Psychosocial Associations of Dietary Restraint: Implications for Healthy Weight Promotion

This paper critically reviews research on the psychosocial associations of dietary restraint and evaluates its usefulness in the promotion of healthy weight management. It is concluded that dietary restraint is a sociocultural phenomenon associated with the culture of thinness which impacts women more than men. Dietary restraint is further associated with numerous measures of negative affect, diminished cognitive functioning, body dissatisfaction, overvaluation of weight and shape, and eating disorders. Caution is indicated in the promotion of dietary restraint as a general principle for managing weight. Recommendations are discussed.     

推进健康文明工作场所建设，充实职业卫生内涵

《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》（以下称职业病防治法）自2002年5月1日实施以来,我国大陆职业病防治工作取得的成绩有目共睹。主要表现为：各行业职工的卫生法制意识明显增强,职业卫生工作不断向社会、企业的各个方面深入发展;根据WHO的指导原则,卫生部在部分省市组织开展的基本职业卫生服务试点工作正在向各地推广,职业卫生服务的覆盖面在逐步扩大;农民工的职业病问题日益受到重视;劳动者用法律手段的维权意识增强;     

Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review

Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.     

Changing Diet and Physical Activity in Nurses: A Pilot Study and Process Evaluation Highlighting Challenges in Workplace Health Promotion

Objective

To use the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework to evaluate and understand key implementation and context factors of a diet and physical activity (PA) workplace intervention for nurses.

The Long-Term Dietitian and Psychological Support of Obese Patients Who Have Reduced Their Weight Allows Them to Maintain the Effects

The role of post-therapeutic support after weight loss in obesity treatment is not fully understood. Therefore, weight maintenance after a successful weight loss intervention is not very common, especially in obese individuals. This randomized controlled study was conducted to explore the efficacy of following dietary and psychological support in a group of 36 obese individuals. Participants (22 women, 14 men aged 35.58 ± 9.85 years, BMI 35.04 ± 3.80 kg/m²) who completed a 12-month weight loss phase (balanced energy-restricted diet) were randomly allocated to receive 18-month support (SG) or no additional care (CG). The support phase included some elements of Ten Top Tips (TTT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI) in combination with nutritional education and assessment of the level of physical activity. The primary outcome was the maintenance of anthropometric parameters at an 18-month follow-up. The secondary outcomes included evaluation of biochemical parameters and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes connected with obesity. A comparison of SG vs. CG after a 30-month period of the study revealed significant differences in weight changes (−3.83 ± 6.09 vs. 2.48 ± 6.24 kg), Body Mass Index (−1.27 ± 2.02 vs. 0.72 ± 2.12 kg/m²), visceral adipose tissue (−0.58 ± 0.63 vs. 0.45 ± 0.74 L), and waist circumference (−4.83 ± 4.05 vs. 1.83 ± 5.97 cm). Analysis of SNPs (rs9939609 FTO, rs987237 TFAP2B, and rs894160 PLIN1) provided further insight into the potential modulating effect of certain genotypes on weight loss and maintenance and extended the knowledge of the potential benefits of personalized medicine. Post-therapeutical support in current clinical practice may increase the chances of long-term weight loss maintenance in obesity treatment even in patients with a genetic predisposition to excessive weight.     

Symposium on Advances in Clinical Nutrition. The American College of Nutrition's 29th annual meeting. September 14-16, 1988, New Orleans,Louisiana. Abstracts.

Objective: To examine the safety and efficacy of a chitosan dietary supplement on body composition under free-living conditions.

Design: In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled dietary intervention protocol, subjects were assigned to a treatment group (TRT), a placebo group (PLA) and a control group (CTL).

Subjects: A total of 150 overweight adults enrolled; 134 (89.3%) completed the study; 111 (82.8%) were women who were similarly distributed in the three groups.

Intervention: The TRT group took six 500 mg chitosan capsules per day and both TRT and PLA groups wore pedometers during their waking hours and recorded daily step totals. The CTL group followed weight loss programs of their choice, and took the same baseline and ending tests.

Measures of Outcome: Outcome measures were Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry tests, fasting blood chemistries, and self-reported daily activity levels and caloric intakes.

Results: Compared to CTL, the TRT group lost more weight (?2.8 lbs vs. +0.8 lbs, p < 0.001) and fat mass (?2.6 lbs vs. +0.1 lbs, p = 0.006). Compared to PLA, the TRT group lost more weight (?2.8 lbs. vs. ?0.6 lbs, p = 0.03), % fat (?0.8% vs. +0.4%, p = 0.003), fat mass (?2.6 lbs vs. +0.6 lbs, p = 0.001) and had a greater body composition improvement index (BCI) (+2.4 lbs vs. ?1.9 lbs, p = 0.002).

Conclusions: These data provide evidence for the efficacy of a chitosan compound to facilitate the depletion of excess body fat under free-living conditions with minimal loss of fat-free or lean body mass.     

Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace: Guidelines for Policy Development and Implementation

Abstract

To provide occupational health professionals and employers with guidelines for reproductive health policy making, the authors— both of whom are obstetrician-gynecologists and occupational medicine physicians—review the history of and legal basis for U.S. policy on work and reproduction, delineate the goals and important elements of a reproductive health policy (RHP), and emphasize the need to incorporate an RHP into a comprehensive occupational injury and illness prevention program. After suggesting practical ways to achieve the goals of an RHP (maximal health protection, compliance with legal mandates, and reduction of liability), the authors propose a team-based model for RHP implementation with shared responsibility of management and workers in designing, enforcing, and evaluating the policy.     

Changes in Quantity and Sources of Dietary Fiber from Adopting Healthy Low-Fat vs. Healthy Low-Carb Weight Loss Diets: Secondary Analysis of DIETFITS Weight Loss Diet Study

The daily intake of dietary fiber is well below the recommended levels in the US. The effect of adopting a low-fat vs. a low-carbohydrate weight loss diet on fiber intake is of interest but not well-documented, especially when both approaches promote high-quality food choices. The objective of this paper is to compare the quantity and sources of dietary fiber between a healthy low-fat (HLF) vs. healthy low-carbohydrate (HLC) diet group when consumed over 12 months in a weight loss diet study. In this secondary analysis of the Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) study, the amount and sources of dietary fiber were examined in generally healthy adults, 18–50 years of age, Body Mass Index (BMI) 28–40 kg/m², randomized to HLF or HLC for 12 months, who had available 24-h recalls at 0 (n = 609), 3 (n = 549), 6 (n = 491), and 12 (n = 449) months. The dietary intake was estimated by the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). The sources of fiber were determined for the major food groups. Significantly more total dietary fiber was consumed by HLF at every post-randomization time point, and, at 12 m, was 23.04 ± 9.43 g vs. 18.61 ± 8.12 g for HLF vs. HLC, respectively, p < 0.0001. In both diet groups at 12 months, the highest amount of dietary fiber came from non-starchy vegetables (4.13 ± 3.05 g and 5.13 ± 3.59 g). The other primary sources of fiber at 12 months for the HLF group were from whole grains (3.90 ± 3.13 g) and fruits (3.40 ± 2.87 g), and, for the HLC group, were from plant protein and fat sources, such as nuts and seeds, their butters, and avocados (2.64 ± 2.64 g). In the DIETFITS study, the difference in the total fiber intake for the HLF vs. HLC groups was more modest than expected. The HLC group consumed reasonably high amounts of fiber from high-protein and high fat plant-based sources.     

护生“营养与膳食健康教育活动”的实践研究

目的：教学中设置营养与膳食健康教育活动，培养护生应用学科知识进行健康教育的职业能力。方法：实验班同学制作“学生营养与膳食健康教育”资料，对一年级同学进行健康教育。结果：健康教育对象健康教育后的考试成绩高于健康教育前。结论：营养与膳食健康教育活动教学设计贴近生活需要，构建了有意义的学习，培养了护生应用学科知识进行健康教育的职业能力。     

Management Accounting for Healthy Nutrition Education: Meta-Analysis

Unequal economic growth shapes food systems. Nutrition problems incorporate inappropriate practices, so nutrition education is key to empowering consumers to choose healthy foods. However, increasing the accessibility of healthy diets is related to reducing the cost of nutritious foods. The accounting management of healthy nutrition should allow for optimal global decision-making. The evolution of scientific production and global research trends on this topic between 1968 and 2019 have been studied. Statistical and mathematical methods have been applied to 1738 documents from the Scopus database. The results provided data on the agents that participate in the development of the theme. Data reveal an exponential trend, especially in the previous decade, with more than 50% of scientific production. Future lines of research have been identified: investment in health systems; green label education; early impact of food insecurity; WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) nutrition education; food waste audit; and ecological footprint of food. The central contribution of the study has been to detect the main future directions of research, providing critical points that will allow us to identify the themes of future publications, in addition to providing an instrument for decision-making carried out by the research funding sponsors.     

Longitudinal changes in body weight and body composition among women previously treated for breast cancer consuming a high-vegetable, fruit and fiber, low-fat diet

Summary Background Excess adiposity has been shown to be associated with increased risk for breast cancer recurrence, and a plant-based eating pattern has been hypothesized to be protective. Whether a plant-based diet without specific energy goals will result in weight loss or changes in body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer has not been fully explored. Aim of the study This study was conducted to identify changes in body weight, anthropometric measures, and body composition over a four year period in a sub-sample of breast cancer survivors participating in a dietary intervention targeting increased intake of vegetables, fruit and fiber and decreased dietary fat intake. Methods This randomized, controlled dietary intervention study compared longitudinal changes in intakes, body weight, waist:hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and body composition by treatment group among fiftytwo women previously treated for Stage I, II, or IIIA breast cancer from the Arizona site of the Womens Healthy Eating and Living Study. The dietary intervention aimed for eight servings of fruit and vegetables, 30 g fiber, 20% total energy from fat per day, as well as daily intake of vegetable juice. The comparison group was advised to follow general dietary guidelines for cancer prevention. Results The dietary intervention resulted in a significant and sustained increase in fiber, fruit, vegetable, and vegetable juice consumption (p < 0.05) among intervention group subjects as compared to comparison group subjects. The first 6 months resulted in a reduction in body weight and body fat among the intervention group subjects while the comparison group subjects remained stable. Subsequent measurements, at 12, 24 or 36, and 48 months, showed no significant differences in mean body weight, BMI, WHR, or body composition by study group. Also, no significant changes in these measures were demonstrated for either study group between baseline and 48 months. Conclusions The dietary intervention efforts resulted in significant changes in diet toward an increase in plant foods and a decrease in dietary fat. Changes in weight, WHR, BMI, and body composition were not different over time or by study group assignment. Interventions that promote a plantbased diet without specific energy restriction do not appear to promote changes in body weight or body composition in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. To adequately examine the role of energy restriction in reducing obesity-associated breast cancer recurrence, future interventions should include prescribed energy imbalance either through reduced intake and/or increased expenditure.     

Consumer perceptions of seasonal and local foods: A study in a U.S. community

This article critically reviews the behavioral and biological associations of dietary restraint. Behaviorally, dietary restraint manifests itself in the form of less variety in the diet and reduced energy intake. As practiced by some, dietary restraint may create biological and psychological feelings of deprivation that lead to greater reactivity to food cues, cravings, counterregulation, disinhibition, periodic overeating, and weight gain. Biologically, it is often associated with unhealthy changes in body composition, hormonal changes, reduced bone density, menstrual disturbances, and lower resting energy expenditure. Caution is indicated in the promotion of dietary restraint as a general principle for managing weight.     

Cost‐effectiveness of Weight Watchers and the Lighten Up to a Healthy Lifestyle program

Objective: Intensive weight loss programs that incorporate dietary counselling and exercise advice are popular and are supported by evidence of immediate weight loss benefits. We evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two weight loss programs, Lighten Up to a Healthy Lifestyle and Weight Watchers. Methods: Health gains from prevention of chronic disease are modelled over the lifetime of the Australian population. These results are combined with estimates of intervention costs and cost offsets (due to reduced rates of lifestyle‐related diseases) to determine the dollars per disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) averted by each intervention program, from an Australian health sector perspective. Results: Both weight loss programs produced small improvements in population health compared to current practice. The time and travel associated with attending group‐counselling sessions, however, was costly for patients, and overall the cost‐effectiveness ratios for Lighten Up ($130,000/DALY) and Weight Watchers ($140,000/DALY) were high. Conclusion: Based on current evidence, these intensive behavioural counselling interventions are not very cost‐effective strategies for reducing obesity, and the potential benefits for population health are small. Implications: It will be critical to consider other strategies (e.g. changing the ‘obesogenic’ environment) or explore alternative methods of intervention delivery (e.g. Internet) to see if they offer a more cost‐effective approach by effectively reaching a high number of people at a low cost.     

Differences between Four Skinfold Calipers in the Assessment of Adipose Tissue in Young Adult Healthy Population

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of four different skinfold calipers, as well as to establish the differences between them in a healthy young adult population. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design, including 138 participants, with 69 males (21.46 ± 2.52 years) and 69 females (22.19 ± 2.85 years). The measurement protocol included basic measurements of body mass and stretch stature and eight skinfolds with a Harpenden, Holtain, Slim Guide, and Lipowise. The ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds and fat mass were calculated. The order in which the skinfold calipers were used was randomized. Results: No significant differences were found in either the Σ6 and Σ8 skinfolds or masses and fat percentages calculated with the skinfolds obtained with the different calipers (p > 0.05), and the inclusion of the covariates of sex, BMI, and hydration status of the participants showed no effect on the differences. The Bland–Altman test showed significant differences between the calipers (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It has been observed that the analyzed calipers have shown validity for the assessment of adiposity-related variables in a male and female sample of non-overweight, young healthy adults, but they are not interchangeable with each other when the assessment is meant to be compared over time or with other samples.     

Feasibility of Brief Intervention in the Workplace for the Detection and Treatment of Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Abstract

The aim of this study was to see whether brief intervention, a method used in the health care services, can be useful in the workplace. At routine health check-ups carried out by the occupational health service (ORS), employees were offered the opportunity to check their alcohol-use habits. Of the 333 employees who were offered alcohol-use screening, only six (2%) failed to participate. Of the remaining 327, 21% (n = 68) screened positive for excessive alcohol consumption and were contacted by the ORS. The majority of these, 43 (62%), accepted a further check-up of their alcohol consumption. A much higher percentage of those who were contacted by telephone (80%) than those who were contacted by letter (17%) subsequently came to the OHS. One probable spin-off effect of the project was that 23 persons outside the screened group contacted the OHS about their alcohol abuse problems. The results indicate that it is feasible to use screening and secondary preventive methods at the workplace to discover alcohol abuse.