肾动脉狭窄并冠状动脉多支病变患者部分或完全冠状动脉血运重建对比分析

目的 探讨在肾动脉狭窄合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的患者中进行冠状动脉介入治疗时,选择部分或完全冠状动脉血运重建方法的临床效果差异.方法 收集2006年1月至2011年1月在广东省人民医院进行肾动脉及冠状动脉介入治疗的肾动脉狭窄合并冠心病患者共287例,其中177例进行了冠状动脉完全血运重建（complete revascularization,CR）,110例为部分冠状动脉血运重建（incomplete revascularization,ICR）.然后进行术后2年的随访调查,比较两种介入治疗策略的临床疗效以及其远期预后的差异.结果 两种治疗策略的整体住院病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（Х^2=0.474,P=0.491）.术后CR组的收缩压及舒张压较基线降低,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）;而ICR组收缩压及舒张压与基线相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.两组术前和术后肾功能、心功能改善的情况及住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）.两组2年随访病死率及主要心血管事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）.结论 肾动脉狭窄患者在进行肾动脉及冠状动脉介入治疗时,进行冠状动脉完全血运重建和部分冠状动脉血运重建术效果相近,但完全血运重建有助于血压的控制.     

2型糖尿病合并急性冠状动脉综合征患者血运重建预后的评价

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者经血运重建治疗对远期预后的影响。方法选择ACS患者424例,根据是否合并糖尿病分为糖尿病组(120例)和无糖尿病组(304例)。分析两组患者冠状动脉造影、冠状动脉支架置入术的临床资料以及两组患者术后2年的随访资料。结果糖尿病组患者冠状动脉3支、多支、闭塞性病变比率明显高于无糖尿病组(P<0.05):糖尿病组患者不完全血运重建的比率高于无糖尿病组,完全血运重建的比率低于无糖尿病组(P<0.05):糖尿病组惠青生活质量改善率低于无糖尿病组,重大心血管事件的发生率高于无糖尿病组(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病合并ACS患者冠状动脉以3支、多支、重度、闭塞病变为主的特点,且其远期预后较差。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床及血运重建特点分析

目的 分析冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的临床和血运重建特点.方法 以2011年9月至2012年4月于天津市胸科医院心内科住院,并行冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的215例患者作为观察对象,分为2型糖尿病组77例和非糖尿病组138例,分析临床和冠状动脉血运重建特点.结果 与非糖尿病组比较:(1)2型糖尿病组合并高血压的患者比例较高(87.0％比74.6％,P＜0.05),三酰甘油水平较高[(2.03 ± 1.22) mmol/L比(1.65±0.78) mmol/L,P＜0.01],左心室射血分数较低(58.03％±9.80％比61.07％±7.35％,P＜0.05);(2)2型糖尿病组单支病变发生率低(16.9％比43.5％,P＜0.01),多支病变发生率高(39.0％比25.4％,P＜0.05);(3)两组患者血运重建策略差异有统计学意义,2型糖尿病组患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术者比例较高(17.2％比7.3％,P＜0.05),选择行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗者平均置入支架数目较多[(2.06±0.95)枚比(1.66±0.83)枚,P＜0.01].结论 冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者高血压及血脂异常的发生率高,冠状动脉病变严重且弥漫,血运重建方式更复杂.     

Coronary artery calcium scanning in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus: A paradigm shift

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is the most powerful cardiac risk prognosticator in the asymptomatic population, with consistent superiority to all risk factor‐based paradigms. More recently, the strong prognostic value of changes in CAC has been demonstrated. The application of CAC to asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), all of whom have been presumed to be of high risk, has yielded a range of risks from low to high, proportional to the amount of calcified plaque, as in patients without DM. These risks are higher than in non‐diabetic patients at corresponding CAC levels, except for those without CAC who have the same low risk as non‐diabetic patients. In addition, the value of serial scanning to assess plaque progression and prognosis in people with DM has been demonstrated. Therefore, we propose that: (i) DM is not a coronary artery disease equivalent; (ii) CAC can be used routinely in all asymptomatic diabetic patients >40 years of age, as proposed by American College of Cardiology/American heart Association guidelines; and (iii) serial CAC scanning be considered for evaluation of the response to therapy.     

Alternative therapeutic strategies for patients with severe end-stage coronary artery disease not amenable to conventional revascularization.

Although there have been remarkable advances in medical therapy, percutaneous coronary interventions, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, complete revascularization remains a challenge given the more complex coronary artery disease prevalent in contemporary practice. The lack of donors for cardiac transplantation will fuel the search for effective alternative strategies for dealing with patients with severe ischemic heart disease not amenable to conventional revascularization techniques. Percutaneous laser revascularization clearly diminishes anginal symptoms; however, the blinded trials have provided conflicting results, with one study showing a definite decrease in angina and another suggesting that the placebo effect may play a major role in this modality. Similarly, surgical transmyocardial laser revascularization is limited by the lack of consistent improvement in objective measurements of ischemia and the potential confounding mechanisms of denervation and the placebo effect, and thus should be reserved for only the most highly selected patients. Although enhanced external counterpulsation is associated with an improvement in anginal symptoms and exercise tolerance, this modality is limited by its availability, tolerability, and rigid exclusion criteria. Of the alternative strategies available, therapeutic angiogenesis holds the most promise. However, the long-term results of ongoing randomized clinical trials require further scrutiny. Novel methods for vascular reconstruction are evolving techniques, but should be viewed currently as mainly experimental methods. The common goals of these new treatment options would be to reduce symptoms, decrease morbidity, and potentially improve mortality by reducing ischemia through favorably impacting myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The optimal management of patients with severe end-stage coronary artery disease not amenable to conventional revascularization techniques will continue to remain a challenge for the clinician and will be the main focus of basic cardiovascular research and clinical trials in the new millennium.     

Hybrid coronary revascularization versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A meta‐analysis

The stimulus to create this document was the recognition that ionizing radiation‐guided cardiovascular procedures are being performed with increasing frequency, leading to greater patient radiation exposure and, potentially, to greater exposure for clinical personnel. Although the clinical benefit of these procedures is substantial, there is concern about the implications of medical radiation exposure. The American College of Cardiology leadership concluded that it is important to provide practitioners with an educational resource that assembles and interprets the current radiation knowledge base relevant to cardiovascular procedures. By applying this knowledge base, cardiovascular practitioners will be able to select procedures optimally, and minimize radiation exposure to patients and to clinical personnel. Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness is a comprehensive overview of ionizing radiation use in cardiovascular procedures and is published online. To provide the most value to our members, we divided the print version of this document into 2 focused parts. Part I: Radiation Physics and Radiation Biology addresses the issue of medical radiation exposure, the basics of radiation physics and dosimetry, and the basics of radiation biology and radiation‐induced adverse effects. Part II: Radiological Equipment Operation, Dose‐Sparing Methodologies, Patient and Medical Personnel Protection covers the basics of operation and radiation delivery for the 3 cardiovascular imaging modalities (x‐ray fluoroscopy, x‐ray computed tomography, and nuclear scintigraphy) and will be published in the next issue of the Journal.     

Choosing a revascularization strategy in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease: a complex decision

Diabetes mellitus is associated with well-known increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In diabetics with stable coronary artery disease, the best therapeutic option is widely discussed. Current studies comparing surgical to percutaneous revascularization have been unable to definitely demonstrate any significant advantage of one strategy over the other regarding the prevention of cardiac death or acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, even taking into account clinical and angiographic information as well as the risks determined by each type of treatment, the decision regarding the best therapeutic strategy in diabetics with stable coronary artery disease is still complex.     

Revascularization strategies for patients with stable coronary artery disease

Patients with coronary artery disease who have prognostically significant lesions or symptoms despite optimum medical therapy require mechanical revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or both. In this review, we will evaluate the evidence‐based use of the two revascularization approaches in treating patients with coronary artery disease. CABG has been the predominant mode of revascularization for more than half a century and is the preferred strategy for patients with multivessel disease, especially those with diabetes mellitus, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or complex lesions. There have been significant technical and technological advances in PCI over recent years, and this is now the preferred revascularization modality in patients with single‐vessel or low‐risk multivessel disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention can also be considered to treat complex multivessel disease in patients with increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes including frail patients and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Improvements in both CABG (including total arterial revascularization, off‐pump CABG and ‘no‐touch’ graft harvesting) and PCI (including newer‐generation stents, adjunctive pharmacotherapy and intracoronary imaging) mean that they will continue to challenge each other in the future. A ‘heart team’ approach is strongly recommended to select an evidence‐based, yet individualized, revascularization strategy for all patients with complex coronary artery disease. Finally, optimal medical therapy is important for all patients with coronary artery disease, regardless of the mode of revascularization.     

Comparison of coronary collateral circulation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients suffering from coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Although it is well established that diabetes mellitus (DM) induces more severe coronary artery disease (CAD), it is not known whether it contributes to the development of coronary collateral circulation. The present study examines coronary collateral circulation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with angiographically verified CAD. METHODS: The study group consisted of 463 diabetic patients (382 men, 81 women) with a mean age of 60.3 +/- 8.8 years, and 227 nondiabetic subjects (159 men, 68 women) with a mean age of 59.2 +/- 9 years. The extension and functional capacity of coronary collateral circulation was assessed according to the Cohen and Rentrop grading system of 0 to III. RESULTS: We found that diabetic patients had grade III collateral circulation more frequently than nondiabetic subjects (13.2 vs. 8.5%, p < 0.01). This finding was even more pronounced in diabetic men aged < 55 years compared with both nondiabetic men (20 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001) and diabetic women (20 vs. 2.2%, p < 0.001). Grade III collateral circulation was found to develop mainly at the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the right coronary artery (RCA), where complete occlusions of coronary arteries usually occur. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients with CAD develop more extensive coronary collateral circulation than nondiabetic subjects, especially men aged < 55 years. The collateral circulation mainly develops at the LAD and RCA.     

Cost-effectiveness of screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and additional atherogenic risk factors

OBJECTIVE: Screening for coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic diabetic patients with two additional atherogenic risk factors has been recommended by the American College of Cardiology/American Diabetes Association, but its cost-effectiveness is yet to be determined. The present study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening and determine acceptable strategies. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model was performed from a societal perspective to measure the clinical benefit and economic consequences of CAD screening in asymptomatic men with diabetes and two additional atherogenic risk factors. We evaluated cohorts of patients stratified by different age groups, and 10 possible combination pairs of atherogenic risks. Incremental cost-effectiveness of no screening, exercise electrocardiography, exercise echocardiography, or exercise single-photon emission-tomography (SPECT) was calculated. Input data were obtained from the published literature. Outcomes were expressed as U.S. dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared with no screening, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of exercise electrocardiography was $41,600/QALY in 60-year-old asymptomatic diabetic men with hypertension and smoking, but was weakly dominated by exercise echocardiography. Exercise echocardiography was most cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $40,800/QALY. Exercise SPECT was dominated by other strategies. Sensitivity analyses found that results varied depending on age, combination of additional atherogenic risk factors, and diagnostic test performance. CONCLUSIONS: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CAD screening in asymptomatic patients with diabetes and two or more additional atherogenic risk factors is shown to be acceptable from a societal perspective. Exercise echocardiography was the most cost-effective strategy, followed by exercise electrocardiography.     

Transthoracic echocardiographic abnormalities in asymptomatic diabetic patients: association with microalbuminuria and silent coronary artery disease

Aims

This study aimed to assess, on routine echocardiography, cardiac left ventricular (LV) disorders, their determinants and their role in the screening process of silent myocardial ischaemia (SMI) in asymptomatic diabetic patients.

Methods

A total of 586 asymptomatic diabetic patients with one or more additional cardiovascular risk factors, but no history of heart failure or myocardial infarction, prospectively underwent rest echocardiography and myocardial scintigraphy. Those with SMI (abnormal scintigraphy) were subsequently screened for angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD).

Results

LV hypertrophy, LV dilatation, systolic dysfunction and hypokinesia were found in 33.6, 8.6, 3.2 and 6.1%, respectively, of the study population. SMI was found in 156 (26.6%) patients, 55 of whom had silent CAD. On multivariate analysis, age (OR: 1.03 [1.00–1.05], P = 0.02), microalbuminuria (OR: 2.2 [1.4–3.2], P < 0.0001) and silent CAD (OR: 2.4 [1.3–4.6], P = 0.007) were predictive of LV hypertrophy. Creatinine clearance (OR: 0.97 [0.96–0.99], P = 0.002) and silent CAD (OR: 3.7 [1.3–10.0]) were associated with LV dilatation. LV systolic dysfunction was associated with microalbuminuria (OR: 3.8 [1.3–11.4], P = 0.02) and silent CAD (OR: 3.8 [1.1–12.6], P = 0.03). Hypokinesia was associated with retinopathy (OR: 2.4 [1.1–5.4], P = 0.04), microalbuminuria (OR: 2.3 [1.1–5.0], P = 0.04) and LV dilatation (OR: 3.0 [1.1–8.1], P = 0.03). In patients with SMI, the positive predictive value of LV hypertrophy associated with another echocardiographic abnormality (n = 19) for CAD was 63.2%.

Conclusion

LV hypertrophy was found in one-third of asymptomatic diabetic patients, while LV dilatation, systolic dysfunction or hypokinesia was seen in < 10%. The main predictors of LV abnormalities were microalbuminuria and silent CAD. The presence of LV hypertrophy with another abnormality should raise the possibility of the presence of silent CAD.     

老年冠心病无症状心肌缺血患者预后的相关因素分析

目的探讨冠心病无症状心肌缺血(SMI)老年患者相关临床特征和再发心脏事件的关系,评价其对预后的影响。方法随访216例老年冠心病SMI患者2~7(平均5.01)年。记录年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟、心肌梗死病史、室性心律失常、左室肥厚、SMI持续时间、ST段压低程度等临床特征和动态心电图参数,并记录心肌梗死和心源性死亡发生情况。结果共有27例患者出现心肌梗死或心源性死亡,7年累积再发心脏事件率为14.54%。Cox多因素分析表明,年龄、左室肥厚、心肌梗死病史和高脂血症是再发心脏事件的独立危险因素。结论积极消除或减轻上述危险因素,将有助于改善这些患者的预后。     

Silent coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of silent CAD in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients aged over 40 years. A total of 172 asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients, mean age 54.42 years, with normal resting electrocardiogram were included in the study. Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) tetrofosmin cardiac single photon emission computed tomography myocardial scintigraphy with exercise testing or dipyridamole injection was performed on all patients. If this test was positive, coronary angiography was carried out and was considered to be positive with a stenosis of 70%. Abnormal perfusion pattern was found in 14 patients (8.14%). Significant coronary artery stenosis was found in 13 subjects (7.56%), confirming a high positive predictive value (92.86%) of this diagnostic procedure. A significant correlation was observed between silent CAD and male sex, retinopathy, hypertension, post-prandial blood glucose level, and low HDL-cholesterol level. Sex (OR=4.026; 95% CI, 1.187–13.659), hypertension (OR=5.564; 95% CI, 1.446–21.400) and retinopathy (OR=3.766; 95% CI, 1.096–12.948) were risk factors for CAD. Overall, 14.06% of asymptomatic male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented silent CAD with significant angiographically documented coronary stenosis. This finding, along with the high positive predictive value of a noninvasive technique, indicates that routine screening for silent CAD would be useful in this patient subgroup especially when they have retinopathy or hypertension.     

80岁以上冠心病患者血运重建的临床结果分析

目的评价年龄≥80岁的高龄冠心病患者血运重建治疗后的近期与远期临床结果 ,探讨远期不良事件的预测因素。方法选择接受冠状动脉血运重建治疗的冠心病患者(≥80岁)63例,记录其人口学资料、临床特征、冠状动脉造影和血运重建情况以及主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)。对所有患者进行电话或门诊随访,多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析远期不良事件的预测因素。结果 85.7%的患者为多支病变。分别有81.0%和19.0%的患者接受PCI和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗,PCI成功率为98.0%,CABG成功率为83.3%,血管重建总成功率为95.2%。院内MACCE发生率为4.8%。中位随访时间为541(444～667)d,随访率为95.2%。总MACCE发生率为14.3%,病死率为11.1%;累积生存率为88.5%,累积无MACCE生存率为83.0%。多因素Cox分析,既往血运重建史、慢性完全闭塞病变以及是否循环支持是总MACCE的独立危险因素。结论年龄≥80岁的高龄冠心病患者接受血运重建治疗安全可行,成功率较高,院内不良事件发生率较低,远期生存率较高。     

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in asymptomatic diabetic patients: a critical review

The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the associated high cardiovascular risk has made the non‐invasive identification of silent coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals an important issue. This strategy could identify higher risk asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus in whom coronary revascularization may improve the outcome beyond that achieved by currently recommended medical management. Stress myocardial perfusion imaging has been shown to be effective in detecting coronary heart disease and predicting adverse cardiac events in asymptomatic diabetic patients. However, the clinical utility of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is debated intensively due to the paucity of prospective and outcome based evidence. The controversy stems from several observational studies, epidemiologic data and cost‐effectiveness analyses. Thus, although several authors and professional organizations advocate the use of stress imaging for screening higher risk asymptomatic diabetic patients, others are cautious in recommending any kind of stress testing in that population. This review is based on a broad survey of the literature and discusses the potential role of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in screening asymptomatic diabetic subjects for coronary heart disease in the current era and in relation with other non‐invasive screening tools. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

老年糖尿病合并冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变与其临床症状及预后的关系

目的探讨老年糖尿病（DM）合并冠心病（CAD）患者的冠状动脉病变与其临床症状及预后的关系。方法对100例老年DM合并CAD患者（DM组）和102例老年非DM合并CAD患者（NDM组）的冠脉造影结果、Holter结果和随访期内所发生的心脏事件进行统计分析，分别记录各组的冠脉病变特点、24h心肌缺血特点、严重心律失常发生率和心脏事件发生率。结果DM组冠脉三支病变、弥漫性病变比例、血管狭窄数目明显高于NDM组（分别为42．0％对18．6％，P〈0．001、37％对23．5％，P〈0．05、3．51±1．64对2．10±1．12，P〈0．05）；其Holter结果显示：24h心肌缺血发作次数、ST段压低幅度、ST段压低总时间、缺血发作平均时间和严重心律失常发生率也明显高于NDM组[分别为（5．9±1．7）次对（3．2±0．9）次、（2．8±0．7）mm对（1．8±0．5）mm、（56．1±5．2）min对（33．4土2．8）min、（11．3±3．1）min对（6．2±1．8）min和54．0％对26．5％，P分别〈0．05、〈0．05、〈0．05、〈0．05和〈0．0013；Hoher记录到的心肌缺血发作时，临床发生典型心绞痛症状的比例DM组明显低于NDM组（为8．0％对19．6％，P〈0．05）；随访期内，DM组发生心脏不良事件的比率明显高于NDM组（10％对4．9％，P〈0．05）。结论老年DM合并CAD患者的冠脉三支病变比例明显高于NDM患者；Hoher监测到这类患者的心肌缺血发作次数、缺血程度、缺血持续的时间以及严重心律失常的发作次数也明显高于NDM患者，但临床上多缺乏典型的心绞痛症状，不易引起人们的重视；随访期内心脏事件的发生率高于NDM患者，提示预后不良。     

二代支架时代数据中糖尿病对无保护左主干患者不同血运重建术预后的影响

目的:在二代支架时代,糖尿病对不同血运重建策略治疗无保护左主干冠状动脉疾病患者的影响尚未可知。方法:回顾性入选823例无保护左主干冠状动脉疾病的患者,其中接受二代药物洗脱支架(DES)置入治疗的患者331例(糖尿病患者,n=99;非糖尿病患者,n=232),接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者492例(糖尿病患者,n=127;非糖尿病患者,n=365)。我们根据不同的血运重建策略比较了糖尿病对临床结果的影响。结果:在接受血运重建的无保护左主干病变患者中,糖尿病患者占27.5%(226/823)。经过平均25.3个月的随访后发现,在接受DES治疗的人群中,糖尿病患者与非糖尿病患者的全因死亡率、心源性死亡率、血运重建发生率、卒中和主要不良心脑血管事件的发生率没有显著差异。然而,在全因死亡/心肌梗死/卒中联合终点(糖尿病组21.5%vs.非糖尿病7.2%,P=0.001)及心肌梗死发生率(糖尿病组15.4%vs.非糖尿病组1.6%,P<0.001)中,糖尿病患者明显高于非糖尿病患者。在接受CABG治疗的群体中,糖尿病组和非糖尿病组所有临床终点发生率相似。结论:在二代药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干病变的患者中,合并糖尿病的患者较非糖尿病组预后较差,在接受CABG的患者中,糖尿病和非糖尿病组预后相似。