水飞蓟宾脱氢衍生物的研究进展

2,3-脱氢水飞蓟宾是水飞蓟素中的有效成分之一,有比水飞蓟宾更强的抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性,本文综述了水飞蓟宾脱氢衍生物---2,3-脱氢水飞蓟宾的研究进展。     

2，3-脱氢水飞蓟宾的合成

以水飞蓟宾为原料合成２,３－脱氢水飞蓟宾,收率达８０％,对水飞蓟宾和２,３－ 脱氢水飞蓟宾进行了抗氧化药理实验,水飞蓟宾的抗质过氧化物活性强于２,３－脱氢水飞蓟宾。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定水飞蓟素及其制剂中主要有效成分含量

目的　建立一种胶束电动毛细管色谱分离测定水飞蓟素及其制剂Legalon胶囊、益肝灵片中水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁含量的方法。方法　选用缓冲液为30 mmol.L^-1硼砂-50 mmol.L^-1去氧牛磺胆酸-20 mmol.L^-1 β-环糊精,pH为9.2,运行电压20 kV,压差进样,进样时间3 s,检测波长为288 nm,温度为室温。内标为芦丁。结果　样品中各组分的平均回收率分别为水飞蓟亭99.9％,水飞蓟宁98.3％,水飞蓟宾99.0％,异水飞蓟宾98.2％。结论　此法准确、灵敏,且能分离水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾的非对映异构体。     

水飞蓟宾—卵磷脂复合物红外光谱和磁核磁共振波谱特征

目的：研究水飞蓟滨－卵磷脂复合物（SLC）中水飞蓟宾与卵磷脂之间是以共价键还是以其他次级键结合。方法；应用红外光谱、磷核磁共振波谱方法对本室合成的水飞蓟宾－卵磷脂复合物进行检测分析。结果：水飞蓟宾－卵脂复合物具有水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂的红外光谱特征，其磷核磁共振波谱显示水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂间以非共价键结合。结论：水飞蓟宾－卵磷脂是以非共价键结合，未形成新的化合物，二者自身化学性质在体内不会改变。     

水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物红外光谱和磷核磁共振波谱特征

目的确定水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物(SLC)中水飞蓟宾与卵磷脂之间是以共价键还是以其他次级键结合.方法应用红外光谱、磷核磁共振波谱方法对本室合成的水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物进行检测分析.结果水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物具有水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂的红外光谱特征,其磷核磁共振波谱显示水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂间以非共价键结合.结论水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂是以非共价键结合,未形成新的化合物,二者自身化学性质在体内不会改变.     

TLC-UV测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量

目的 :为了准确测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量。方法 :采用薄层层析对水飞蓟宾和水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠进行分离 ,用紫外分光光度法测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量 ,测定波长 2 88nm。结果 :线性范围 5～30 μg/mL ,相关系数为 0 .9996 ,平均回收率为 98.93% ,RSD为 1.12 %。 结论 :本法能有效消除水飞蓟宾对测定的干扰 ,准确测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的真实含量     

水飞蓟宾-磷脂酰胆碱复合物与水飞蓟宾对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用的对比

目的比较水飞蓟宾 磷脂酰胆碱复合物 (SPC)与水飞蓟宾对四氯化碳所致的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法 5 0只小鼠随机分成 5组 ,通过对对照组、给药组小鼠血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及肝组织学观察 ,比较SPC与水飞蓟宾对四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤之预防作用的效果。结果水飞蓟宾和SPC均能降低小鼠血清ALT、AST活性 ,能减轻肝脏病理学变化 ,但以SPC作用最为明显。结论SPC对四氯化碳造成的急性肝损伤有明显的保护作用 ,SPC的作用强于水飞蓟宾。     

水飞蓟宾磷酸单酯钠盐的制备及质量考察

制备了新的具良好水溶性的水飞蓟宾衍生物--水飞蓟宾磷酸单酯钠盐,其水溶液pH约为4,其0.04%水溶液在45℃至少5d保持稳定.     

水飞蓟宾葡甲胺的制备与精制

目的:研究水飞蓟宾葡甲胺的制备与精制.方法:先用无水乙醇溶解水飞蓟宾粗品进行重结晶精制,用精制的水飞蓟宾和葡甲胺结合成复盐.结果:实验中合成的产物经紫外分光度计检测水飞蓟宾葡甲胺含量高于96%,HPLC检测水飞蓟宾葡甲胺含量80%,总质量得率约为72.1%.结论:实验证明此水飞蓟宾葡甲胺的制备工艺稳定,各步工艺操作条件易控,产品质量可靠,适宜于工业化生产.     

水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物与水飞蓟宾对四氯化碳所致的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用比较

目的研究水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物(SPC)与水飞蓟宾对四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法选择100只健康成年的昆明小鼠,按照随机数表法分为5组,每组20只,分别为水飞蓟宾组、SPC-A组、SPC-B组、CCl4模型组以及正常对照组。5组小鼠通过测5组小鼠血清中的AST和ALT,对病理学切片进行比较。结果水飞蓟宾组小鼠血清ALT及AST的含量与CCl4模型组相比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SPC-A组、SPC-B组小鼠的血清ALT及AST的含量也显著低于CCl4模型组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SPC-A组、SPC-B组小鼠的血清ALT及AST的含量显著低于水飞蓟宾组(P<0.05);SPC-B组的小鼠的血清ALT及AST的含量低于SPC-A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肝脏的病理学切片比较,正常对照组的切片是完全正常的;水飞蓟宾组、SPC-A组、SPC-B组均能够减轻小鼠的肝脏病理学的变化,其病理学变化小于CCl4模型组,且病理学变化幅度由小到大排序为正常对照组、SPC-B组、SPC-A组、水飞蓟宾组、CCl4模型组。结论 SPC和水飞蓟宾都对四氯化碳所致的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用明显,但是SPC功效更好,值得临床进一步研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.