重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁(附32例报告)

目的:观察重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁的临床疗效。方法:对32例先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁患者用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角。结果:32例患者术后随访1年,肛门功能优19例,良9例,较好4例,无效者未发现,总满意率为87·5%(28/32)。结论:用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角,术后患者肛门功能满意率高,患者生活质量明显提高。     

慢性特发性便秘肛门直肠动力学研究

目的:探讨慢性特发性便秘患者的肛门直肠动力学因素的变化.方法:采用PC PolygrafHR高分辨多道胃肠功能测定仪检测20例患者,15名健康者作对照.结果:与正常对照组相比,慢性特发性便秘组患者肛门内、外括约肌功能异常,直肠感觉功能损害,肛门括约肌协同失调.结论:慢性特发性便秘患者存在肛门直肠动力学的异常变化,且受多因素影响.     

The internal sphincter in anorectal malformations: morphologic investigations in neonatal pigs

The knowledge of sphincter anatomy in anorectal malformations is still inadequate and contradictory. Therefore, morphologic investigations were carried out in 33 neonatal piglets with congenital anal atresias. Of the 24 male animals 12 had high anomalies with a rectourethral fistula. The remaining 12 piglets had low anomalies; in nine cases we were able to demonstrate an anocutaneous fistula. Of the nine female animals, six had high anomalies with a rectovaginal fistula. The three female piglets with low anomalies had an anovestibular or an anocutaneous fistula. In all animals we could demonstrate a normal internal sphincter, which surrounded the proximal part of the fistulae. The position of the internal sphincter therefore depended on the localization of the fistula orifice into the rectal pouch. This differed greatly. The form of the internal sphincter also differed greatly. Sometimes the muscle had the form of a tube or an acute-angled funnel as in healthy piglets. However, mostly the internal sphincter was spread out wide and had the form of a disc or a flat dish. The proximal region of the fistulae in anal atresias has most features of a normal anal opening: (1) it is surrounded by an internal sphincter, (2) the rectal pouch in the region of the internal sphincter as well as the fistulae are hypoganglionotic, (3) the proximal fistula region is lined by transitional epithelium, and (4) it contains anal glands. We, therefore, consider that the fistula should be designated as an ectopic anal canal. The most important result was the demonstration of a normal internal sphincter even in high and intermediate anomalies of anal atresias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

直肠癌保肛术前肛门功能评估的初步调查研究

目的探讨肛门直肠测压在中低位直肠癌保肛术前评估肛门功能的临床应用。方法采用肛肠动力检测系统（ARM）记录107例中低位直肠癌患者手术前的直肠肛管压力指标,采用向量测压软件分析系统临床数据。结果中低位直肠癌患者的肛管静息压比健康者轻度升高,直肠最小感觉阈值、初始排便阈值比健康者明显升高;不同性别患者的肛管长度、肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,中位及低位直肠癌患者的肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,〈60岁组和≥60岁组的直肠癌患者的肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论性别、年龄、肿瘤位置都是直肠癌患者肛门功能的影响因素。肛门直肠测压可以了解中低位直肠癌患者肛门内外括约肌的情况和评估患者的持便控便能力。     

直肠肛门测压对直肠肛门畸形术后肛门括约肌功能的评价

目的：探讨直肠肛门测压对先天性直肠肛门畸形术后肛门括约肌功能状态的评价。方法：采用连续、匀速牵拉的直肠肛门测压方法研究正常组及先天性直肠肛门畸形术后优良组与术后不良组儿童的测压结果及其与临床评分的相关性。结果：无肛术后患儿直肠肛管静息压（21．3±3．4）mmHg低于正常组（66．7±24．0）mmHg；肛门最大收缩压力患儿组（22．4±3．3）mmHg低于正常组（129．0±18．8）mmHg；高压带长度患儿组（12．3±4．6）mm短于正常儿组（23．6±4．6）mm；直肠肛门抑制反射（rectal and inhib—itory reflex，RAIR）不良组出现的比例与正常组和优良组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；直肠感知阈值和最大容量阈值患儿组与正常儿组无明显区别。结论：应用直肠肛门测压法能客观评价无肛术后肛门括约肌功能。     

两种术式治疗肛裂前后肛管直肠压变化的比较

通过对两种术式治疗肛裂前后肛管直肠压的变化观察,探讨可能造成肛裂术后肛门失禁的原因,为寻找更优的手术方法提供依据。将确诊的100例肛裂患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组50例采用肛门内括约肌侧位切断术,对照组50例采用肛门内括约肌后位切断术。对两种治疗肛裂的术式手术前后肛管直肠压、疗程及术后并发症、术后疼痛、术后排便等指标进行观察统计。结果显示,治疗后两组患者症状评分均较治疗前降低,两组近期疗效、术后并发症（创13水肿、创口感染、肛门狭窄、术后排尿困难）、术后排便情况差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,在疗程、术后出血、术后疼痛及肛管直肠压方面治疗组优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,肛门内括约肌侧位切断术较肛门内括约肌后位切断术治疗肛裂具有创口小、愈合快、痛苦小、并发症少、安全性高等优点。     

Posterior sagittal approach for repair of rectourethral fistula occurring after perineal surgery for imperforated anus at birth

PURPOSE: Posterior sagittal approach was used for the repair of 11 cases of rectourethral fistula between 1992 and 1998. METHODS: All these patients had rectourethral fistula as a result of perineal procedure performed for imperforate anus at the time of birth. In addition to the fistula repair, an associated anorectal stenosis (3 cases) and urethral stricture 11 case) also were corrected with this approach. All the patients underwent surgery under cover of a protective colostomy. RESULTS: Successful repair was achieved in all patients, and the follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 7 years. As far as bladder and bowel control, urinary control was normal in all 11 patients, whereas bowel control was normal in 10 cases. One patient who had severe scarring of anal sphincters caused by infection in the previous surgery still suffers occasional perianal soiling after 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior sagittal approach not only gives adequate exposure but also suits the basic principles of fistula repair, namely, completely separating the rectum from urethra and leaving normal rectal wall behind the urethral sutures thus eliminating the possibility of recurrence. In addition to fistula repair, one can also correct associated problems like anorectal stenosis or urethral stricture, and a mislocated rectum can be relocated within the sphincter complex.     

Unexpectedly deformed anal sphincter in low-type anorectal malformation

Purpose

The sphincter muscles in anorectal anomalies, which do not appear in the surgical field, cannot be described adequately. Details of the anal sphincter in low-type anorectal malformations were investigated using 3-dimensional (3D) image analysis.

Patients and Methods

Thirty patients (10 males and 20 females) with low-type anorectal malformation were investigated with multidetector-row helical computed tomography. An image of the anorectal part was obtained with a slice thickness of 1 mm and a reconstruction pitch of 0.5 mm. A 3D reconstruction on a personal computer was made with a volume rendering method assisted by our own software (NewVES).

Results

Very thin vertical fibers (VFs) were observed behind the fistula in almost half of the low-type cases. They did not wrap the distal end of the fistula. The 3D images of these sphincters were different in each case.

Discussion

The fistula was dislocated forward from the deformed hypoplastic sphincter. We suggest that surgical mobilization of the anorectum into the center of the hypoplastic sphincter would be difficult using the cut back or Potts methods.

Conclusion

The choice of surgical method should take into consideration the displaced and deformed hypoplastic anal sphincter.     

Transanoproctoplasty: a 21-year review

Background

Transanal anorectoplasty was developed through the 1980s by the senior author (AB) as an alternative approach to posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for the management of imperforate anus. This study evaluates this surgical approach and its longer-term results.

Methods

Case notes of all patients treated from 1984 to 2005 were reviewed. Operative procedures, colostomy requirement, complications, and long-term outcome were recorded. Patients were grouped according to the status of the pelvic floor, the location of the rectal fistula, and the sacral ratio.

Results

A total of 245 patients (175 male, 70 female) underwent transanal anorectoplasty. The perineum was well formed in 208 patients (85%), moderately formed in 15 (6%), and poorly formed in 22 (9%) patients. Two hundred three patients (82.8%) had a visible perineal or vulval fistula, 24 (9.8%) had a prostatic urethral fistula, whereas 18 (7.4%) had a bulbourethral fistula. Overall, 6 patients (2.5%) had wound infection or breakdown. As continence is age related, 32 patients were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 212 patients, 182 are continent with no soiling or only minimal staining. Thirty patients born with a poor perineum are incontinent.

Conclusion

Transanal anorectoplasty is a safe procedure with limited morbidity. It is sphincter sparing and permits accurate placement of the rectum with its internal sphincter within the anal canal. The anus lies accurately placed at the center of the external anal sphincter muscle complex. Given a well-performed surgical intervention, eventual continence relates to the original anatomy and neurology of the pelvic floor. Transanal anorectoplasty should be regarded as an alternative rather than as a substitute to posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for reconstruction of most forms of imperforate anus.     

Anal sphincter-CT and dorsal sphincteropexy - a new approach in therapy of obstructive defecation disorder

The dysplasia of anal sphincter represents an obstructive defecation disorder. The disease is known as "anterior displaced anus" in pediatric surgery. An anorectal malformation with missing dorsal osseous fixation of the sphincter complex is the underlying cause. Beyond clinical symptoms and examination result (anterior displaced anus with palpable dorsal gap) the defect can be visualized by computered tomography. A surgical correction is possible by the simple intervention of dorsal sphincteropexy.In our trial with 48 patients (male n = 12, female n = 36, mean age 51 +/- 17 years, follow-up in 39 patients) a significant improvement of defecation could be achieved in 46 % of the patients. In correlation to a good clinical outcome a significant reduction in the defecation score was observed. 10 % of the patients had only small changes in symptoms. However, the proportion of dissatisfied patients was relatively high with 44 %. In this group patients with long-standing chronic constipation and laxative abusus were found more often and the rate of previous anal or abdominal surgery was quite higher. Dissatisfied patients showed a higher variation in symptoms of pelvic floor disorders (e. g. anal pain syndrome) besides the rectal evacuation disorder. In addition to the heterogenity of symptoms chronic alterations of pelvic floor structures might create worse results in patients with chronic constipation.In spite of a lot of publications dealing with the functional anatomy of the pelvic floor only a few investigations on the dorsal sphincter dysplasia in patients with rectal evacuation disorder are found in the literature. Further investigations on this disorder are necessary.     

侧位内括约肌切断术治疗肛裂前后肛肠动力学变化的临床观察

为通过肛肠动力学检测探讨侧位内括约肌切断术治疗肌裂对肛门功能的影响,采用侧位内括约肌切断术治疗肛裂60例,术前术后进行直肠肛管测压,测毓直肠肛门反射（RAR）、肛管最夫收缩压（AMCP）、肛管最长收缩时间（ALCT）、直肠静息压（RRP）、肛管静息艇（ARP）,进行对比分析。结果最示,本组60例患者均痊愈出院。术后患者ARP显著降低,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;AMCP、ALCT、RRP与术前比较差异尤统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结果表明,肛裂患者行侧位内括约肌切断术后町引起一定的肛肠动力学变化,但肛门自制功能正常。     

Diagnostic evaluation of patients with faecal incontinence at a specialist institution

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the anorectal function, clinically, structurally, and functionally, in patients with faecal incontinence should ensure appropriate and individual treatment. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-six patients with faecal incontinence were reviewed regarding disease history and results of anorectal physiological tests and anal ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean age was 54 years, and 191 patients (85%) were female. Sixty-two patients had passive faecal incontinence only, 49 had urge faecal incontinence only, and 115 had both passive and urge faecal incontinence. Patients with passive faecal incontinence only had a significantly higher voluntary contraction pressure and less external sphincter abnormalities than patients with urge faecal incontinence or both passive and urge faecal incontinence. The structural abnormalities of the internal and external anal sphincters identified on anal ultrasonography were significantly associated with a low maximum resting pressure and with a low voluntary contraction pressure, respectively. The causes identified for this faecal incontinence were: in 90 patients idiopathic, in 76 obstetric injury, in 36 internal anal sphincter degeneration, in 20 anal surgical injury, in 6 rectal prolapse, and in 9 patients miscellaneous. CONCLUSIONS: The anal sphincter structure as demonstrated by ultrasonography was closely related to the anorectal function, as determined by anorectal physiological tests, and the observations from these were reflected in the range of patient-reported symptoms. Anal ultrasonography and anorectal physiological tests are useful tools, enabling us to identify the mechanisms and causes of faecal incontinence in at least 60% of the patients.     

肛瘘手术对直肠肛门反射影响的动力学研究

目的:研究直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射的变化。方法:用直肠肛管测压法检测30例正常人和37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射曲线的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)包括直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT)和直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT)。结果:30例正常人均能导引直肠肛门反射,37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT),直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)除肛门内括约肌舒张压和直肠肛门抑制反射时间外均明显小于正常组,两组间有极显著的差异(P<0.05～0.0001);直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射的等级比例正常人与肛瘘患者手术前后对比有显著性差异(P<0.05～0.005)。结论:直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射、直肠肛门抑制反射均比正常人明显减弱,尤其是术后患者。从直肠肛门反射及反射时间和直肠肛门反射定性的等级比例等指标说明肛瘘患者病变时与肛管括约肌功能障碍及术后括约肌损伤高度相关,亦可能是肛瘘患者术后引起排便障碍而致气体或液体,甚至是固体失禁的原因之一。     

三维肛管直肠腔内超声在肛瘘诊治中的应用

目的 探讨三维肛管直肠腔内超声定位肛瘘内口、显示瘘管走行的价值.方法 2008年11月至2010年1月应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛瘘患者127例,在三维立体模块中根据声像图特征进行内口定位、瘘管走行追踪.结果 定位内口116例,准确率91.3%(116/127),其中112例患者内口开口于齿线处,4例发现内口于直肠壶腹;127例患者定位主管,准确率100%(127/127),其中经括约肌瘘75例,括约肌间瘘47例,括约肌上瘘2例,括约肌外瘘3例;定位支管37例,准确率100%(37/37).结论 应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛瘘,能够准确定位内口、显示瘘管走行,能为临床治疗方法的选择提供必要的诊断依据.     

A prospective manometric study of the effect of anal fistula surgery on anorectal function

In 31 adults consecutively undergoing surgery for anal fistula (opening of fistulous tract), anorectal manometry was performed before and 7 months after the operation. The resting pressure was significantly reduced in the distal 3 cm of the anal canal postoperatively. Voluntary sphincter contraction was less markedly affected. Maximal squeeze pressure and maximal contractile power were significantly reduced, however, especially in women and after division of the external sphincter muscle. The pressures were significantly lower in women than in men, particularly after operation, and defective anal control was associated with reduced squeeze pressure. It is therefore suggested that in selected cases, primarily women, anal pressure should be measured preoperatively and division of the external sphincter muscle avoided if the pressure is low. Constant rectoanal inhibitory reflex was elicited by a significantly smaller distending volume and lower rectal pressure postoperatively than preoperatively which, like the reduced resting pressure, indicated impaired function of the internal sphincter muscle.     

Neural electrophysiological studies on the external anal sphincter in children with anorectal malformation

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Abnormality of innervation of external anal sphincter is one of the most important factors affecting postoperative anorectal function. The abnormalities of lumbosacral nerves have been reported in many radiological and histopathologic studies. There are few reports on the neurophysiological changes in children with anoractal malformation. The aim of this study was to examine the functional changes of nerves to the external anal sphincter in anorectal malformation. METHODS: Forty-five patients with anorectal malformation underwent studies of latencies of pudendo-anal reflex, spinoanal response, and evoked potential of cauda equine simultaneously. The conduction time of afferent nerve, efferent nerve, and sacral spinal center of pudendo-anal reflex arc were analyzed quantitatively. RESULTS: The latencies of pudendo-anal reflex, spino-anal response, and conduction time of sacral spinal center significantly are prolonged in patients with anorectal malformation (P< .05). There was significant difference between rectourethral fistula group and vestibular fistula group as well as low-type deformity group. The patients with lumbosacral anomalies such as lumbosacral spinal bifida or absence of S4 or S5 had prolonged latencies, especially the pudendo-anal reflex latency. There was significant negative correlation between the latencies and clinical scores. Although pudendoanal reflex latency was longer in patients who had posterior sagittal anorectoplasty than those who had abdominoperineal pull-through procedure, the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormality of nerves to external anal sphincters is one of the important causes for clinical outcome. The neural lesions vary in each type of anal and lumbosacral deformity.     

Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence

Forty-four consecutive patients with incontinence of solid stool of traumatic or idiopathic aetiology were examined by anal endosonography and standard anorectal physiology tests. Anal endosonography showed an external anal sphincter defect in four out of 11 (36 per cent) patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) incontinence. In the remaining seven patients both parts of the sphincter were intact and a linear relationship was found between the resting anal canal pressure and the endosonographic thickness of the internal anal sphincter. Twenty-eight out of 33 (85 per cent) patients with incontinence of traumatic origin had external sphincter defects, confirmed by concentric needle electromyogram mapping in the 19 patients in whom this was performed. Eleven of these 28 (39 per cent) patients also had disruption of the internal sphincter. Anal endosonography has revealed significant abnormalities in patients with faecal incontinence and has a complementary role to anorectal physiology in the routine investigation of these patients.     

中西医结合保存括约肌治疗肛门直肠周围脓肿的临床研究

以中西医结合保存括约肌的方法治疗肛门直肠周围脓肿２１例。并对患者术后的肛门外括约肌肌电图、肛管直肠内压、直肠感觉功能、肛门液体节制功能进行了检测。证明本法治疗肛门直肠周围脓肿根治率高，较好地保护了肛门括约肌。     

纳米银痔疮净用于复杂性肛瘘多切口引流术后的疗效观察

为探讨纳米银痔疮净在复杂性肛瘘多切口引流术后的临床疗效,采用主管切开挂线、支管旷置、对口浮线引流术治疗复杂性肛瘘53例,术后每日坐浴冲洗后循管道注入纳米银痔疮净。结果显示,本组53例患者均一次性治愈,近期治愈率为100％。随访6个月至3年,无复发,无肛门变形、肛门失禁等并发症。结果表明,多切口复杂性肛瘘引流术后应用纳米银痔疮净,操作简单,患者自觉整个疗程创面干爽,疼痛轻微,效果良好。该方法既能保护肛门括约肌的功能,又町达到一次治愈的目的,值得临床推广。     

Computed tomography of the pelvis in pediatric proctology]

The article shows the wide possibilities of computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of the topography of muscles forming the external sphincter of the anus (ESA) in patients with developmental anorectal anomalies and in trauma and rupture of the perineum. It is shown that in anorectal anomalies with fistulas opening into the urinary system the puborectal muscular sling is "drawn up" ventrally in relation to the external sphincter elements lying closer to the surface. Analysis of the results of CT examination of the pelvic floor in 16 children with anorectal anomalies showed that the degree of development of the sphincter muscles does not always correspond to the level of atresia. For instance, the mass of the ESA muscles is manifested more in some forms of cloacal atresia than in "tubular" stenoses of the rectum (anorectal stenosis--Curravino-triad component) (G. Curravino, 1981). CT examination of children with this complex of caudal anomalies allowed the authors to reveal a fourth constant component: dysplasia of the pelvic floor and a specific developmental anomaly of the anal sphincter. CT is the method of choice in the examination of children with this pathological condition because it makes it possible to recognise the presence of presacral masses. The use of CT in traumas and ruptures of the perineum allows the depth and extension of ruptures of the ESA muscles to be authentically determined.