腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除术100例总结

目的 总结腹腔镜下全膀胱切除的经验.方法 2002 年8 月至2007 年6月治疗浸润性膀胱癌100例,男82例,女18例,年龄32～81岁,无远处转移.腹腔镜下行盆腔淋巴结清扫,全膀胱切除,前列腺切除或子宫次全切除.经腹壁造口取出切除物,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术.结果 100例腹腔镜下手术成功,手术时间80～270 min(平均150 min);开放原位新膀胱术160～300 min(平均210 min).腹腔镜下操作出血量100～300 ml(平均180 ml);开放性原位新膀胱术出血量400～800 ml;术中、术后输浓缩红细胞0～400 ml(平均200 ml).术后4～8 d恢复饮食,3周拔除输尿管支架管,4周拔除尿管.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除术创伤小、出血少、术中操作精细、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快,可作为全膀胱切除手术的首选方法.     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例病例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min(平均240 min),术中出血量150～450 ml(平均220 m1)。术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月。30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398ml,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿; 2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移。其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水。结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快．术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(附21例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的初步经验,评价此术式的可行性及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析21例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床资料,患者均行腹腔镜下标准盆腔淋巴结清扫、根治性膀胱切除术及尿流改道术,包括11例Bricker回肠膀胱术,4例输尿管皮肤造口术,6例Studer原位新膀胱术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症及手术疗效。结果:21例手术均获成功。手术时间平均(390±46.2)min,术中出血量平均(270±101.1)ml,1例输浓缩红细胞2个单位。术后3~5 d恢复肠蠕动。术后并发症发生率19.0%(4/21)。平均随访(12±5.5)个月,总生存率85.7%(18/21),1例死于肿瘤远处转移,2例死于心脑血管疾病。结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术具有患者创伤小、出血少、术后康复快等优点,是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全、有效、可行的方法。具备开放根治性切除术的手术经验及腹腔镜技术熟练的医院可尝试开展。初期开展,Bricker回肠膀胱术可作为首选的尿流改道术式。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例.对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结.结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min（平均240 min）,术中出血量150～450mL（平均220 mL）.术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月.30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398mL,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿;2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移.其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式.     

二次手术腹腔镜全膀胱切除的临床回顾性研究（附18例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠膀胱术在膀胱部分切除术后复发的膀胱癌患者治疗中的应用价值。方法：回顾性研究18例二次予术腹腔镜全膀胱切除患者的临床资料,其中男14例,女4例。年龄44～76岁,平均年龄59．1岁,均曾经接受膀胱部分切除手术。在全身麻醉下行解剖性腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除,取下腹正中4～5cm切口取出标本,行回肠膀胱术13例,输尿管皮肤造瘘术5例。结果：手术时间240～360min,平均300min,其中腹腔镜下操作时间120～180min,平均142min。出血量100～1500ml,平均332ml。2例患者因术中出血较多给于输血,术后平均住院天数12．6天。术后随访6～24个月,1例患者术后1个月复查发现输尿管吻合口狭窄,1例患者术后行局部适形放疗,其余患者肾功能均正常,IVU检查未发现输尿管回肠吻合口狭窄或输尿管反流。结论：解剖性腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术治疗膀胱部分切除术后复发的膀胱癌患者临床效果满意,操作精确,创伤小,恢复快,安全性好,适于具有较高腹腔镜水平的单位开展。     

腹腔镜全膀胱切除术临床分析(附10例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除术的手术方法和临床体会。方法:我院于2008年7月～2010年12月对10例经病理证实为浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌患者行腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除术。其中男9例,女1例,年龄64～80岁,平均69岁。其中5例行原位回肠代膀胱术,5例行输尿管皮肤造口术,观察手术用时、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、并发症及手术疗效。结果:手术用时170～290min,平均210min;术中出血150～950ml,平均250ml;术后肠道功能恢复约72h;术后未发生肠瘘及吻合口狭窄及尿瘘等严重并发症,无围手术期死亡,术后3个月IVU未见肾积水。结论:经腹腹腔镜全膀胱切除术安全可行,能明显减少手术创伤,术中出血少,术后恢复快、并发症少,随着器械的改进及技术熟练,该术式将成为全膀胱切除手术的一种很有前景的方法。     

精道解剖在男性腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中的应用

目的探讨精道解剖在男性腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中的临床应用及安全性。方法2017年6月至2018年6月,武汉大学人民医院泌尿外科对30例男性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+尿流改道术。术中优先游离盆腔输精管,并在后续分离输尿管、清扫盆腔淋巴结、分离膀胱后下方层面、离断膀胱侧韧带时以输精管作为解剖标志。收集该组患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果30例患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成根治性膀胱切除术,无中转开放。术中无直肠损伤、盆腔大血管损伤、闭孔神经损伤等并发症,无围手术期死亡。其中腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除(包括标准盆腔淋巴结清扫)时间110~150 min,平均138 min。术中出血量100~600 mL,平均250 mL,术中输血3例。所有患者手术切缘均为阴性。淋巴结清扫数量为8~17个,平均12个。结论男性腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中应用精道解剖有利于优化手术步骤、降低手术难度,达到缩短手术时间和减少手术并发症的目的,值得临床推广。     

经腹腔镜全膀胱切除术(附五例报告)

目的　介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除的经验。　方法　浸润性膀胱癌患者 5例 ,男 4女 1,年龄 4 9～ 6 8岁 ,无远处转移。腹腔镜下行全膀胱切除术 ,前列腺切除或子宫次全切除。经腹壁造口取出切除物 ,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术。　结果　 5例手术成功 ,手术时间 2 10～ 2 70min ,开放原位新膀胱术时间 2 10～ 30 0min。腹腔镜手术中 ,以超声刀及双极电刀行膀胱侧韧带、前列腺血管蒂及前列腺尖部切断止血 ,未使用钛夹、结扎及Endo gal夹 ,术中及术后未见明显出血。腹腔镜下操作出血量 2 0 0ml,开放性原位新膀胱术出血量 4 0 0～ 80 0ml,输浓缩红细胞 0～ 4个单位。术后 4～ 5d恢复饮食 ,3周拔除输尿管支架管 ,4周拔除尿管。患者白天可完全控制排尿 ,2例夜间偶有尿失禁。术后病理证实 5例均为多发性浸润性膀胱癌 ,2～ 3级。肌层有不同程度浸润 ,膀胱外组织切缘及局部淋巴结未见肿瘤细胞浸润。 5例均未发生手术并发症。　结论　腹腔镜下膀胱根治切除术创伤小、出血少、恢复快 ,是全膀胱切除手术的一种很有前景的方法。     

保留前列腺包膜的膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术

目的 探讨保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及疗效.方法 2002年5月至2008年9月,对35例浸润性膀胱癌患者施行了保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中开放手术22例,腹腔镜手术13例.术中保留患者的前列腺包膜、精囊、输精管、神经血管束.术后对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量、排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、新膀胱压力及性功能情况等.结果 全部患者均顺利完成保留前列腺包膜和勃起神经的膀胱根治性切除一原位回肠新膀胱术.其中开放手术时间为210～330 min,平均271 min;术中出血200～800 ml,平均460 ml.腹腔镜手术时间为210～420 min,平均343 min;术中出血80～800 ml,平均377 ml.术后3个月IVU及代膀胱造影检查,显示双肾显影良好,无输尿管返流及梗阻,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约250～350 ml.术后6个月随访,所有患者均能自行排尿,2例患者有夜间尿失禁.术后71.4%(20/28)的患者保留了阴茎勃起功能.无患者出现尿道残端或前列腺包膜肿瘤复发,有2例发生盆腔淋巴结转移,1例骨转移.结论 保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除术与标准的膀胱前列腺根治性切除术相比,具有操作简单、控尿效果好、可保留勃起神经等特点,适用于对性功能要求较强、肿瘤未累及膀胱颈及前列腺的较年轻的患者.然而,其肿瘤控制效果还有待于进一步观察.     

经阴道联合腹腔镜下根治性女性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术

目的 探讨经阴道联合腹腔镜下根治性女性全膀胱切除及原位回肠新膀胱的手术方法.方法浸润性膀胱癌患者6例,平均年龄61(55～73)岁.5孔法先行腹腔镜下手术:游离输尿管后分侧清扫盆腔淋巴结;举宫器配合下,用血管闭合器LigaSure切断子宫相关韧带及膀胱两侧血管蒂;电凝钩分离子宫直肠陷窝及膀胱前间隙;LigaSure切断阴蒂背血管复合体;超声刀切开膀胱颈尿道后游离膀胱颈后壁至阴道前穹窿部.阴道手术:直视下剪开阴道前后穹窿,于阴道取出标本,缝合阴道.回肠新膀胱术:下腹正中4～5 cnl切口,将回肠拉出切口外,游离30～40 cm回肠,剖开后w形折叠缝合形成贮尿囊;插入法植入输尿管后将贮尿囊还纳腹腔.缝合切口后重新开启气腹,腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合. 结果 手术时间平均6.2(4～8)h;出血量平均665(400～1200)ml.术后1～3个月患者均恢复较满意的控尿功能,IVU显示双肾功能良好,无膀胱输尿管反流及梗阻.新膀胱最大容量平均427(300～600)ml.无新膀胱阴道瘘等需要手术处理的严重并发症.术后平均随访16(9～30)个月,6例均存活.1例术后8个月发现肝转移. 结论 经阴道联合腹腔镜下根治性女性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗女性浸润性膀胱癌可行、有效,应用举宫器及经阴道直视下手术可一定程度上降低腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术的手术难度、缩短手术时间.由于阴道切口整齐、缝合确切,新膀胱阴道瘘等并发症的发生机会减少.     

Laparoscopic cystectomy with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion: experience with 34 patients

OBJECTIVES: Open radical cystectomy remains the gold standard for nonmetastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer. Laparoscopic cystectomy has been described as a feasible procedure and is still being evaluated. We describe our initial experience with this laparoscopic surgical approach in 34 patients. METHODS: From February 2002 to October 2004, 18 men and 16 women underwent laparoscopic cystectomy with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (n=27), invasive cervical carcinoma (n=4), and atrophic bladder (n=3). We report here on specific technical details and present initial results of our series. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 244 min, the mean blood loss 325 ml, and the transfusion rate 5.9%. All procedures were completed laparascopically without conversion to open techniques. No major complications occurred during or after the operation. In case of urothelial malignancy (n=27), the histopathologic analysis of the removed specimen revealed organ-confined transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in 66.7% (pT1:14.8%; pT2: 51.9%) and locally advanced disease in 33.3% (pT3: 25.9%; pT4: 7.4%). In two cases final histology proved positive surgical margins. Extended lymphadenectomy detected lymph node metastasis in two patients. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that the combination of laparoscopic cystectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion is possible and remains a safe, feasible, and repeatable surgical technique. To determine the oncologic outcome long-time follow-up will be necessary.     

Open radical cystectomy with lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for invasive bladder cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Radical cystectomy with an appropriate lymph node dissection and an appropriate form of urinary diversion is the standard treatment for muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Optimal outcomes following radical cystectomy require an extended lymph node dissection, negative surgical margins, and a continent urinary diversion. There has been an increasing number of reports describing initial experiences with laparoscopic radical cystectomy. RECENT FINDINGS: Intermediate and long-term oncologic outcomes with laparoscopic radical cystectomy remain undefined, and appropriate lymph node dissections laparoscopically have not been uniformly performed. Furthermore, the long-term functional outcomes associated with laparoscopically performed urinary diversions also remain undefined. There appears to be a recent trend toward performing the urinary diversion portion of the procedure extracorporeally, after laparoscopic removal of the bladder. Some studies suggest a decrease in postoperative analgesic requirements and quicker recovery of bowel function in those undergoing laparoscopic radical cystectomy, but these observations have not been corroborated by others. SUMMARY: In the absence of long-term functional and oncologic outcome data, laparoscopic radical cystectomy should be considered an investigative technique, and potential candidates for this operation should be appropriately counseled.     

Robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and cystoprostatectomy: an initial report and review of the literature

Patients presenting with invasive, high-grade, or recurrent bladder cancer and synchronous upper urinary tract malignancy may be considered for simultaneous nephroureterectomy and radical cystectomy. We present the first known reported case of robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and cystoprostatectomy, describing a 62-year-old man with recurrent T1 bladder cancer and concomitant upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and radical cystoprostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection and extracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion. Robotic surgery was completed successfully without need for conversion to open procedure. There were no operative or perioperative complications. Blood loss (200 ml) and hospital stay (7 days) were less than prior reported laparoscopic experience with combined surgery. Although indications may be rare, robotic nephroureterectomy with simultaneous radical cystoprostatectomy is a feasible and safe surgical option.     

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy

OBJECTIVES: Recent small case series have been reported for robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy. The present literature includes 34 patients who have undergone robotic-assisted cystectomy procedures. We report our initial experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy, describing stepwise the surgical procedure and evaluating perioperative and pathologic outcomes of this novel procedure. METHODS: Twenty men underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion for clinically localized bladder cancer. The stepwise operative procedure is described in detail. Outcome measures evaluated included operative variables, hospital recovery, pathologic outcomes, and complication rate. Comparisons were made to these gender-matched 24 men who underwent an open procedure during this same period. RESULTS: Mean age was 62.3 yr (range: 54-76 yr). Ten patients underwent ileal conduit diversion and 10 patients underwent an orthotopic neobladder. In all cases the urinary diversion was performed extracorporeally. Mean operating room time of all patients was 6.1h (most recent 10 cases, 5.2h). Mean surgical blood loss was 313 ml. On surgical pathology, 14 patients were < or =pT2, 4 patients pT3, and 2 patients N+. In no case was there inadvertent entry into the bladder or positive surgical margins. Mean number of lymph nodes removed was 19 (range: 6-29). Mean time to flatus was 2.1 d and bowel movement 2.8 d. Sixteen patients were discharged on postoperative day (POD) 4, three patients on POD 5, and one on POD 8. There were six postoperative complications (30%) in five patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy appears to be favorable with acceptable operative, pathologic, and short-term clinical outcomes. As our experience increases, we should expect to continue to refine our surgical technique and reduce operating room times. Larger experiences are required to adequately evaluate and validate this procedure as an appropriate surgical and oncologic option for the bladder cancer patient.     

Utility of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy remains the gold standard for treatment of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy has technical advantages over laparoscopic radical cystectomy and has emerged as an alternative to open radical cystectomy. Despite the advancements in robotic surgery, experience with total intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion remains limited. Most surgeons have carried out the hybrid approach of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy and extracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion, as intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion remains technically challenging. However, intracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion might potentially proffer additional benefits, such as decreased fluid loss, reduction in estimated blood loss and a quicker return of bowel function. The adoption of intracorporeal ileal neobladder reconstruction has hitherto been limited to high‐volume academic institutions. In the present review, we compare the totally intracorporeal robot‐assisted radical cystectomy approach with open radical cystectomy and robot‐assisted radical cystectomy + extracorporeal reconstruction of urinary diversion in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer patients.     

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的研究进展

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术是近年新发展起来的微创手术方式。为总结机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的疗效,本文回顾近年来机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的文献,总结和比较了机器人辅助全膀胱切除术与开放手术在围手术期结果、早期手术并发症、肿瘤转归和盆腔淋巴结清扫术的情况,初步评估该微创手术与开放全膀胱切除术相比具有的优势和不足。文献统计发现与开放全膀胱切除术相比,机器人手术具有术中出血量少、平均住院时间短、肠道功能恢复时间快、围手术期并发症发生率低等优点,而且,机器人手术在短期肿瘤控制和盆腔淋巴结清扫术中也具有一定的优势。但是,仍需要长期随访和多中心随机对照研究对机器人辅助全膀胱手术作进一步的评价。     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术(附5例报告)

目的:介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术的经验。方法:采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术治疗浸润性膀胱癌患者5例。方法是经腹壁小切口取出切除物,行回肠去管成形新膀胱,然后在腹腔镜下将新膀胱与尿道连续吻合。结果:5例患者手术成功,手术时间4.5~7.2h。腹腔镜手术中以超声刀及双极电凝行膀胱侧韧带、前列腺血管蒂及前列腺尖部切断止血,未使用钛夹、术中出血量180~550ml,平均输血400ml。术后4~5天恢复饮食,3周拔除输尿管支架管,4周拔除尿管。患者白天可完全控制排尿,2例夜间偶有尿失禁。1例术后尿漏,经引流治愈。结论:腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点;而回肠新膀胱和尿道连续吻合具有操作方便、省时、缝合紧密、可防止尿漏等优点。     

Robotic Cystectomy Versus Open Cystectomy: Are We There Yet?

IntroductionOpen radical cystectomy (ORC) with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) represents the treatment of choice for muscle-invasive and/or high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BCa), especially when it does not respond to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. However, robotic cystectomy is steadily increasing as a minimally invasive option for the management of BCa. Some studies have shown the advantages of the robotic surgery over the laparoscopic approach, including a shortened learning curve, better precision, and comfort for the surgeon. Furthermore, short-term oncologic results as well as functional results appeared to be similar to those of ORC and laparoscopic radical cystectomy.Surgical techniqueThe patient is placed in a Trendelenburg position and the trocars placed similarly as for prostate cancer surgery. Then, an anatomic dissection of the ureter and paravesical space allows easy section with the use of LigaSure (Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA) on all the pedicles. When the seminal vesical is reached, the section of the pedicles and the plane (interfascial or extrafascial) are developed according to a nerve-sparing or non–nerve-sparing technique. After the cystectomy, we proceed to PLND. The urinary diversion (UD) is performed extracorporeally.ResultsRecent reports have demonstrated surgical and perioperative results similar to or even better than the open experience. From the oncologic point of view, there is still short follow-up in robot-assisted cystectomy, but the results about margins and the number of nodes are similar to open series. The UD is done extracorporeally to improve operative time. Preservation of the neurovascular bundle during radical cystectomy (RC) has been explored by some authors in order to maximise recovery for sexual function, and the results are promising. Postoperative complications in recent published series are globally decreased in comparison to open surgery. Further studies are warranted to validate these initial results.ConclusionsRobot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal UD reconstruction is slowly entering the realm of the urologist because it appears to incorporate the advantages of minimally invasive surgery with the safety of the open approach. Nevertheless, future data about long-term oncologic and functional results will have to prove the real position of robot-assisted cystectomy in the management of BCa.