阳离子脂质体介层的外源基因转染小鼠脾细胞的方法学探讨

目的：探讨高效阳离子脂质体介导外源基因转染体外生长的小鼠脾细胞的方法。方法：用新型阳离子脂质体DOSPER包裹携带lac Z报告基因的质粒pCAGGS-lacZ按3种方法转染小鼠脾细胞，（1）常规方法直接转染；（2）脾细胞经刀豆球蛋白A（ConA)活化后再按常规方法转染；（3）用黏附辅助脂质体法（adhesion-assisted lipofection,AAL）转染脾细胞。转染效率用X－gal染色法测定。结果：上述3种方法的转染效率依次为＜0．010，0．057及0．199，经方差分析，3种方法转染效率的差异有显著性（P＜0．01，n=3).结论：AAL法介导外源基因转染体外生长的小鼠脾细胞的转染效率最高。     

基因导入的脂质体转染法和磷酸钙转染法之比较

将外源基因导入真核细胞的方法很多。我们通过对绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因在真核细胞中表达的研究,比较了较常用的两种方法一脂质体转染法和磷酸钙转染法。研究结果表明：脂质体转染法的转染效率较磷酸钙转染法高,且简单易行,是外源基因导人体外培养细胞内较理想的方法。     

不同转染法用于第三代慢病毒包装系统包装效率的比较

目的 比较分别经磷酸钙转染法和脂质体转染法建立的第三代慢病毒包装系统的包装效率.方法 制备并纯化完整的重组慢病毒三质粒系统：转移质粒（PXZ171）、包装质粒（△NRF）以及包膜蛋白质粒（VSV-G）.分别用磷酸钙法和脂质体法将三质粒共转染包装细胞293T,72 h后收集病毒上清,批量快速测定法测定病毒滴度并进行比较.结果 磷酸钙转染法所产病毒滴度约达到脂质体转染法的1/10.结论 磷酸钙转染法获取的病毒滴度稍低,但价格相对便宜,病毒产量亦可满足实验要求.比较适合在普通实验室中开展.     

一种高效稳定的磷酸钙转染293T细胞方法的建立及评价

目的：探讨2种磷酸钙转染法转染293T细胞的效果,建立一种实现高效稳定磷酸钙转染293T细胞的方法。方法：荧光显微镜观察采用2种磷酸钙转染方法（传统磷酸钙转染法和改良磷酸钙转染法）转染pCDH-GFP-3xflag-TRAF6质粒进入293T细胞的转染效率。采用Real-time PCR法和Western blotting法分别检测2种磷酸钙转染方法转染pCDH-GFP-3xflag-TRAF6质粒进入293T细胞后,肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6（TRAF6） mRNA和flag蛋白表达水平。结果：荧光显微镜下观察,与传统磷酸钙转染法比较,改良磷酸钙转染法转染pCDH-GFP-3xflag-TRAF6质粒进入293T细胞24和48 h后的转染效率明显升高（P<0.01）;Real-time PCR法和Western blotting法检测,与传统转染方法比较,磷酸钙转染改良法转染pCDH-GFP-3xflag-TRAF6质粒进入293T细胞24和48 h后,TRAF6 mRNA和flag蛋白表达水平均明显升高（P<0.01）。结论：本研究建立的改良磷酸钙转染方法是一种高效、稳定的DNA转染方法。     

三种方法转染绿色荧光蛋白质粒的效果评价

目的比较常见的真核细胞转染技术,评价采用绿色荧光蛋白为报告基因来观察细胞转染效率高低的方法。方法 分别采用磷酸钙法、电穿孔法和脂质体法将pEGFP-C1质粒转染COS-7细胞,对每种方法的转染效率及对细胞的毒性进行评价。结果脂质体法的转染率为67%,电穿孔的转染率为43%,磷酸钙法的转染率为28%。脂质体法转染对细胞的毒性最小。结论采用绿色荧光蛋白为报告基因的真核细胞转染技术中,脂质体法是效率高、安全性大的方法。     

阳离子脂质体介导的外源基因转染小鼠脾细胞的方法学探讨

【目的】探讨高效阳离子脂质体介导外源基因转染体外生长的小鼠脾细胞的方法。【方法】用新型阳离子脂质体DOSPER包裹携带lacZ报告基因的质粒 pCAGGS lacZ按 3种方法转染小鼠脾细胞 ,①常规方法直接转染 ;②脾细胞经刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)活化后再按常规方法转染 ;③用黏附辅助脂质体法 (adhesion assistedlipofection ,AAL)转染脾细胞。转染效率用X gal染色法测定。【结果】上述 3种方法的转染效率依次为 <0 0 10 ,0 0 5 7及 0 199,经方差分析 ,3种方法转染效率的差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1,n =3)。【结论】AAL法介导外源基因转染体外生长的小鼠脾细胞的转染效率最高。     

磷酸钙法与脂质体法转染HBV全基因组的比较

目的比较磷酸钙法和脂质体法转染全长HBV基因组的效率及对HBsAg和HBeAg表达的影响。采用真核细胞报告基因SEAP与HBVDNA共转染人肝癌细胞系HepG2。方法分别将带有分泌性碱性磷酸酶（SEAP）报告基因的质粒、表达绿色荧光蛋白的PCI—EFGP质粒与HBVDNA共转染HepG2细胞。培养后48h计数表达绿色荧光蛋白的细胞，收取细胞培养上清，用ELISA法测定SEAP活性，IMX法检测HBV表面抗原和e抗原水平。结果脂质体法转染HBV全基因组的效率明显高于磷酸钙转染法，转染后48h的细胞上清表面抗原和e抗原的表达也明显高于后者。结论脂质体转染法转染HBV的效率较磷酸钙转染法高，抗原表达水平高，是体外研究HBV的较理想方法。     

不同阳离子脂质体介导基因转染效率的比较研究

目的评估不同脂质体介导基因转染条件及效率。方法以大肠杆菌β-gal基因为报告基因，比较三种阳离子脂质体（lipen、lipotecfamine和Dosper）在不同的脂质体：DNA比例、不同细胞汇合度、不同转染时间及血清存在条件下转染情况。通过x-gal染色法观察不同脂质体的转染效率。结果三种阳离子脂质作的最优条件不同。Dosper转染效率最高，蓝染细胞达18％。结论通过条件优化可使脂质体转染效率提高。有望成为一种有效的非病毒基因转移方法应用于基因治疗。     

两种方法介导外源基因稳定转染大鼠肝癌细胞株的有效性及其对细胞生长影响的比较

目的探讨磷酸钙共沉淀法与阳离子脂质体试剂形成复合物法两种基因转染方法构建大鼠肝癌细胞克隆株的有效性及对生长影响的比较。方法将携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1分别用脂质体形成复合物法、磷酸钙共沉淀法导入大鼠肝癌CBRH-7919细胞,G418筛选基因稳定转染阳性单细胞克隆株。RT-PCR法检测EGFP基因在细胞中的表达。结果两种方法转染CBRH-7919细胞24h后,倒置相差荧光显微镜下观察均见绿色荧光。G418加压筛选14d后均形成阳性克隆,倒置相差荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光,脂质体法的细胞克隆荧光强度强于磷酸钙。阳性克隆株经RT-PCR法检测,750bp于450bp处均有特异性条带。结论两种细胞转染方法均可使增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因稳定转染CBRH-7919,为今后探讨外源目的基因对靶细胞生长特性的影响奠定前期实验基础。     

宫颈癌SiHa细胞脂质体与电穿孔转染效果比较

目的探讨脆性组氨酸三联体基因（fragile histidine triad gene，FHIT）转染宫颈癌SiHa细胞过程中脂质体与电穿孔两种转染方法的效果有无区别。方法分别用脂质体和电穿孔方法将真核表达质粒PRcCMV—FHIT及PRcCMV转染SiHa细胞，用带绿色荧光蛋白的PEGFP—C2空质粒检测瞬时转染效率。结果脂质体与电穿孔两种方法的瞬时转染效率无明显差别，但转染过程中两种方法转染的细胞形态有差别；在筛选稳定转染细胞株的过程中，电穿孔法转染的细胞更易存活。结论两种方法均适于瞬时转染，而电穿孔法可能更适于稳定转染。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.