抗精神病药所致QTc间期延长、室速和猝死

本文对QT间期的生理学，抗精神病药物所致QTc间期延长，尖端扭转型室速及猝死等作一讨论。     

第2代抗精神病药引起QTc间期延长的研究进展

抗精神病药作为精神分裂症的主要治疗手段,其不良反应对临床治疗方案选择和优化具有重大意义。在药物所致心脏毒性方面,通常将QTc间期作为重要评估指标之一。QTc间期延长可能会导致尖端扭转型心动过速及心源性猝死。第2代抗精神病药虽相较第1代抗精神病药在安全性上明显提高,但仍需要关注药物相关心脏毒性。本文将汇总和讨论第2代抗精...     

抗精神病药致首发精神疾病QTc 间期变化的相关 因素分析

目的 调查抗精神病药致首发精神疾病QTc间期延长的影响因素.方法 对服用稳定剂量抗精神病药治疗1月的309例首发精神疾病患者进行回顾性调查,收集人口学资料、空腹血糖、血压、血脂等生化指标、心电图资料,以QTc≥440ms作为QTc间期延长的标准,分析QTc间期延长的状况及其相关因素.结果 QTc间期延长的发生率为10.6%.药物治疗组QTc间期均值大于基线期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);药物联合电休克治疗组以及药物联合脑电治疗组QTc间期与基线期相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).单一抗精神病药治疗组QTc间期与基线期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而抗精神病药联用以及抗精神病药联用抗抑郁药/心境稳定剂组QTc间期均值大于基线期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).抗精神病药等效氯丙嗪剂量<1000mg/d组别QTc间期与基线期相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).抗精神病药剂量与QTc间期没有相关性.女性是QTc间期延长的风险因素(OR=3.26,95%CI=1.050~10.094),其他因素未进入回归方程.结论 首发精神疾病患者抗精神病药治疗期间QTc间期延长存在性别差异,女性发生QTc间期延长的风险是男性的3.26倍.药物联用延长的QTc间期并未达到异常值.抗精神病药剂量与QTc间期没有相关性.除了性别因素外,其他指标不是QTc间期延长的风险因素.     

抗精神病药物导致QTc间期延长影响因素的研究进展

精神分裂症患者与一般人群相比,心血管疾病死亡风险明显升高,这与抗精神病药物的 使用有一定的关系。抗精神病药物导致 QTc 间期延长,增加了室性快速心律失常或尖端扭转型室性心 动过速（TdP）的发生风险,严重者可恶化为致命的心室颤动,甚至心脏性猝死（SCD）。性别、年龄和电解 质紊乱对 QTc 间期延长均有影响;不同抗精神病药物对 QTc 间期的影响不同;单一抗精神病药物治疗和 多种抗精神病药物联合治疗对 QTc 间期的影响也不同;抗精神病药物导致的 QTc 间期延长也受到遗传 因素的影响,随着药物遗传学的发展,许多与抗精神病药物导致 QT 间期延长的相关基因被鉴定出来。 现就抗精神病药物导致 QTc 间期延长影响因素的研究进展予以综述,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。     

常见抗精神病药对心电图的影响

了解抗精神病药对于心电图的影响。分析１９９１年至１９９３年住院的１０６１例病人在服用抗精神病药前后的心电图变化。心电图异常共３１７例，各种药物所致心电图异常率无明显差异。氯丙嗪剂量与心电图异常率有明显差异。异常以心肌劳损及心律失常较多。应用抗精神病药时应定期随访心电图。     

抗精神病药过量对心电图的影响

目的：探讨抗精神病药过量对心电图的影响。方法：对吞服过量抗精神病药自杀患者和服用常规剂量抗精神病药患者的心电图进行对照分析。结果：抗精神病药过量组患者的心电图异常的严重程度显著高于常规剂量组。药物过量所致心电图异常率高低和严重程度与服药后至开始抢救的间隔时间长短密切相关。结论：抗精神病药过量导致心电图异常严重程度较高,应引起重视。     

抗精神病药对儿童心电图的影响

抗精神病药对儿童心电图的影响与用药时间及剂量有一定关系,通过β-阻滞剂的使用及调整药物剂量,均能得到改善。但若用药过程中不注意心电图改变,也可能产生严重后果。     

抗精神病药所致QTc间期延长、室速和猝死

本文对QT间期的生理学、抗精神病药物所致QTc间期延长、尖端扭转型室速及猝死等作一讨论。     

抗精神病药与心电图改变

抗精神病药与心电图改变刘强宋建新抗精神病药能引起心脏副作用，已众所周知，但是它所引起的窦性心动过速率是多少，受哪些因素的影响，Ｔ波改变的率是多少，可能受哪些因素的影响，这些具体问题，即使有过报道，亦未成定论，所以，我们做了一次回顾性研究，报告如下。１...     

抗精神病药物对心电图的影响

精神分裂症病程多迁延,病情易复发.长期服用抗精神病药是治疗和控制该疾病的主要疗法.长期服药会引起一些不良反应,尤其是心血管系统方面的不良反应.     

1277例服用抗精神病药物住院病人心电图变化的资料分析

目的探索抗精神病药物对心电图的影响。方法对1277例住院精神疾病患者服用抗精神病药后ECG变化进行分析,以性别、年龄、不同药物种类进行比较,并对多个危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果749例（58.7%）住院患者ECG异常,其中窦性心动过速最常见。26~35岁年龄段ECG异常发生的比例（46.7%）最小。服用氯氮平的患者出现ECG异常的比率最高（69.1%）。年龄作为唯一与心电图异常相关的变量进入了Logistic回归模型。结论抗精神病药物引起ECG异常较常见。用药期间,特别是对老年患者应注意定期检查ECG。     

Private psychiatry in Switzerland

INTRODUCTION: Two-thirds of Swiss psychiatrists are engaged, either exclusively or partially, in private practice, a proportion that is higher than in other countries. METHOD: A questionnaire survey of 1000 psychiatrists was carried out. RESULTS: Psychiatrists in private practice display a greater degree of clinical activity, mainly with individuals, than do psychiatrists employed by public institutions; and they work principally within two practice profiles, psychoanalytical and generalist, and much less in the biological profile. They show a preference for the psychological model, mostly in a psychoanalytical orientation. Psychiatrists who have a mixed privatepublic practice &#45 more than half of them &#45 are even more psychoanalytically oriented than psychiatrists working exclusively in private practice. They act as an interface between the public and private sectors, playing a pivotal role as guardians of psychoanalysis, proclaiming its principles to psychiatric residents. CONCLUSION: With the transformations taking place in the health care system, new care concepts are being developed, there is a wider variety of theoretical orientations, and the profession is therefore undergoing substantial changes. ( Int J Psych Clin Pract 2000; 4: 227 - 232)     

9～17岁精神分裂症患儿服用抗精神病药物后心电图的改变

目的 探索抗精神病药物对儿童心电图(ECG)的影响.方法 对102例未服药的9～17岁儿童精神分裂症住院患者服用抗精神病药治疗3个月内(1周内、4周、8周和12周)的ECG变化情况进行调查,并对性别、年龄、不同药物种类等多个因素对ECG变化的影响进行分析.结果 随着抗精神病药物使用的时间延长,精神分裂症患儿中出现ECG异常的比例呈现增长的趋势,其中最常见的为窦性心动过速,其次为T波变化.另外,男性患儿、用药后出现过ECG异常的患者以及在12周时仍服用大剂量抗精神病药物的患者出现ECG异常的风险增大.结论 ECG异常在精神分裂症患儿使用抗精神病药物进行治疗过程中有增加的风险,应对ECG情况进行及时随访.     

Electrocardiographic safety profile and monitoring guidelines in pediatric psychopharmacology

Summary. A number of medications commonly used in pediatric psychopharmacology can prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. QTc prolongation can in turn predispose to torsades de pointes, a sometimes deadly arrhythmia. These considerations are clinically relevant given documented, if still controversial, reports of sudden deaths associated with the use of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) desipramine in children. While most reports of QTc prolongation have involved adult patients, this adverse effect can occur in children. After discussing the QTc parameters derivation, accuracy, and limitations, this article reviews current knowledge about the propensity of the antipsychotics (both atypical and traditional), TCAs, and alpha agonists to prolong the QTc interval in young patients. Based on the literature reviewed, guidelines are provided for clinical and electrocardiographic monitoring in pediatric psychopharmacology.     

Corrected QT interval changes during electroconvulsive therapy-antidepressants-atypical antipsychotics coadministration: safety issues

Both old and newer antidepressants and some atypical antipsychotics, such as ziprasidone and quetiapine, used as augmentation agents in severe major depression, are known to increase corrected QT (QTc) interval. We investigated the safety of the coadministration of electroconvulsive therapy with an antidepressant-ziprasidone-quetiapine combination with respect to QTc interval in 6 female patients with severe major depression resistant to pharmacotherapy alone. Each patient underwent a series of 10 to 11 sessions of bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Corrected QT intervals were calculated at baseline and several times up to 10 minutes after seizure cessation. Overall, QTc interval changes remained within normal limits, without the occurrence of any cardiac adverse events. Our findings suggest that the coadministration of these treatments might be safe, at least with respect to QTc interval changes.     

Cardiac safety parameters of olanzapine: comparison with other atypical and typical antipsychotics

Alterations of electrocardiogram results and cases of sudden cardiac death have been reported since the beginning of neuroleptic treatment. In particular, a temporal association exists between some antipsychotics and prolongation of the heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc), an event that may increase the risk for developing a potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia arrhythmia known as torsades de pointes if it significantly exceeds normal intraindividual and interindividual variation. Although the incidence of serious adverse cardiac events in response to antipsychotic medications is relatively low, any possibility for the occurrence of cardiotoxicity warrants continued study. The present article reviews important differences among antipsychotic drugs in the potential for, and occurrence of, serious adverse cardiac outcomes and suggests that olanzapine, as therapeutically administered to patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses, does not contribute significantly to a QTc prolongation that could result in potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias.     

Effectiveness and safety of antipsychotics in early onset psychoses: a long-term comparison

The effectiveness and safety of various antipsychotics was evaluated in a long-term study on 47 patients, 29 with schizophrenia and 18 with schizoaffective disorder, aged 10 to 17 years (mean 15.5) at onset. Follow-up ranged from 3 years (all 47 patients) to 11 years (19 patients). Data were collected on the following antipsychotics: haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole and clozapine. Cases with positive response were significantly more frequent with clozapine as compared to haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Risperidone was significantly better than haloperidol at the 3-year follow-up. A comparison of the degree of clinical improvement evaluated with PANSS and CGI in patients treated with drugs in subsequent periods showed clozapine led to significantly greater improvement as compared to haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine, and risperidone as compared to haloperidol. Data on long-term functioning significantly favored clozapine as compared to all the other drugs. Discontinuation due to side effects involved 20% patients with clozapine, lower percentage with the other drugs. The results of this study on early-onset schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders confirm that even in the long-term, clozapine is more effective than haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Despite a relevant incidence of adverse effects, clozapine seems to have unique effectiveness in treating children and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenic disorders.