下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗并发急性肢体缺血原因分析及防治

目的 探讨下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗中并发急性肢体缺血的防治体会.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月至2012年4月接受腔内治疗的下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者685例,并发急性肢体缺血54例;其中男性43例,女性11例,年龄56 ～ 82岁,平均72.3岁.缺血原因包括动脉栓塞43例(6.3％),血栓形成8例(1.2％),动脉夹层3例(0.3％);发生在球囊血管成形及支架植入过程中36例,导管溶栓中17例,SilverHawk斑块切除中1例.采用腔内治疗32例,手术治疗9例,腔内治疗联合手术治疗13例.结果 50例患者治疗成功,4例治疗失败行手术截肢,无死亡病例.术后45例获得随访,随访3～96个月,平均40.3个月.随访中动脉栓塞患者下肢缺血症状复发6例,再次予以腔内治疗4例,2例行截趾术;血栓患者1例旁路术后吻合口狭窄予以球囊血管成形,1例支架内再狭窄行球囊血管成形支架植入;夹层患者1例膝下动脉支架闭塞,予以药物保守治疗,症状减轻.4例截肢患者随访情况良好.结论 腔内治疗术中并发急性肢体缺血多数患者可采用腔内技术处理,腔内治疗效果不佳时应转开放手术.     

血管腔内治疗DeBakeyⅢ型动脉夹层动脉瘤（附15例报告）

目的 探讨带膜支架植入治疗降主动脉夹层动脉瘤的经验。方法 我科1999年5月至2005年12月为15例DeBakeyⅢ型的主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者作血管腔内带膜支架植入治疗，并分析其临床资料。结果 15例病人共用带膜支架22个，手术技术成功率100％。6例患者术中出现内漏，植入第二枚支架后漏口封闭。1例术后3月复查发现支架移位，再植入带膜支架后治愈。3例术后死亡，死因为心律失常，呼吸功能衰竭。治愈12例，平均随访20个月。所有患者内膜破裂口全部完全封闭，假腔内血栓形成无内漏，假腔均明显缩小。结论 带膜支架血管腔植入术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤具有良好的近期疗效，长期效果还有待进一步的研究。     

脾动脉瘤血管腔内治疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨血管腔内治疗脾动脉瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年12月本科收治的48例脾动脉瘤患者的资料,腔内治疗方法:弹簧圈动脉瘤(14例)或载瘤动脉栓塞术(19例),覆膜支架隔绝术(2例),支架辅助弹簧圈瘤体内填塞(5例)和多层裸支架隔绝术(8例)。术后1、3、6、12个月采用CT血管造影检查随访,记录并评价围手术期和随访期的临床结果指标。结果本组病例瘤体均治疗成功,支架植入患者的脾动脉均通畅。围手术期无手术相关死亡,8例患者弹簧圈栓塞后出现栓塞后综合征,均于3~5天后缓解。随访时间23.9(3~59)个月,采用弹簧圈栓塞瘤体或载瘤动脉33例:4例患者发现有部分脾脏梗死,但无明显临床症状,2例患者因瘤体内再灌注接受再次手术;采用覆膜支架植入或裸支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞7例:动脉瘤隔绝或栓塞良好,无内漏,支架通畅;采用多层裸支架隔绝术8例:术后12个月6例(75%)患者瘤腔达到完全血栓化,分支动脉通畅。其余病例未出现严重并发症。随访期患者均未观察到动脉瘤增大、破裂或复发。结论血管腔内治疗脾动脉瘤安全,疗效显著。     

肠系膜上动脉狭窄的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨介入治疗肠系膜上动脉狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。方法对12例肠系膜上动脉狭窄的患者行选择性肠系膜上动脉造影,然后行球囊扩张或支架植入治疗,评价疗效。结果 12例肠系膜上动脉狭窄的患者技术成功率100%,其中单纯球囊扩张2例,球囊扩张+内支架植入术10例。对所有患者随访6~24个月,平均16个月,其中10例无明显症状,2例有腹痛症状,经再次腔内治疗,症状得到明显改善。随访中所有患者均未出现肠坏死、死亡等严重并发症。结论血管腔内介入治疗肠系膜上动脉狭窄是一种安全、有效的方法。     

晚期妊娠和产褥期主动脉夹层的腔内修复治疗

目的：探讨腔内修复术治疗晚期妊娠和产褥期主动脉夹层的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析4例妊娠相关性B型主动脉夹层行腔内带膜支架修复术患者临床资料。在4例患者中，2例夹层发生于37孕周，1例发生于产后2 h，1例发生于产褥期；3例患马凡综合征（MFS），1例病因不明。患者均接受胸主动脉带膜支架腔内植入术，辅助技术包括主动脉狭窄段球囊扩张，左颈总动脉烟囱支架植入术。产妇及新生儿均进行临床观察随访，术后1，3，6个月分别对产妇进行CT血管造影监测。结果：围产期及随访时间无产妇及胎儿死亡，1例胎儿经阴道娩出，3例胎儿剖宫产娩出。4例患者主动脉支架均成功植入，初始破口完整覆盖，3例患者覆盖左锁骨下动脉，无I型内漏及支架移位。1例患者初始破口位于左锁骨下动脉开口处，锚定区向主动脉弓部拓展，同期植入左颈总动脉烟囱支架，术后出现II型内漏，随访11个月内漏自行消失。平均随访时间17.5个月，产后新生儿均存活良好，1例出现新生儿黄疸，产后12 d消失。结论：腔内带膜支架治疗晚期妊娠及产褥期B型主动脉夹层早-中期疗效肯定，手术时机与适应证需要根据孕产期临床状况综合判断。

     

肾下型腹主动脉瘤腔内修复治疗的并发症分析

目的：总结腔内修复治疗腹主动脉瘤的经验,探讨并发症的及防治策略。方法：回顾分析及随访已接受腔内修复治疗的43例肾下型腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料,分析腔内修复手术并发症的病因和防治。结果：本组发生了内漏、支架移位、移植物综合征、手术入路损伤等支架相关并发症。最常见的是内漏,发生原发性内漏11例,Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型2例。Ⅱ型内漏术中未处理,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型内漏经过球囊扩张、植入支架型血管或裸支架等处理后仍残留2例J型内漏。4例手术入路损伤经内膜剥脱治愈。随访发现迟发性内漏4例,继续随访1～2年,未见瘤体明显增大;手术结束时残留的3例原发性内漏自愈,但其中1例出现内漏复发及支架移位,导致动脉瘤复发破裂而再次接受腔内治疗。结论：支架相关并发症与动脉瘤血管解剖条件、移植物缺陷和操作技术有关,其防治需要良好把握手术适应证、合理选择支架及成熟的操作经验。     

钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变的临床分析

目的 总结钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变诊疗经验.方法 回顾性分析12例钝性外伤后胸主动脉扩张性病变的临床资料,其中主动脉夹层(Stanford B型)8例以及降主动脉假性动脉瘤4例.术前螺旋CT血管造影及术中数字血管减影造影对病变进行评估,待严重合并症稳定后行腔内支架型人工血管植入术.术后3、6、12个月以及其后每年随访CTA明确治疗效果.结果 11例行腔内支架型人工血管植入术,另1例未及手术死亡.所有手术患者均获技术成功,完全或部分遮蔽左锁骨下动脉6例,支架释放后即刻造影发现内漏3例,2例球囊扩张后内漏消失,1例仅给予随访.共9例获随访(B型主动脉夹层6例、降主动脉假性动脉瘤3例),均正常生存,未出现左上肢缺血症状及神经系统阳性体征,CTA检查示近远端主动脉无新发夹层或动脉瘤,无内漏、截瘫以及支架移位等并发症.结论 钝性外伤后胸主动脉损伤多位于主动脉峡部,待重要脏器合并症稳定后行腔内支架型人工血管治疗有效可行,安全性高.     

自膨式金属裸支架治疗急性肱动脉损伤的临床疗效

目的:探讨自膨式金属裸支架治疗急性肱动脉损伤的安全性及临床效果。方法:回顾性分析18例急性肱动脉损伤患者资料。所有患者均接受急诊血管造影以明确诊断,行血管成形术及自膨式裸支架植入治疗。结果:18例急性肱动脉损伤的患者的手术技术成功率100%,平均手术时间为50(30~90)min。13例接受单层自膨式裸支架置入,5例接受双支架重叠置入术,共置入23枚自膨式裸支架,支架置入后即刻造影显示损伤肱动脉血流恢复通畅,假性动脉瘤消失,未见支架狭窄及对比剂外溢。无围手术期死亡和严重并发症发生。18例平均随访20.2个月,17例支架内血流完全通畅或轻度狭窄(未作处理),1例支架腔内狭窄50%,行球囊扩张治疗后支架内血流恢复通畅;随访期间无支架移位、扭曲及断裂,无缺血坏死,截肢情况。结论:自膨式金属裸支架植入治疗急性肱动脉损伤是安全可行的,近中期效果满意。     

血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月~2015年9月我院行血管内支架置入术的85例肾动脉狭窄患者临床资料,观察其手术成功率、围手术期并发症发生率及临床疗效。结果 85例患者共成功植入85枚球扩式肾动脉支架,手术成功率100%。围手术期未发生动脉夹层、支架内血栓形成、急性肾功能衰竭等并发症。术后血压较术前呈逐渐下降趋势,服用降压药数减少,肾功能-血肌酐稳定。85例患者随访6个月~7年,平均(21.3±18.4)个月。随访期间发现肾动脉再狭窄8例(9.4%),均为无症状性狭窄。无责任血管相关的肾功能恶化。结论血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄能解除血管狭窄,可有效改善血压,防止肾功能恶化,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

血管腔内治疗DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(附15例报告)

目的探讨带膜支架植入治疗降主动脉夹层动脉瘤的经验.方法我科1999年5月至2005年12月为15例DeBakeyⅢ型的主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者作血管腔内带膜支架植入治疗,并分析其临床资料.结果15例病人共用带膜支架22个,手术技术成功率100%.6例患者术中出现内漏,植入第二枚支架后漏口封闭.1例术后3月复查发现支架移位,再植入带膜支架后治愈.3例术后死亡,死因为心律失常,呼吸功能衰竭.治愈12例,平均随访20个月,所有患者内膜破裂口全部完全封闭,假腔内血栓形成无内漏,假腔均明显缩小.结论带膜支架血管腔植入术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤具有良好的近期疗效,长期效果还有待进一步的研究.     

Treatment of traumatic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas of the skull base by using endovascular stents

OBJECT: The authors describe their preliminary clinical experience with the use of endovascular stents in the treatment of traumatic vascular lesions of the skull base region. Because adequate distal exposure and direct surgical repair of these lesions are not often possible, conventional treatment has been deliberate arterial occlusion. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the safety and efficacy as well as limitations of endovascular stent placement in the management of craniocervical arterial injuries. METHODS: Six patients with vascular injuries were treated using endovascular stents. There were two arteriovenous fistulas and two pseudoaneurysms of the distal extracranial internal carotid or vertebral arteries resulting from penetrating trauma, and two petrous carotid pseudoaneurysms associated with basal skull fractures. In one patient a porous stent placement procedure was undertaken as well as coil occlusion of an aneurysm, whereas in the remaining five patients covered stent grafts were used as definitive treatment. There were no procedural complications. One patient in whom there was extensive traumatic arterial dissection was found to have asymptomatic stent thrombosis when angiography was repeated 1 week postoperatively. This was the only patient whose associated injuries precluded routine antithrombotic or antiplatelet therapy. Follow-up examinations in the remaining five patients included standard angiography (four patients) or computerized tomography angiography (one patient), which were performed 3 to 6 months postoperatively, and clinical assessments ranging from 3 months to 1 year in duration (mean 9 months). In all five cases the vascular injury was successfully treated and the parent artery remained widely patent. No patient experienced aneurysm recurrence or hemorrhage, and there were no thromboembolic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' experience demonstrates that endovascular treatment of traumatic vascular lesions of the skull base region is both feasible and safe. The advantages of minimally invasive stent placement and parent artery preservation make this procedure for repair of neurovascular injuries a potentially important addition to existing methods.     

The utility of endovascular stents in the treatment of blunt arterial injuries.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this review is to evaluate our institutional experience with percutaneously placed vascular stents in multiply injured patients with blunt arterial injuries. METHODS: Patients were identified through our trauma registry from 9/95 through 12/99. All injuries were diagnosed by angiography. Palmaz and Wallstent prostheses were used. RESULTS: Six patients had blunt arterial injuries. Age ranged from 20 to 67 years (average, 45). Each patient had one or more stents placed. There were no immediate complications related to stent placement. There were no deaths or complications attributable to stent placement. All of the patients survived to leave the hospital. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 2 years with no occlusion, stenosis, or stent malfunction. CONCLUSION: The use of interventional angiography and endovascular stenting is safe and efficacious in treating arterial injuries in certain circumstances.     

创伤性血管病变的腔内治疗

目的 探讨微创血管腔内技术治疗创伤性血管病变的可行性。方法 对已进行腔内治疗的6例创伤性血管病变进行回顾性分析。结果 6例创伤性血管病变包括颈总动脉假性动脉瘤、锁骨下动静脉瘘、胸主动脉假性动脉瘤、髂动静脉瘘、髂动脉假性动脉瘤、股浅动脉假性动脉瘤各1例。所有病变均在局部麻醉下进行，经腔内移植物治疗后均立刻重建血流通道。6例均得到随访，2个月至4年内所有移植物均通畅。无任何并发症。结论 腔内技术治疗创伤性血管病变具有成功率高、并发症少、损伤小等优点，可望成为创伤性血管病变的重要治疗手段。     

医源性血管损伤的救治:附24例报告

目的：总结医源性血管损伤的防治经验。方法：对3年来救治的24例各种医源性血管损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：24例中肠系膜上动脉、静脉损伤7例，门静脉损伤3例，颈动脉损伤4例，髂、股动脉损伤6例，其他为腘动脉、腋动脉、肾动脉、胃左动脉等损伤。治疗方法：血管修补6例，血管吻合5例，血管置换2例，血管结扎3例，介入下带膜支架型人工血管封堵2例，其他为取栓、溶栓、填塞等处理。24例中22例成功治愈，1例术后24h大出血死亡，1例术后5d死亡。结论：医源性血管损伤只要高度重视，辨明解剖、充分准确、仔细操作是可以预防和减少的。一旦发生医源性血管损伤要查找原因，针对情况选择不同的处理方式，若缺乏有效的处理技术应及时求援或转院治疗。     

Endovascular treatment for traumatic injuries of the peripheral arteries following blunt trauma

OBJECTIVES: The continued advances in imaging and stent/stent-graft technology have considerably expanded the indications for endovascular approach also in vascular trauma. We report our institutional experience with endovascular treatment of peripheral arterial injuries after blunt trauma. METHODS: Between January 2000 and June 2006 out of a series of 81 patients, 10 male patients (mean age of 50+/-14 years) with peripheral arterial injuries were managed endovascularly. At admission, haemorrhagic shock was present in three patients. Artery location involved common femoral (n=2), subclavian (n=2), axillary (n=2), external iliac (n=2), superficial femoral (n=1), and popliteal (n=1). Type of lesion was as follows: pseudoaneurysm (n=4), dissection (n=4), expanding haematoma (n=1), and arterio-venous fistula (n=1). Follow-up program included visit and duplex-ultrasonography, X-rays and/or spiral-computed tomography at 6-month interval during the first year, and yearly thereafter. RESULTS: The lesion was excluded in all cases. All patients survived. Major complications did not occur. Mean hospitalisation was 13 days. Limb-salvage was 100%. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 60 months (mean 16); a late occlusion of a popliteal stent-graft was managed with another endovascular procedure. CONCLUSION: In our experience, endovascular treatment of vascular injuries after blunt trauma was feasible and effective.     

覆膜支架在周围动脉血管损伤救治中的应用

目的 探讨应用覆膜支架腔内隔绝技术治疗周围动脉血管损伤的方法和经验.方法 共收集20例患者资料,开放性损伤13例,闭合性损伤7例.其中,尖锐物穿通伤8例,顿挫伤导致动脉闭塞5例,创伤后假性动脉瘤形成3例,医源性动脉损伤4例.动脉管壁损伤较轻者直接使用覆膜支架进行腔内隔绝治疗;针对管壁破损严重、断裂或血管内膜严重挫伤闭塞者则多采用顺、逆行途径相结合的方法开通血管后成功实施腔内重建.结果 手术成功率100％,无肢体丧失和围手术期死亡.所有患者随访3～24个月,平均12.8个月.上肢动脉损伤者术后彩色多普勒检查显示患肢血循环良好,患侧与健侧上肢血压差小于10％,下肢血管损伤患者患侧ABI由术前平均0.37±0.16提高至术后0.96±0.08.仅2例患者术后随访CT血管造影发现支架两端存在轻度狭窄.结论 覆膜支架腔内隔绝技术治疗周围动脉损伤,安全、微创、并发症少、效果满意,是一种可靠的治疗方法.     

Outpatient treatment of arterial inflow stenoses of dysfunctional hemodialysis access fistulas by retrograde venous access puncture and catheterization

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of endovascular treatment of inflow stenoses in arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) through retrograde venous access catheterization. METHODS: We included all 22 dysfunctional AVFs with arterial inflow stenoses at access imaging between January 2002 and September 2006. Following retrograde venous access puncture, an interventional radiologist intended to cross the arteriovenous anastomosis and advance a catheter into the aortic arch. After depiction of the complete vascular access tree, angioplasty and/or stent placement was aimed for stenoses with a >50% luminal diameter reduction at digital subtraction angiography (DSA). RESULTS: In one radiocephalic AVF, a catheter could not be positioned into the aortic arch after retrograde venous access puncture. DSA depicted 28 inflow stenoses in the remaining 21 patients (11 radiocephalic AVFs and 10 brachiocephalic AVFs). Clinical improvement was obtained in 18 out of 19 patients with a technically successful intervention (<30% residual stenosis after angioplasty or stent placement). Following endovascular therapy, access flow of 12 patients with a low flow access improved from 431 +/- 150 ml/min to 818 +/- 233 ml/min, and four patients with steal symptoms became symptom free. One nonmaturing fistula could be salvaged by angioplasty, and access cannulation problems were solved in another patient following angioplasty. Brachial artery stent placement did not reduce steal symptoms in one case, whereas two patients, in whom stent placement was not thought desirable, showed a >30% residual arterial stenosis after angioplasty. No complications were observed at DSA and endovascular intervention. CONCLUSION: Retrograde venous access puncture and catheterization, as an alternative to a potentially more hazardous brachial artery or more invasive femoral artery approach, should be considered for the visualization of the arterial inflow and endovascular treatment of inflow stenoses.     

Subclavian artery disruption resulting from endovascular intervention: treatment options

Endovascular intervention is a commonly accepted form of treatment in patients with subclavian artery stenosis. Complications will undoubtedly occur as the utility of catheter-based intervention continues to rise. We report two cases of subclavian artery disruption as a result of endovascular intervention. One patient had contrast extravasation after the deployment of a balloon-expandable stent in a stenotic subclavian artery, and the arterial injury was successfully treated with balloon tamponade. A second patient had a large subclavian pseudoaneurysm 4 months after a balloon-expandable stent placement. Successful repair was achieved in this patient by means of arterial reconstruction with a prosthetic bypass graft. These cases illustrate different therapeutic methods of treating subclavian artery rupture due to endovascular intervention.     

Traumatic subclavian arterial rupture: a case report and review of literature

ABSTRACT: Subclavian artery injuries represent an uncommon complication of blunt chest trauma, this structure being protected by subclavius muscle, the clavicle, the first rib, and the deep cervical fascia as well as the costo-coracoid ligament, a clavi-coraco-axillary fascia portion. Subclavian artery injury appears early after trauma, and arterial rupture may cause life-treatening haemorrages, pseudo-aneurysm formation and compression of brachial plexus. These clinical eveniences must be carefully worked out by accurate physical examination of the upper limb: skin color, temperature, sensation as well as radial pulse and hand motility represent the key points of physical examination in this setting. The presence of large hematomas and pulsatile palpable mass in supraclavicular region should raise the suspicion of serious vascular injury. Since the first reports of endovascular treatment for traumatic vascular injuries in the 90's, an increasing number of vascular lesions have been treated this way. We report a case of traumatic subclavian arterial rupture after blunt chest trauma due to a 4 meters fall, treated by endovascular stent grafting, providing a complete review of the past twenty years' literature.     

移植肾动脉狭窄腔内治疗的中期结果

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄经皮血管腔内成形(PTA)及支架置入的安全性及中远期结果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2018年12月解放军总医院血管外科收治的18例移植肾动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。结果3例经同侧股动脉,15例经对侧股动脉人路治疗。4例单纯PTA治疗,8例PTA后置入支架,6例直接置入支架。共置入14枚支架,均为球扩式支架,其中2枚为药涂支架,技术成功率100%。平均造影剂用量64ml,治疗前肾动脉狭窄率为50%〜99%,腔内治疗后狭窄率降为10%〜30%。收缩压由术前的(157.2±43.0)mmHg降至术后的(129.8±8.6)mmHg;血清肌酐(SCr)水平由术前的(258.8±214.7)μmol/L降至术后的(176.3±101.1)μmol/L,尿素氮由术前的(15.7±1.6)mmol/L降至术后(10.6±1.1)mmol/L(均P<0.05)。术后中位随访42.4个月(3~93个月),治愈17例,无效1例,1例单纯球囊扩张后术后30 d出现再狭窄,予以置入支架。除1例移植肾动脉出血外无其他并发症。结论移植肾动脉狭窄是导致移植肾失功的常见血管因素,腔内治疗安全、有效。