冠状动脉造影患者中肾动脉狭窄的相关研究

目的在进行冠状动脉造影的患者中同时进行肾动脉造影,观察肾动脉狭窄的发生率及相关因素研究。方法200例冠状动脉造影患者全部行选择性双侧肾动脉造影,对临床资料和肾动脉狭窄之间的关系进行单变量分析。结果肾动脉狭窄者27例,占13.5%,其中轻度狭窄者（〈50%）13例,占6.5%,明显狭窄者14例,占7.0%。明显肾动脉狭窄单变量分析,年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、颈动脉斑块形成、严重冠状动脉病变是肾动脉狭窄的影响因素。结论在冠状动脉造影尤其冠心病患者中,肾动脉狭窄发生率高,多见于老年合并高血压、严重冠状动脉病变患者,在冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影的同时应常规进行肾动脉造影,以便及早发现肾动脉狭窄。     

Clinical characteristics useful in screening for renovascular disease

In an effort to detect renovascular hypertension, clinical characteristics are used to select patients likely to have renal artery stenosis. We prospectively evaluated the ability of commonly used clinical features to predict the presence of renal artery stenosis in 100 hypertensive adults. All subjects had conventional renal arteriography. Renal artery stenosis was diagnosed if there was 50% or more stenosis of a main renal artery. Eighteen of the 100 had renal artery stenosis. The presence of a bruit was strongly associated with renal artery stenosis (P less than .0005). In patients without a bruit, only refractory hypertension was associated with the presence of renal artery stenosis (P = .051). These data suggest that a bruit and refractory hypertension are associated with renal artery stenosis, but that other clinical features investigated may not be and that other means of screening for renovascular disease are needed.     

Percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty: who benefits most?

We set out to assess the long-term benefits of renal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in 107 consecutive hypertensive patients with atheromatous renal artery stenosis. During 12-month follow-up, blood pressure fell to normal levels in 10 (8.8%) patients and improved in 76 (67.3%); renal function improved or remained stable in 74% of patients. In patients with atheromatous disease, renal angioplasty was most successful in those with stenosis in a single functioning kidney, and in nine patients who presented with symptoms and signs of heart failure, in the absence of overt ischaemic or valvular heart disease. In the latter group, renal PTA resulted in a large loss of sodium and water, resolution of the 'apparent' heart failure, and a marked improvement in blood pressure and renal function. It is suggested that all hypertensive patients with haemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis (and/or mild to moderate impairment in renal function), should be considered for renal PTA. Patients with atheromatous stenosis in a single functioning kidney, and those who present with signs of sodium and water retention, are likely to benefit most.     

DIgital intravenous subtraction angiography for investigating renovascular hypertension: comparison with hypertensive urography

We used digital intravenous subtraction angiography (DSA) to evaluate 105 patients with suspected renovascular hypertension. Unilateral renal artery stenoses were identified in 14 patients, two of whom had previously had contralateral nephrectomy. In addition, one of three renal transplant recipients was found to have stenosis of the nutrient artery. Bilateral renal artery stenosis was demonstrated by DSA in three patients. Of the 88 patients who had concomitant minute sequence (hypertensive) urography (HIVP) delayed excretion suggested a renal artery lesion in only 8 patients. In the group of 88 patients, HIVP was able to detect renal artery stenosis in only 50% (eight of the 16) of patients whose stenosis was detected by DSA. When the patients with a single kidney are excluded, HIVP showed 62% (eight of 13) of the lesions detected by DSA. There were no significant complications in the patients examined by either modality. DSA has replaced HIVP as the screening examination for renovascular causes of hypertension in our institution.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像对肾动脉狭窄的应用及评价研究

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）在肾动脉狭窄中的临床应用价值。方法以DSA（肾动脉血管造影）为诊断肾动脉狭窄的金标准,回顾分析31例经DSA诊断肾动脉狭窄的患者的64层螺旋CT肾动脉血管成像资料。使用GELightspeed64层螺旋cT,动脉期利用Smart技术触发阈值行腹部扫描,在独立的工作站对肾动脉进行血管重建。结果31例三维肾动脉血管成像能充分显示肾动脉主干及分支。轻度肾动脉狭窄,诊断准确率50％（1／2）;中度肾动脉狭窄,MSCTA诊断准确率100％（9／9）;重度肾动脉狭窄,MSCTA诊断准确率100％（20／20）。中度以上狭窄,MSCTA诊断准确率达100％。结论MSCTA对肾动脉狭窄有较高的诊断价值,可以作为。肾动脉狭窄筛查的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的价值。方法61例患者共122支肾动脉同时行彩色多普勒超声及血管造影。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性为90％,特异性为96％;诊断显著狭窄的敏感性为86％,特异性为99％;诊断＜50％狭窄的敏感性为82％,特异性为96％;诊断狭窄位置准确率为97％。结论肾动脉彩色多普勒超声对于肾动脉狭窄、初筛诊断以及评价肾动脉狭窄介入治疗的近、远期疗效,是一种非常理想的选择。     

Incidental renal artery stenosis among a prospective cohort of hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility, safety, and clinical yield of angiographic screening among hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a prospective cohort analysis of hypertensive patients who underwent cardiac catheterization at a tertiary care referral center from July 1998 to March 1999. Abdominal aortography was performed to screen for renal artery stenosis, the percentage of which was measured. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD age of the 297 study patients was 64.9+/-10.2 years; 58.6% were male, and 98.0% were white. Mean +/- SD systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 142.8+/-22.5/79.6+/-11.4 mm Hg. Aortography required a mean incremental dose of 62+/-9 mL of nonionic contrast agent. No complications were attributable to aortography. Of 680 renal arteries, 611 (90%) were visualized adequately. Also, 53% of patients had normal renal arteries, 28% had stenoses less than 50%, and 19.2% had stenoses of 50% or more. Renal artery stenosis was bilateral in 3.7% of patients and high grade (>70% stenosis) in 7%. Patients with renal artery stenosis were more likely to have had a previous coronary intervention. In multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-138; P=.02), history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.27-5.78; P=.01), and cancer (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.02-3.82; P=.04) independently correlated with renal artery stenosis of 50% or more. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of incidental renal artery stenosis among hypertensive patients undergoing coronary catheterization is significant. Therefore, screening abdominal aortography should be considered in these patients to better define their risk of cardiovascular complications.     

动态增强磁共振血管成像诊断肾动脉狭窄的临床价值

目的：评价动态增强磁共振血管成像（3D CE MRA）在诊断肾动脉狭窄中的价值。方法：对40例临床诊断或怀疑肾动脉狭窄患者进行3D CE MRA检查，其中17例经DSA对照。使用马根维显（磁显葡胺）造影剂对所有患者采用Smart智能追踪技术进行动态三期扫描。综合分析三期图像进行2D多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）成像、3D最大强度投影（MIP）及3D遮盖表面显示（VR）方法进行重建的血管影像，观察双侧肾动脉情况，完成诊断。结果：3D CE MRA显示了40例患者总共80支肾动脉主干，显示率为100%。40例中3D CE MRA显示肾动脉正常64支，肾动脉狭窄16支。17例有DSA对照者，DSA显示肾动脉正常19支，肾动脉狭窄15支；3D CE MRA除把2支轻度狭窄估为中度狭窄，1支中度狭窄估为重度狭窄外，其它结果都同DSA一致，诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为94.1%，100.0%，100.0%及95.5%。结论：3D CE MRA能清晰显示肾动脉并对肾动脉狭窄作出可靠诊断，在很大程度上可成为介入治疗前的常规检查方法。     

三维动态增强MR血管造影诊断肾动脉狭窄:与DSA对照研究

目的评价三维动态增强磁共振血管造影(CEMRA)诊断肾动脉狭窄的价值.方法对28例可疑肾动脉狭窄的病人行CEMRA和DSA检查,由两位医师独立对图像进行分析均并最终达成一致,分5级记录肾动脉的情况,统计CEMRA诊断肾动脉狭窄(＞50%)的敏感度、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,并用ROC法分析其诊断价值.用CohenKappa法评价CEMRA与DSA在诊断肾动脉狭窄和对狭窄分级方面的一致性.观察副肾动脉显示情况.结果CEMRA诊断肾动脉狭窄(＞50%)的敏感度为95.0%、特异性为94.4%、阳性预测值为90.4%、阴性预测值为97.1%,其ROC曲线下面积为0.955,两种方法诊断肾动脉狭窄和对狭窄分级的κ值分别为0.924和0.899.CEMRA副肾动脉显示率为87.5%(7/8).结论CEMRA可以准确诊断有意义的肾动脉狭窄(＞50%),做出肾动脉狭窄的除外诊断,避免不必要的DSA检查,可作为诊断肾动脉病变的首选影像检查方法.     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理诊断移植肾动脉狭窄

背景:对肾移植后并发移植肾动脉狭窄患者的诊断及随访是否可采用一种无创伤、特异性高、安全的检查方法。目的:评估多层螺旋CT图像后处理技术对移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法:对11例临床怀疑为移植肾动脉狭窄的患者进行移植肾动脉期的增强扫描,扫描后所得到的数据经容积重建、最大密度投影、曲面重建、多平面重建处理成像。结果与结论:11例患者均诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄,10例多层螺旋CT图像后处理技术显示移植肾动脉狭窄程度54%～75%,1例移植肾动脉狭窄程度<50%。吻合口狭窄10例,其中合并移植肾动脉主干狭窄2例;移植肾动脉分支狭窄1例。经数字减影血管造影检查9例,狭窄程度75%～95%,8例置入支架,1例球囊扩张;1例给予药物治疗随访,于2年后出现肾功能进一步恶化及难治性高血压,置入支架。1例无临床症状,经多层螺旋CT移植肾动脉狭窄程度<50%,随访4年肾功能、血压正常。支架置入治疗的患者中1例行球囊扩张者2年后彩色多普勒提示移植肾吻合口狭窄,行多层螺旋CT检查移植肾动脉狭窄程度<50%,随访4年3个月,肾功能、血压正常。提示多层螺旋CT后成像技术可作为移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断依据,对区分临床疑似病例,制定支架置入治疗方案,以及术后随访观察有一定的临床参考价值。     

Aortoiliac Angiography During Coronary Artery Angiography Detects Significant Occult Aortoiliac and Renal Artery Atherosclerosis in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis

PURPOSE: Peripheral atherosclerosis (renal and aortoiliac localizations) are frequently detected in aged patients with concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD): the risk of finding peripheral disease is increased in patients with CAD. Angiography of the aortoiliac vessels performed at the time of coronary angiography may detect any occult renal artery stenosis and atherosclerotic involvement of the aortoiliac segment. We sought to determine utility of performing angiography of aortoiliac and renal arteries during coronary arteriography in patients with known or suspect coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: Medical records of all patients undergoing combined coronary and aortoiliac angiography between May 1998 and December 2002 was retrospectively reviewed. Moderate to severe arterial stenosis (>50% stenosis), vessel occlusion, aneurismal vessels were noted as significant angiographic findings. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as a rise in serum creatinine of > or =25% form baseline. RESULTS: In the study period 112 patients (81 males, mean age 68.4+/-7.8 years) with known or suspected CAD underwent combined cardiac catheterization and aortoiliac angiography. Pretreatment with 0.45% saline at a rate of 1 ml/kg/h for 12 h was administered to all patients. Significant findings were reported in 37 (33%) patients including 14 renal artery stenoses, 8 aortic aneurismal disease, and 15 aortoiliac lesions. Most patients with significant findings had 2 and 3-vessel CAD. A strong correlation was found between the number of risk factors and the frequency of angiographic findings (r = 0.92). Complications include six contrast-induced nephropathy: no case required renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Aortoiliac and renal atherosclerosis is frequently associated to multivessel CAD. In selected patients undergoing cardiac catheterization aortoiliac angiography may be practical in detecting occult renal or aortoiliac artery lesions. Further clinical outcome studies are strongly required to support this strategy.     

Incidence of renal artery stenosis in a population having cardiac catheterization

Patients with renovascular hypertension comprise only a small percentage of those with hypertension. In our study 102 consecutive patients who had cardiac catheterization were screened at the time of the procedure for renal artery stenosis. Only 65 (64%) of the 102 patients were hypertensive, and 14 of the total population (13.7%) had renal artery stenosis. Of these 14 patients, only five had more than 50% narrowing of the arterial lumen. By renal vein renin determination, only four of the five patients with significant renal artery stenosis had lateralizing renins. The frequency of significant renovascular hypertension does not justify the routine search for this problem during catheterization procedures, though it may be worthwhile if the patients are hypertensive. This area deserves further evaluation.     

彩色多普勒超声对动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAR)的诊断准确性,并确定其最有效的诊断方法。方法 86例ARAR患者,超声检测其172个肾脏形态学及172条肾动脉血流动力学指标:动脉狭窄处峰值血流速度(PSV)、肾动脉与腹主动脉峰值流速比值(RAR)及叶间动脉加速时间(AT);以肾动脉造影为标准,评价超声诊断ARAS的准确性。结果 172条肾动脉造影:肾动脉37条正常,36条狭窄60%,92条狭窄60%～95%,5条狭窄96%～99%,2条闭塞。超声诊断狭窄≥60%符合率为98.0%。对狭窄≥60%的病变,肾动脉PSV≥180 cm/s的敏感性95.9%,RAR≥3.0的敏感性56.7%,AT0.07 s的敏感性69.1%,肾脏长径的ROC曲线下面积为0.504。肾动脉狭窄96%～99%时,肾动脉PSV180 cm/s,而AT均0.07 s,患处血流较对侧明显变细。闭塞时,肾动脉主干内未见彩色血流信号,如肾内能显示动脉血流,AT0.07 s。结论对于诊断肾动脉狭窄60%～95%的ARAS,肾动脉PSV是最佳指标;对于高度狭窄及闭塞者,两侧动脉的彩色血流对比显示联合AT0.07 s,较单纯血流动力学指标更可靠。     

Presentation, clinical features and outcome in different patterns of atherosclerotic renovascular disease

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARD) is an increasinglyimportant cause of renal failure. However, important featuresof the clinical presentation are not fully described, and theoutcome after intervention by angioplasty remains controversial.Ninety-four patients with ARD diagnosed at angiography werereviewed. Twenty-four patients were diabetic. Thirty-nine patientshad unilateral renal artery stenosis or occlusion (group A),28 had bilateral stenosis (group B), and 27 had unilateral occlusionplus contralateral occlusion or stenosis (group C), Two yearsafter presentation, actuarial patient survival was 96%, 74.3%and 47.1% in groups A, B and C, respectively (p<0.001 forall differences); actuarial renal survival in surviving patientswas 97.3%, 82.4% and 44.7%, respectively (p<0.001 for alldifferences). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty(PCTA) was performed in 74 patients. Renal function improvedin only a minority of cases, but was stable in 73% of nondiabeticpatients 12 months after PCTA. Angioplasty was less effectivein diabetic subjects, with only 53.3% having stable renal functionat 12 months follow-up. Renal and patient survival were stronglyrelated to the initial angiographic findings. In nondiabeticsubjects, PCTA resulted in stabilization of renal function forat least one year in nearly threequarters of cases, which suggestsa benefit from intervention in this disease whose natural historyis otherwise of progression.     

超声评估纤维肌性发育不良致肾动脉狭窄

目的 观察超声评估肾动脉纤维肌性发育不良(RA-FMD)致肾动脉狭窄(RAS)的价值。方法 回顾性分析18例经临床及肾动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的RA-FMD致重度RAS患者、共21条受累肾动脉的灰阶超声表现及多普勒参数,计算超声诊断RAS及累及部位的准确率。结果 18例中,10例(10/18,55.56%)患侧肾脏较健侧肾脏缩小≥15 mm;15例(15/18,83.33%)肾皮质回声无明显改变,3例(3/18,16.67%)皮质回声稍增强。超声显示20条受累肾动脉,检出率为95.24%(20/21),定位诊断狭窄部位的准确率为85.00%(17/20)。4例经DSA证实合并狭窄后瘤样扩张及小动脉瘤形成,超声诊断其中3例为段动脉狭窄但均未显示肾内动脉瘤,1例提前分支或副肾动脉近肾门处狭窄可能。结论 超声可较准确地判断RAS及狭窄部位,但需结合临床确诊RA-FMD。     

MR angiography of the renal arteries

MR angiography (MRA) has shown considerable promise as a nonivasive tool in the evaluation of renal vascular morphology. There are two fundamental approaches to MRA of the renal arteries: time of flight and phase contrast imaging. Recently, three-dimensional, gradient-echo, gadolinium-enhanced MRA using breath-hold techniques also has been introduced. These techniques have made MRA of the renal arteries a very promising, noninvasive tool in the detection of main renal artery stenosis, with sensitivities between 90% and 100%. MRA is used most often in the evaluation of renal arteries of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms or allergies to iodinated contrast media, or when other noninvasive screening examinations have been inconclusive. One of the most helpful and unique applications of MRA is in patients who have accelerating hypertension and accelerating renal insufficiency. These patients often have preexisting unilateral renal artery stenosis with a new contralateral renal artery stenosis. Conventional angiography is risky in these patients because of possible contrast nephropathy. MRA, in such cases, is very helpful for differentiating between bilateral renal artery stenosis and end-stage nephrosclerosis.     

Renal scintigraphy with captopril in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension]

Altogether 16 patients with arterial hypertension (AH) were examined. Of these, 11 were with stenosis of renal arteries, 4 had essential hypertension (EH) and I with nephrogenous parenchymatous AH. To estimate the influence of captopril on the total and separate renal function in patients with and without stenosis of renal arteries and the possibility of the use of the given pharmacological test in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension (RVH), all the patients underwent renal scintigraphy with 99Tc-DTPA on admission to the hospital and 1-7 days after a single intake of 25 mg captopril per os. Later on in the operated patients the results of the test were compared with the hypotensive effect of the surgery. The rate of glomerular filtration (RGF) was measured according to the Gates method. In patients with stenosis of renal arteries and EH, the total filtration renal function remained unchanged after the intake of a single dose of captopril. In patients with stenosis of renal arteries, there was a significant decrease of the RGF on the side of stenosis made for by an insignificant elevation of the RGF in the contralateral kidney, which was accompanied by an increase of asymmetry of the renograms. In patients with no hypotensive effect of the surgery, the test with captopril was negative, which supports the possibility of this test application in the diagnosis of RVH.     

Evaluation of severe transplant renal artery stenosis with Doppler sonography

PURPOSE: To evaluate and determine Doppler criteria for predicting a severe transplant renal artery stenosis (80%-99% diameter reduction) and to compare the Doppler findings in patients with end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis. METHODS: We performed Doppler sonography on 16 consecutive patients with transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) confirmed by digital subtraction arteriography (DSA). Fourteen patients had end-to-end anastomosis, and 2 had end-to-side anastomosis. Eleven patients were re-evaluated with color Doppler sonography within 4 days after intervention. Seven Doppler parameters, including the peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the renal, iliac and interlobar artery, Pre-PSV ratio (the ratio of the PSV in the renal artery to that in the iliac artery), Post-PSV ratio (the ratio of the PSV in the renal artery to that in the interlobar arteries, acceleration time and resistance index, were measured. In the patients with severe TRAS the measurements of these parameters were compared before and after successful intervention. RESULTS: In the 16 patients with a single transplanted kidney, arteriography demonstrated 14 main renal arteries with severe stenosis, and 3 renal arteries with moderate stenosis. When using the cutoff values of Post-PSV ratio >13, renal artery PSV >4 m/sec, acceleration time >0.06 second, and resistance index <0.5 for the detection of all 14 severe stenoses, the sensitivities were 100%, 71%, 93%, and 50%, respectively. For assessing all 14 severe stenoses and 12 severe stenoses of end-to-end anastomosis, the cutoff value of Pre-PSV ratio >5 had sensitivities of 86% and 100%, respectively. Pre-PSV ratios in severe stenoses of end-to-end anastomosis (range, 5.1-11.5) were significantly greater than those recorded in severe stenoses of end-to-side anastomosis (range, 2.8-3.1). Statistically significant differences before and after successful intervention were found for all 7 Doppler parameters in the 7 patients with severe stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: An 80%-99% diameter reduction of the renal artery can be diagnosed based on a Post-PSV ratio >13 for patients with either end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis. A Pre-PSV ratio >5 for patients with end-to-end anastomosis and acceleration time >0.06 second are helpful in the diagnosis of severe TRAS.     

Isolated renal artery and combined aortic and renal artery reconstruction for renovascular hypertension. Late results of surgical treatment

Fifty consecutive patients with renal artery occlusive disease underwent surgery for renovascular hypertension. The etiology was arteriosclerosis; only three patients had fibromuscular hyperplasia. Isolated renal artery stenosis was operated on in 22 patients while 28 patients underwent combined renal and aortoiliac/femoral procedures. Four of the patients required re-operation because of unsuccessful primary results. There was no operative mortality. Renin was determined in 29 patients and postoperative angiography was carried out in 22 cases. The patency rate of the aorto-renal grafts was 94%; 2 aneurysmal vein graft dilatations occurred. Preoperative renin assays were positive in 90% of the patients with isolated renal artery stenosis but in only 45% of those having renal and aortoiliac/femoral arteriosclerosis. Postoperatively, the renin values had returned to normal limits in 95% of the patients. Long-term (2-11 years) successful treatment of hypertension was achieved in 79% of the cases with isolated stenosis and in 59% of the cases with aorto-iliac/femoral arteriosclerosis. The patients having a preoperative ipsilateral/contralateral renin ratio greater than or equal to 1.5 showed a success rate of 69%. Normal levels of renin were found in 85% of the successful cases.     

粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄肾内血流参数分析

目的评价肾内叶间动脉彩色多普勒超声参数对动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄诊断的准确性。方法以肾动脉造影结果为金标准,双盲对照,专人操作,对123例患者共246个肾进行彩色多普勒超声检查。每例患者均测量肾叶间动脉加速时间、加速度、阻力指数。评价肾内彩色多普勒超声参数诊断粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的准确性。结果对≥75%动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄,肾内指标以加速时间为最好,加速度时间>0.07s诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为85.3%及99.0%;加速度次之,频谱显示及测量精确时,加速度<2m/s2诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为82.4%及85.2%。结论肾内动脉彩色多普勒超声参数诊断≥75%粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄是一种简便可靠的无创检查手段。