经前方咽后入路脊髓减压治疗上颈椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫

目的:探讨寰枢椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫症的治疗方法。方法:2002年1月￣2004年5月收治8例上颈椎后路融合术后畸形愈合患者,均有不同程度的脊髓压迫症表现,JOA评分9.6±2.34分。影像学均显示C2椎体后上与C1后弓形成钳夹压迫脊髓。均行经前方咽后入路C2椎体次全切除减压融合术。结果:术中喉上神经牵拉损伤1例,术后4周恢复,无其它并发症。8例患者术后神经功能均有恢复。平均随访时间22个月,JOA评分平均13.8±0.97分。结论:经前方咽后入路C2椎体次全切除减压治疗寰枢椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫症能取得较好的显露与减压效果。     

对经颈侧方入路行脊髓腹侧减压治疗寰枢关节前脱位的评价

目的：对经颈侧方入路行脊髓腹侧减压治疗寰枢关节前脱位的手术方法进行评估。方法：9例难复性寰枢关节前脱位患者采用经颈侧方入路进行脊髓腹侧减压，术前未做枕颈融合或融合失败的患者在术后2～6周进行枕颈融合术，对脊髓腹侧减压术中情况进行总结和术后效果进行随访，并复查颈椎CT和MRI。结果：手术时间平均7h．平均出血量2300ml；椎动脉损伤3例；舌下神经损伤3例。9例患者术后早期均无明显效果，3例6个月后出现改善，其中2例效果明显；6例无效，其中1例术后6个月北于长期卧床并发症，1例在术后1年冉次行经口咽入路脊髓减压手术，北于蛛网膜下腔感染。结论：经颈侧方入路进行脊髓腹侧减压治疗寰枢关节前脱位显露困难，减胀不充分，并发症多．不宜采用。     

经口咽下颌骨劈开入路处理上颈椎或上、下颈椎腹侧病变

目的：探讨经口咽下颌骨劈开入路处理上颈椎或上、下颈椎腹侧病变的临床效果。方法：采用经口咽唇面下颌骨劈开入路处理伴有下颌关节僵直的陈旧性寰枢椎脱位1例，行TARP钢板内固定术；处理枢椎体肿瘤1例，行C2椎体肿瘤切除，异形钛网笼置入重建椎体，同期行后路C1～C3椎弓根钉棒植骨内固定术。采用经口、舌、唇面下颌骨劈开入路处理C1～C5肿瘤1例，行肿瘤切除，异形钛网笼置入重建C2～C4椎体，同期后路C1～C5附件肿瘤切除．枕颈植骨融合内固定术。随访观察治疗效果。结果：病变部位显露满意，顺利完成手术操作。随访12～24个月。2例肿瘤患者的肿瘤切除彻底，前路椎体重建满意，后路内固定稳妥，临床症状消失，行走正常；1例寰枢椎陈旧性脱位患者的寰枢椎达解剖复位，颈髓减压充分，C1～C2前路内固定稳妥，临床症状消失。结论：经口咽下颌骨劈开扩大入路适合于处理同时累及上下颈椎的腹侧病变或患者张口困难的上颈椎腹侧病变。     

上胸段病变的经胸骨前入路手术治疗

[目的]探讨上胸段病变的经胸骨前入路治疗的手术方式。[方法]介绍5年来对6例颈胸交界椎疾患的患者，采用经胸骨前入路的手术方法，暴露病变的上胸段椎体（T1-4），对病变予以清除、减压、植骨内固定，并对相关文献予以复习。[结果]6例患者分别为C7椎体完全移位1例，T1、2椎体结核1例，颈胸结合部肿瘤2例，T2、3椎间盘突出1例，C7T1骨折1例。年龄11～82岁；平均37．3岁。均采用经胸骨前入路，手术入路显露良好，病灶暴露充分。术后平均随访12．4个月。除1例肿瘤患者术后复发，1例术后呼吸道梗阻死亡外，余4例患者均获得满意疗效。[结论]颈胸交界处椎体疾病的发生率较低，此部位结构复杂，单纯颈部入路不能很好的显露T2、3椎体，经胸侧入路对于上胸椎也难以显露，经胸骨前入路可以很好的暴露下颈椎及T4以上椎体，该入路对颈胸交界处椎体的病变的处理是一种很好的选择。     

The anterior retropharyngeal approach to the upper part of the cervical spine

Since 1959, we have used a superior extension of the anterior approach to the cervical spine of Robinson and Smith in a consecutive series of seventeen patients. This approach provided anterior access to the neural elements from the clivus to the body of the third cervical vertebra, without the need for posterior dissection of the carotid sheath or entrance into the hypopharynx or oral cavity. It also provided adequate exposure for the insertion of iliac or fibular strut grafts, which was necessary in thirteen patients. The approach gave excellent exposure for anterior intralesional excision of a tumor in ten patients, marginal excision of an osteochondroma, two corpectomies of the second cervical vertebra combined with removal of the odontoid process, corpectomy of the second cervical vertebra for the treatment of fixed atlanto-axial subluxation, removal of a bullet anterior to the clivus, reduction of a dislocation of the second on the third cervical vertebra secondary to an unstable fracture of the pedicles of the second cervical vertebra, and anterior débridement for treatment of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. In contrast to the reported results of transmucosal approaches to the atlas and axis, there were no infections or iatrogenic neurological deficits of the spine in the present series. Twelve patients who were followed for two years or more had a solid anterior fusion and no subsequent loss of cervical stability. Pain in the neck was relieved in all of the patients who had had a pathological or traumatic fracture.     

Quadrant通道下经椎旁肌间隙入路椎弓根螺钉治疗上颈椎骨折

[目的]探讨Quadrant通道下经椎旁肌间隙入路椎弓根螺钉治疗上颈椎骨折的安全性及有效性。[方法]2015年1月~2016年12月,采用Quadrant通道下经椎旁肌间隙入路微创椎弓根螺钉治疗15例上颈椎骨折患者,其中男11例,女4例;年龄19~46岁,平均(33.45±9.70)岁。受伤至手术时间1~4 d,平均(2.19±1.10)d。寰椎骨折6例,枢椎骨折7例,寰枢椎骨折2例。Frankel分级:D级5例,E级10例。比较术前及末次随访的Frankel分级、日本矫形外科协会(JOA)评分、视觉模拟评分(VAS)。[结果]15例患者均顺利完成手术,术中未出现脊髓损伤及椎动脉破裂等并发症。手术时间75~120 min,平均(89.13±27.85)min;术中出血量40~180 ml,平均(96.20±43.26)ml。1例患者术后出现右后枕部皮肤麻木,对症处理1周后症状消失。所有患者切口均一期愈合,无感染。术后随访12~36个月,患者神经功能完全恢复,末次随访时Frankel分级均为E级。JOA评分从术前平均(8.13±1.91)分提高至末次随访时(13.20±2.75)分,VAS评分从术前平均(7.26±1.64)分改善至末次随访时(1.202.47),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。影像评估方面,术后正侧位X线片和CT检查证实损伤节段复位满意,螺钉位置良好,所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间(12.90±5.42)周。[结论]Quadrant通道下经椎旁肌间隙入路微创椎弓根螺钉治疗上颈椎骨折具有组织损伤轻、出血少和降低手术创伤导致的椎旁肌退变以及术后颈背部疼痛、僵硬的发生率等优点。     

Complications during and after surgery of the lower cervical spine by isolated anterior approach with CSLP implant

Background  The merits of different operative approaches in the management of spinal injury is debated. The aim of this study was to assess, retrospectively, the outcome of treatment of injuries of the lower cervical spine by an anterior approach, in terms of fusion rate and complications. Materials and methods  Between 1995 and 2004, 270 patients with an injury of the lower cervical spine were operated on by an anterior approach in our hospital. There were 67 females and 203 males. Using the Aebi and Nazarian classification, 22% of patients had a type A injury, 23% of patients had a type B injury and 55% of patients had a type C injury. All had an anterior approach with monocortical stabilisation using a cervical spine locking plate [Synthes]. Results  Radiological evidence of fusion was found in all but one patient at 6 months. Complications occurred in a small proportion of the series. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was noted in seven patients, an abscess in the wound in one patient, a haematoma requiring re-operation for evacuation in two patients. The cervical locking plate broke in one patient and this patient went on to develop a pseudoarthrosis from failure to fuse. In another patient there was release of the plate osteosynthesis. Conclusions  Treatment of the injured lower cervical spine by an anterior operation and plate fixation was successful in achieving bone fusion in almost every patient and was followed by a complication in only a small proportion of our series. Similar results in other reports indicate that this approach is a safe and effective procedure.     

颈椎外伤前路手术中体感诱发电位监护应用

目的探讨体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potential,SSEP)在颈椎外伤前路手术中的作用。方法 2008-07-2015-02收治颈椎外伤前路手术患者53例,年龄16~69岁,男44例,女9例。对照组(33例)无SSEP监护,监护组20例。在麻醉诱导后摆放体位前确立SSEP基线,波幅降低50%或潜伏期延长10%为报警标准。记录SSEP报警因素、改善措施及有无医源性神经损伤。计算SSEP监护神经损伤的敏感性和特异性。结果 53例病人术后未出现新的神经损伤。SSEP监护颈椎外伤前路手术中神经损伤的敏感性和特异性为100%。结论在颈椎外伤前路手术中SSEP监护医源性神经损伤是有意义的。     

经颈侧前入路行高位颈椎前方暴露及操作

目的探讨经颈侧前入路行高位颈椎减压以及内同定的显露效果。方法以下颌角平面为中心沿胸锁乳突肌前缘作5cm切口。在切口下端向内牵开气管、食管，向外牵开颈动脉鞘从而显露C4，并沿间隙向上方分离显露C1-3，最后将颈长肌、头长肌从椎体前面向两侧牵开显露高位颈椎前方。在切口内完成C1、2纤维瘢痕切除松解以及C2、3间骨折切开复位、椎间盘摘除、病灶清除、椎间植骨、自锁钢板内同定等操作。结果11例患者均成功显露出C1-4椎体前方及椎间盘，并完成椎间松解术、病灶清除术、减压融合内固定术；无颈部重要结构损伤，1例患者有一过性声嘶，患者术后的感觉、肌力均有所恢复。结论经颈侧前方入路可显露高位颈椎前方，损伤小、显露简单充分、且切口并发症少，为较理想的暴露途径。     

上颈椎骨折脱位内固定技术应用及问题探讨

本文介绍了上颈椎骨折与脱位适用各种内固定治疗的方法,并对应用内固定技术的问题进行了比较和探讨。近年来颈椎钉-棒内固定系统,齿突前路螺钉技术在提供坚强的固定及植骨融合上更具优点,是几种有效、可靠的重建上颈椎稳定的方法。     

Anterior endoscopically assisted transcervical reconstruction of the upper cervical spine

Anterior decompression and/or reconstruction can be an effective method for the surgical treatment of ventral spinal cord compression in the upper cervical spine. Options for traditional surgical approaches include transoral, transnasal, and extraoral. The risk and complex anatomy with the aforementioned approaches induces surgeons to use the transcervical route to expose the upper cervical spine. A traditional transcervical approach, however, carries the disadvantages of a deep operative field and steep trajectory. We performed a new endoscopically assisted method of anterior reconstruction for the treatment of ventral lesions in upper cervical spine. Six patients were treated from January 2005 to December 2007. Among those six patients, three patients were diagnosed with fixed atlantoaxial dislocations, two with plasmacytomas, and one with a giant cell tumor. All patients were treated by combined endoscopically assisted anterior reconstruction and posterior fusion. One patient with a fixed atlantoaxial dislocation sustained a cerebrospinal fluid leak in the immediate postoperative period, which spontaneously resolved 7 days after surgery. None of the patients had any neurologic deterioration following surgery, nor did any require admission to the intensive care unit for any reason. At the final follow-up, all patients were found to have evidence of a successful clinical outcomes and radiographic fusion. There were no implant failures or radiographic signs of implant migration or loosening. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that an anterior transcervical decompression using endoscopic visualization combined with a posterior arthodesis can achieve good clinical and radiographic outcomes.     

Anterior retropharyngeal fixation C1-2 for stabilization of atlantoaxial instabilities: study of feasibility, technical description and preliminary results

Posterior transarticular screw fixation C1-2 with the Magerl technique is a challenging procedure for stabilization of atlantoaxial instabilities. Although its high primary stability favoured it to sublaminar wire-based techniques, the close merging of the vertebral artery (VA) and its violation during screw passage inside the axis emphasizes its potential risk. Also, posterior approach to the upper cervical spine produces extensive, as well as traumatic soft-tissue stripping. In comparison, anterior transarticular screw fixation C1-2 is an atraumatic technique, but has been neglected in the literature, even though promising results are published and lectured to date. In 2004, anterior screw fixation C1-2 was introduced in our department for the treatment of atlantoaxial instabilities. As it showed convincing results, its general anatomic feasibility was worked up. The distance between mid-sagittal line of C2 and medial border of the VA groove resembles the most important anatomic landmark in anterior transarticular screw fixation C1-2. Therefore, CT based measurements on 42 healthy specimens without pathology of the cervical spine were performed. Our data are compiled in an extended collection of anatomic landmarks relevant for anterior transarticular screw fixation C1-2. Based on anatomic findings, the technique and its feasibility in daily clinical work is depicted and discussed on our preliminary results in seven patients.     

Osteosynthesis of injuries and rheumatic or congenital instabilities of the upper cervical spine using double-threaded screws

The surgical treatment of instabilities of the upper cervical spine, independent of their cause, requires the use of differentiated procedures if functional anatomy is to be largely restored.Successful procedures have been the diagonal screw fixation of the axis from the anterolateral aspect in case of acute fractures of the odontoid process, transpedicular screw osteosynthesis of C2 in hangman's fractures with bony instability, and the transarticular screw fixation of C 1/2 with interarcual fusion for atlantoaxial instabilities.Compared with conventional screws, the use of double-threaded screws which are almost totally imbedded in the vertebral body has the advantage of eliminating local irritation, reducing the risk of surgery, and simplifying the operative procedure itself.     

Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine

Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2–3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months’ follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified. Received: 6 March 1998 Revised: 31 July 1998 Accepted: 17 August 1998     

颈椎前路手术的早期并发症及其预防和处理

[目的]分析颈椎前路手术早期的各种并发症,探讨相关的影响因素及应对策略.[方法]回顾分析本院1997年1月～2011年3月559例经颈椎前路手术的各种早期并发症发生情况,对患者的病种、性别、年龄、全身并发症情况、手术、麻醉、护理及瘫痪情况多因素进行分析,分析相关并发症的可能发生原因,介绍处理方法.[结果]118例患者141例次出现术后早期并发症,发生率25.22％,其中,术后吞咽困难53例,喉上神经或喉返神经损伤11例,颈部切口血肿4例,脊髓损害加重3例,食道瘘1例,脑脊液漏4例,取骨区血肿或脂肪液化感染5例,低钠血症39例,肺部感染12例,下肢深静脉血栓形成5例,死亡4例.[结论]充分的术前准备与评估,熟悉的颈椎前路手术解剖知识及认真仔细的操作,术后仔细的观察及护理是预防颈椎前路手术早期并发症的关键.     

Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 评价Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的可行性和近期临床效果.方法 对27例下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁的患者,Ⅰ期行后路复位和前路减压植骨内固定术,定期X线摄片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,观察有无并发症发生,以ASIA分级判定脊髓功能的恢复情况.结果 随访6～32个月(平均21.5个月),27例患者均获得了完全复位,损伤节段稳定,颈椎高度和生理曲度维持良好,融合率为100%,内固定位置良好,无植骨块脱出或钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症,脊髓功能平均提高1.4级,无一例患者出现神经症状加重.结论 Ⅰ期前后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突绞锁可获得满意的复位、彻底的减压和即刻稳定性的重建,有利于脊髓功能的恢复,近期临床疗效满意.     

The anterior approach and plates in lower cervical posttraumatic lesions

Between 1949 and 1982, 290 patients were operated on for lesions of the lower cervical spine. Since 1970 the combined use of the anterior approach and more and more sophisticated osteosynthesis equipment has led us to revise our therapeutic policy with regard to 160 patients. The results, advantages, and disadvantages of this policy are discussed hereafter.     

上位颈椎前路手术咽后人路"窗口"显露技术的临床应用观察

目的:探讨上颈椎前路减压经咽后入路"窗口"显露技术在上颈椎损伤手术中的应用.方法:2000年1月至2008年7月手术治疗上位颈椎损伤患者5例,男4例,女1例;年龄16～68岁,平均35岁.C2椎弓骨折(HangmanⅡ型)2例,C2,3椎间盘突出症2例,C2椎体结核1例.所有患者经高位前方咽后入路舌下神经、喉上神经、咽和颈动脉之间的"窗口"成功获得显露.Hangman骨折复位后行C2,3椎间盘切除椎闻植骨融合内固定.C2,3椎间盘突出症患者行相应椎间盘切除,减压植骨融合内固定.C2椎体结核行病灶清除并植骨等.结果:5例患者均成功在舌下神经、喉上神经、咽和颈动脉之间的"窗口"显露出C1前弓一C3椎体.随访5～26个月,平均13.5个月.无伤口感染,无颈部重要血管神经损伤.患者的神经症状恢复良好,所有患者植骨都获得了融合.结论:前方咽后入路的"窗口"显露技巧可使上颈椎获得理想的显露,创伤小,切口并发症少,有相关经验后也比较安全.     

内镜下上颈椎前方咽后入路的应用解剖学研究

目的 对上颈椎前路咽后入路进行解剖学研究,为应用内镜行上颈椎前路手术提供解剖学依据.方法 对10具防腐和3具新鲜成人尸体标本进行C臂机下模拟上颈椎前路手术内固定及逐层解剖,测量咽后壁厚度,观察穿刺套管经甲状腺上动脉下方入路时与重要血管神经等结构的相应关系,分析MED下进行上颈椎前路咽后壁手术的安全性.结果 MED套管与甲状腺上血管、神经相邻,而距离舌下神经、舌动脉、舌咽神经等较远.在颈1～2水平咽后壁正中旁开10 mm软组织厚度平均为(5.32±2.14)mm,咽后间隙与椎前间隙之间可以形成较大腔隙,足可以安全放置外径18 mm套管.结论 经内镜下行上颈椎前路咽后手术入路是安全的.