康复以及其他辅助治疗等方面仍有大量工作需要完善.     

Nachbehandlung der vorderen Kreuzbandplastik

Most surgeons agree that postoperative rehabilitation is an important part of the final outcome after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. With the aim of a full return of knee function in terms of stability, strength, range of motion and neuromuscular control different methods of rehabilitation are performed in different phases of graft healing. A review of the literature of prospective and randomized studies revealed the following information for the rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft: a brace is not required. Full weight bearing reduces anterior knee pain and has no negative effect. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation increases muscle strength and improves kinematics. Cold therapy has no positive effect. Early joint motion can avoid the negative effect of immobilization. The literature on rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction with hamstrings is not sufficient for a consensus opinion.     

单隧道四股半腱肌股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带后的康复训练

【目的】探讨采用单隧道四股半腱肌股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带后的康复训练方法,总结其近期康复效果。【方法】对49例前交叉韧带断裂的患者采用单隧道四股半腱肌股薄肌肌腱进行重建,术后进行1年以上系统的康复指导。包括支具制动及肌力、活动度、本体感受器训练和肌肉牵张训练等。观察其可行性和效果。【结果】术后3个月,患者膝关节的活动度均恢复正常。术后12个月,患肢的股四头肌和胭绳肌峰力矩比值超过正常侧的82％。术后6个月,膝关节Lanchman试验和轴移试验均为阴性。术后6个月,膝关节功能评分为与术前相比差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。【结论】对于前交叉韧带损伤患者,在采用单隧道四股半腱肌股薄肌肌腱进行重建后进行此康复训练是安全有效的。     

Rehabilitation outcome in patients recovering from reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: a preliminary report

Background. Injuries of the knee joint with ACL tears cause instability of the knee. Surgical reconstruction is indicated for young, active people with functional instability of the knee, and not merely a tear in the ACL. The term "young people" is relative: even 50-year old men with no degenerative changes in the knee joint can be qualified for surgery. After surgical reconstruction intensive rehabilitation is required to restore static and dynamic proprioception of the knee. Material and methods. We examined 15 patients (a preliminary group) who underwent ACL reconstruction using the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone (BPTB) technique. One uear after surgery the patients were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee rating scale and the Quality of Life scale of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Council of Musculoskeletal Specialty Societies. Gait analysis was performed using an Ultraflex system (ground reaction forces and goniometry). A modified Romberg's test was added in order to examine proprioception. Results. The results from the IKDC scale gave 12 poor results and 3 good. The Quality of Life scale shows disappointment in 9 patients, satisfaction in 4 and indifference in 2. The modified Romberg's test revealed significantly decreased control of the operated joint. Gait analysis revealed a decreased range of motion in the operation joint on the sagittal plane. Conclusions. Surgical treatment cannot give satisfactory results without intensive and comprehensive rehabilitation. Physiotherapeutic goals should be not only recovery of a full range of motion and muscle strength, but also neuromuscular and proprioceptional reeducation.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带在重建前交叉韧带中的临床应用

目的探讨在关节镜下运用韧带增强重建系统（LARS）人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2007年6月起运用法国LARS人工韧带治疗前交叉韧带断裂14例。等距点建立胫骨和股骨骨道,置入韧带后游离纤维位于关节腔内,挤压螺钉固定。结果经平均18个月随访,术后Lysholm评分平均92分,优9例,良5例,优良率为100%。术后无感染、无韧带断裂,无膝关节疼痛。结论运用＂LARS人工韧带＂重建前交叉韧带可达到解剖重建,可有效恢复膝关节稳定性;关节镜下手术拥有创伤小、康复快、疗效好等微创特点。     

Measurement of brake response time after right anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: Recommendations on safe driving after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been largely intuitive. We studied brake response time in patients who participated in outpatient rehabilitation after right ACL reconstruction. DESIGN: Prospective, repeated measures design comparing 14 patients post-ACL reconstruction with 21 subjects with normal knees. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following measures were assessed every 2 weeks for 10 weeks: brake response time, 6-meter walk time, knee range of motion, pain, and joint effusion. Statistical testing used analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Significant variables were analyzed separately and post hoc tests conducted using the least squares differences method. Both groups were compared with published norms from the American Automobile Association. RESULTS: No significant gender differences across main effects were detected. Brake response times for men improved significantly after week 6 (p < .05) and week 10 (p < .01). Brake response times for women in the ACL treatment group matched controls at 6 weeks. Six-meter walk times for control subjects were faster than those for the ACL group preoperatively (2.6 sec vs 5.5 sec), but equalized by week 6. CONCLUSIONS: After right ACL reconstruction, brake reaction times of rehabilitated men and women matched those of established controls after 4 to 6 weeks. Measuring brake response times during rehabilitation may ensure that individual patients return to driving in a safe and timely manner.     

持续被动运动联合等速闭链训练对膝关节前交叉韧带重建术患者疼痛、关节活动度及运动功能的影响

目的 评价持续被动运动联合等速闭链训练对膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术患者疼痛、膝关节活动度和运动功能的影响.方法 选择2020年6月—2021年1月行膝关节ACL重建术115例为观察对象,根据康复训练方法不同分为对照组57例和观察组58例.对照组采用常规康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上采用持续被动运动联合等速闭链训练...     

关节镜下同种异体与自体移植物重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

[目的]采用自体髌韧带-骨移植物和同种异体骨-韧带移植物一期重建膝前交叉韧带,比较两者的临床疗效.[方法]在关节镜检后确认有前交叉韧带完全断裂或大部分断裂,需行交叉韧带重建者,即一期予行交叉韧带重建.根据术前患者要求,以及经济状况和对疾病的认知,分别采用同种异体骨-韧带移植物及自体髌韧带骨移植物予以关节镜下重建.[结果...     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的术后康复

目的探讨关节镜下自体半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱双束重建前交叉韧带手术的康复治疗方法。方法前交叉韧带断裂病人46例,关节镜下重建前交叉韧带,术后给予系统康复治疗,应用等速测评指导训练,锻炼采取循序渐进的方式实施,并采用LYSHOLM评分标准进行膝关节功能评分。结果 46例中43例恢复正常的关节活动度,LANCHMAN前抽屈试验均转为阴性,LYSHOLM评分优良率为91.3%,等速肌力测试术后峰力矩较术前平均提高35%。结论恰当的术后康复治疗能安全、有效地促进前交叉韧带重建术后患肢的功能恢复。