内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床应用疗效分析

目的评估内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗巨大胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)的临床应用疗效。方法2003年6月至2006年6月取沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心按照统一标准选择入组的胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)病例10例,其中非感染性8例,感染性1例,胰腺脓肿1例。均采用内镜经乳头引流治疗,通过回顾性总结临床治疗和相关研究指标变化,综合评估此种治疗方法的临床应用疗效。结果内镜治疗失败1例,术后并发假性囊肿感染2例,急性胰腺炎1例。8例随访观察平均16.5个月,其中假性囊肿完全消失4例,假性囊肿残腔形成1例,假性囊肿不断缩小3例。急性重症胰腺炎2例治愈。结论内镜经乳头引流治疗胰腺炎合并巨大胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)是一种确切有效的治疗方法。     

内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床应用疗效分析

目的评估内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗巨大胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）的临床应用疗效。方法2003年6月至2006年6月取沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心按照统一标准选择入组的胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）病例10例，其中非感染性8例，感染性1例，胰腺脓肿1例。均采用内镜经乳头引流治疗，通过回顾性总结临床治疗和相关研究指标变化，综合评估此种治疗方法的临床应用疗效。结果内镜治疗失败1例，术后并发假性囊肿感染2例，急性胰腺炎1例。8例随访观察平均16．5个月，其中假性囊肿完全消失4例，假性囊肿残腔形成1例，假性囊肿不断缩小3例。急性重症胰腺炎2例治愈。结论内镜经乳头引流治疗胰腺炎合并巨大胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）是一种确切有效的治疗方法。     

超声引导下穿刺引流和超声内镜下经胃引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床疗效比较

目的探讨胰腺假性囊肿引流治疗的临床效果,并将腹部超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流和内镜超声引导下经胃引流的疗效进行比较。方法回顾性分析2004年以来21例通过引流治疗的胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,分析引流治疗效果。结果21例患者全部完成穿刺置管,成功率为100％,其中3例患者因并发症转外科手术,16例囊肿消失,2例囊肿明显缩小,治疗效果明显。超声引导经皮穿刺置管不受囊肿形成时间限制,方法简便安全,出血并发症少,但带管时问长;超声内镜下引流病人痛苦小,但对内镜技术要求高,出血并发症稍多。结论超声引导下囊肿穿刺引流是诊断、治疗胰腺假性囊肿的重要方法,选择经皮引流还是超声内镜下引流应根据具体病情和科室条件条件而定。     

超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘术内引流胰腺假性囊肿

[目的]评价超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿的疗效及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析行超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿患者5例的临床资料。[结果]5例胰腺假性囊肿患者,囊肿最大15cm×10cm、最小7cm×5cm,分别位于胰腺头体尾部、体尾部和尾部,巨大囊肿患者胃体窦小弯侧有明显压迹。5例患者均一次性电穿孔造瘘内引流成功,成功率100%,随访6~12个月无复发,治愈率100%。[结论]超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘置管内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿疗效确切,并发症少。     

超声内镜下穿刺引流治疗假性胰腺囊肿7例报告

假性胰腺囊肿是继发于急慢性胰腺炎、胰腺手术后、胰腺外伤所致胰液外渗或胰管断裂而形成的局部包裹性囊肿,约2／3的患者急性期采用保守治疗可治愈,另1／3则需手术治疗。既往治疗胰腺囊肿多采用经皮穿刺引流或手术内引流等方法,2005年1月～2006年10月,我们采用超声内镜下经胃穿刺引流治疗假性胰腺囊肿患者7例,疗效满意。现报告如下。     

超声内镜引导下胰腺假性囊肿引流术的方法与价值

近一半的胰腺假性囊肿可在形成后6周内无需任何治疗而自行吸收，但当症状明显、囊肿较大、囊肿体积短期内快速增大以及出现并发症时则需及时治疗。随着介入性超声内镜技术的发展，内镜超声引导下引流已广泛应用于胰腺假性囊肿治疗中，目前已取代传统的外科手术成为治疗的首选，本文即介绍了该技术的产生、发展。     

假性胰腺囊肿的外科治疗

假性胰腺囊肿多继发于急、慢性胰腺炎、胰腺手术后或胰腺外伤所致的胰液外渗或胰管断裂所形成的局部包裹性囊肿，亦有少数患继发于恶性肿瘤或无明显原因。约有2／3的患选用非手术治疗能够控制急性期症状，而另外1／3的患需手术引流或切除囊肿。我院自1995年6月至2005年10月采用经皮囊肿穿刺外引流、内镜超声引导下经胃穿刺引流及手术内、外引流等方法治疗假性胰腺囊肿患39例，报道如下。[第一段]     

胰腺假性囊肿内引流及超声内镜引导新型蕈型覆膜金属支架治疗进展

内镜下胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)内引流已经成为PPC治疗重要方式之一,随着新型蕈型覆膜金属支架(lumen-apposing metal stents,LAMS)在假性囊肿引流中的不断应用,展现出较好的疗效和临床实用价值,本文就PPC内引流现状,特别是超声内镜引导LAMS治疗疗效、并发症及处理对策做一综述.     

胰腺假性囊肿内镜超声图像的特征

目的：研究胰腺假性囊肿内镜超声图像的特征，探讨内镜超声在胰腺假性囊肿诊断中的价值。方法：对35例胰腺假性囊肿患者进行超声内镜检查。结果：在35例胰腺假性囊肿中，单发3l例，多发4例，共有囊肿41个；位于胰头13个，胰体3个，胰尾19个，胰体尾6个。囊壁光滑29例，毛糙6例；囊液透声良好19例，有絮状回声16例，囊内有分隔l例，囊壁有钙化l例，伴有胰管扩张7例；胰腺实质回声不均匀21例，胰实质钙化4例，胰腺萎缩2例，胰腺癌2例，胰腺未见异常6例。5例在胃肠道有压迹，其中1例压迫十二指肠降段致梗阻；胃底静脉曲张4例，2例引起消化道出血。结论：内镜超声可以清晰显示囊肿的大小、部位、形态以及与胰腺的关系，且能进行EUS引导下的穿刺检查，对假性囊肿的诊断和鉴别诊断均有重要意义。     

《中国胰腺假性囊肿内镜诊治专家共识意见(2022年)》解读

胰腺假性囊肿是急、慢性胰腺炎常见并发症, 其治疗常需要多学科参与。目前国内存在胰腺假性囊肿治疗理念不统一、干预时机不明确、并发症处理不完善等问题。2022年由国家消化病临床医学研究中心(上海)、中华医学会消化内镜学分会超声内镜学组和中国医师协会胰腺病学专业委员会牵头制订国内首部关于胰腺假性囊肿的内镜诊治专家共识意见。本文重点对共识涉及的胰腺假性囊肿定义和分类、诊断、治疗指征、引流方式选择等进行解读, 以期为胰腺假性囊肿的临床治疗提供建议和参考。     

Identification of immunoreactive pancreatic stone protein in pancreatic stone, pancreatic tissue, and pancreatic juice

We first examined whether pancreatic stone protein (PSP) was present in pancreatic stone and normal pancreatic tissue. By using HPLC and Western blotting, a protein of Mr 13.5 kDa that reacted with monoclonal antibody against PSP was detected as a major component in EDTA-soluble fractions of pancreatic stone. In an in vitro experiment, this protein dose-dependently suppressed CaCO3 precipitation. PSP was immunohistochemically stained in the acinar cells of normal pancreatic tissue. Based on these findings, it seemed that PSP in pancreatic stone is probably a physiological secretory protein of the pancreas. We subsequently examined immunoreactive PSP in normal pancreatic juice by the Western blotting method. In all of the specimens, the band for immunoreactive PSP in pancreatic juice was found to correspond to 13.5 kDa, which thus agreed with that of purified PSP from a stone.     

Interdigestive canine pancreatic juice composition and pancreatic reflux and pancreatic sphincter anatomy

Canine and human exocrine pancreatic secretion into the duodenum during fasting is cyclical and related to intestinal motility. To characterize the composition of pure pancreatic juice during the cyclically recurring sequence of propagated motor events (interdigestive motor complex) and to establish whether pancreatic reflux occurs, dogs were prepared with three permanent indwelling duodenal catheters and a pancreatodochal cutaneous catheter. The duodenal catheters were used to record duodenal pressures and measure pancreatic secretion of trypsin, lipase, and bicarbonate, based on the recovery of a constantly perfused marker, [¹⁴C]PEG. Pancreatic duct pressures or pancreatic juice concentrations of [¹⁴C]PEG, trypsin, lipase, or bicarbonate (done separately in each of five dogs throughout one interdigestive cycle on 4 different days) were related to duodenal motor activity. Finally, the pancreatic duct orifice of freshly sacrificed dogs was examined by light and electron microscopy. During fasting, (1) pancreatic volume secretion increased 10-fold during phases II, III, and IV (P<0.001), and bicarbonate concentration increased during phases III and IV (P<0.05) compared with phase I, while trypsin and lipase concentrations did not change; (2) reflux of duodenally perfused [¹⁴C]PEG into the pancreatic duct occurred in two of five dogs and was minimal (<0.1%); and (3) a positive mean pressure gradient from duodenum to pancreatic duct occurred only during phase III (7.4±4.1 cm H₂O). Anatomic studies of the pancreatic duct opening showed a specialized papillary mucosa and an independent crescentic sphincter muscle. We conclude that during fasting, pancreatic juice composition is intimately linked to the different phases of interdigestive intestinal motor activity and that an efficient antireflux mechanism exists.Supported in part by contract CP 55660 and grant CA 25064 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland.     

Serum pancreatic stone protein in pancreatic diseases

Summary Serum pancreatic stone protein (PSP) was determined in sera of pancreatic and nonpancreatic diseases using enzyme immunoassay specific to human PSP to study the diagnostic and pathophysiological significance of PSP. Serum PSP in acute pancreatitis (mean±SD=1075.4±2849.1 ng/mL,n=33) was significantly higher than that in controls (78.6±31.8 ng/mL,n=37,p<0.01), chronic pancreatitis (156.8±82.8 ng/mL,n=32,p<0.05), and pancreatic cancer (148.468.8 ng/mL,n=26,p<0.05). No significant difference was found between noncalcified and calcified chronic pancreatitis. Serum PSP levels were significantly higher in chronic renal failure under hemodialysis (1796.0±1492.9 ng/mL) than in other diseases such as peptic ulcer, liver cirrhosis, gallstone, and diabetes mellitus. Low but significant correlation was obtained between serum PSP and serum immunoreactive trypsin (r=0.22,p<0.05). Increased serum PSP levels in acute pancreatitis and chronic renal failure suggest that serum PSP levels reflect reflux from pancreatic secretion, release from damaged pancreatic acinar cells, or retention in circulation, and can be useful for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, but not chronic calcified pancreatitis.     

Endoscopic pancreatic stenting in pancreatic cancer.

Most pancreatic carcinomas are unresectable at the time of diagnosis; therefore, palliative treatment is very often the main concern of clinicians in this setting. The main symptoms resulting in the need for palliation in pancreatic cancer are obstructive jaundice, duodenal obstruction and pain. Therapeutic endoscopy plays a major role in the palliation of obstructive jaundice by stent placement into the biliary ducts. Initial experience has also been gained recently with endoscopic placement of expandable metallic stents to treat gastric outlet obstruction. Much less is known about the possible role of endoscopic pancreatic stenting in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The main indication for pancreatic ductal stenting is 'obstructive' pain related to meals in patients with dilated main pancreatic duct beyond the stricture and intraluminal brachyradiotherapy. The technique of endoscopic pancreatic stenting does not substantially differ from that applied on the biliary tree. When technically possible, placement of 10 French plastic stents is preferred. According to the authors' indications, only about 15% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (55 of 355 in the present study) may potentially benefit from this technique. Pancreatic stenting may be obtained in more than 80% of these selected patients, with low morbidity (less than 10%) and no procedure-related mortality. According to the authors of the present and other studies reported in the literature, about 60% of patients treated because of 'obstructive' pain become symptom-free, and another 20% to 25% significantly reduce the amount of analgesic drugs required. Intraluminal brachyradiotherapy with 192iridium in the main pancreatic duct is a feasible and safe method to deliver high radiation doses to the tumour while sparing adjacent organs. Brachyradiotherapy may be performed alone or in conjunction with external beam radiotherapy. Because of the small number of patients suitable for this treatment, only a multicentre study will be able to detect whether intraluminal brachyradiotherapy in pancreatic cancer may have any positive impact on survival.     

Solitary pancreatic tuberculosis mimicking advanced pancreatic carcinoma

A 40-year-old woman was referred for pancreatic head carcinoma invading the portal vein. The dichotomy between the radiological findings and the general condition of the patient, as well as the laboratory results (no evidence of cholestasis), cast doubt on the diagnosis. There was no history of tuberculosis. The chest radiograph revealed no pathological findings. The anatomic relationships of the lesion entailed a high risk of vascular injury if tissue biopsy were to be done; therefore, diagnostic laparotomy was performed. Biopsy revealed granulomas with caseous necrosis, consistent with tuberculosis. After 6 months of antituberculosis treatment, the lesions had completely resolved. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses, particularly in regions where the disease is endemic. The condition usually resembles an advanced pancreatic tumor. Performing a biopsy of inoperable lesions and maintaining a reasonable skepticism in regard to the evaluation of operable lesions (attention to nonexclusive but helpful clues, such as young patient age, history of tuberculosis, absence of jaundice) will lead to the diagnosis in most patients. Diagnostic laparotomy may be required in a small subset of patients. The response to antituberculosis treatment is very favorable. The role of resection (e.g., pancreatoduodenectomy) is very limited.