前S1抗原诊断乙型肝炎病毒复制的临床探讨

目的分析前S1抗原与乙型肝炎病毒血清复制指标之间的关系。方法对651例乙型肝炎病毒标志物阳性血清,检测其HBV DNA、HBeAg和前-S1,分析检出率及相关性。结果HBV DNA、前-S1在HBsAg、HBeAg、HB-cAb阳性组中的检出率分别达98.5%、97.0%,HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性组中为63.0%、62.4%,HBsAg、HBcAb阳性组中为49.1%、45.4%。HBV DNA≥103拷贝/ml的399例中HBeAg和前-S1的阳性率分别为34.1%、95.7%;HBV DNA<103拷贝/ml的252例中HBeAg和前-S1的阳性率分别为0.9%、2.4%。HBV DNA与HBeAg的检出率差异有显著性,与前-S1的检出率差异无显著性。结论前-S1抗原较HBeAg更敏感地反映HBV复制的情况。     

几种常见乙肝模式患者乙肝病毒前S1抗原检测的临床价值

目的：探讨乙肝前S1抗原（pre-S1）在几种常见乙肝模式患者鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法：对353例乙肝两对半不同模式的患者血清及50例全阴对照组血清，同步进行pre-S1及HBV-DNA检测。结果：在HB—sAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋）、HBcAb（＋）模式组，pre—S1检出率为85．7％，HBV-DNA检出率为87．8％；在HBsAg（＋）、HBcAb（＋）、HBeAb（＋）模式组，pre-S1检出率为53．9％，HBV-DNA检出率为49．4％；在HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋）模式组，pre—S1检出率为78．3％，HBV—DNA检出率为80．0％；在HBsAg（＋）、HBcAb（＋）模式组，pro-S1检出率为28．6％，HBV—DNA检出率为24．5％；在HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋）、HBeAb（＋）模式组，pre-S1检出率为16．7％，HBV—DNA检出率为0．0％；在其他模式组，pre-S1和HBV-DNA检出率均为0．0％。结论：乙肝前S1抗原可作为HBV在体内复制的可靠标志。     

乙型肝炎病毒丹氏颗粒抗原在慢性乙型肝炎病毒检测中应用的研究

目的分析乙肝病毒五项检测方法和乙肝病毒丹氏颗粒抗原检测试剂在检测慢性乙型肝炎感染中的一致性,探讨丹氏颗粒抗原检测试剂在检测慢性乙肝感染的经济性和可靠性。方法ELISA方法检测134例慢性乙肝患者的血清标志物和丹氏颗粒抗原,荧光定量PCR方法检测HBV DNA。比较各组丹氏颗粒抗原水平及HBVDNA定量水平和乙肝五项的相互关系。结果慢性乙肝患者HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb阳性组、HBsAg、HBcAb阳性组、HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性组和HBsAb、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性组丹氏颗粒抗原阳性率分别为100.0(、100.0(、94.3(和0。结论丹氏颗粒抗原试剂在检测慢性乙肝感染中与乙肝五项指标及HBV DNA定量之间具有一致性。丹氏颗粒抗原是一个能较好的反应乙肝病毒复制的指标,对乙肝的诊断、预后及抗病毒疗效观察有较好的实用价值。     

乙型肝炎患者前S_1抗原与病毒血清学标志物及HBVDNA含量的相关性分析

目的：探讨乙型肝炎患者前S1（Pre-S1）抗原与病毒血清学标志物（HBV-M）、HBV DNA含量的相关性,以评价Pre-S1抗原检测的临床应用价值。方法：检测316例乙型肝炎患者病毒Pre-S1与HBV-M及HBV DNA含量,并进行相关性分析。结果：Pre-S1在HBeAg阳性患者中阳性率为95.7%,与HBeAg及HBV DNA具有相关性（P〈0.01）。结论：Pre-S1与HBV DNA具有相关性,且较HBeAg更敏感,可以作为评价HBV复制的重要指标。     

血清乙型肝炎病毒前S1抗原对判定HBV DNA复制的临床价值

目的通过分析HBV Pre-S1抗原与HBeAg和HBV DNA的相关性,以探讨其在诊断HBV复制的临床价值。方法采用ELISA法、荧光定量PCR法检测450例HBsAg阳性及50例健康对照血清标本的HBV Pre-S1抗原、血清HBV标志物、HBV DNA及肝功能。结果在450例HBsAg阳性血清中,HBeAg、Pre-S1抗原和HBV DNA阳性率分别为40.0%、57.3%和61.6%;Pre-S1抗原、HBV DNA阳性率在HBeAg阴性与阳性组间差异有统计学意义（x2=84.2,x2=110.7,P〈0.01）;PreS1抗原与HBeAg和HBV DNA均存在相关性（x2=86.5x,2=272.1,P〈0.01）;Pre-S1抗原阳性组AST、ALT、TBl、γ-GT均高于阴性组（P〈0.01）;当HBV DNA拷贝数的对数值〉2.7lgcopies/ml时,Pre-S1抗原诊断HBV复制的敏感度为87.7%,特异度为91.3%,准确性为89.1%,阳性预测值为94.2%,阳性似然比为10.1,优势比为75.3,而HbeAg则分别为59.2%、90.8%、71.3%、91.1%、6.43和14.2。结论 HBV Pre-S1抗原与HBeAg和HBV DNA均有较好的相关性,可作为一项新的病毒复制的指标。     

乙型肝炎相关性肝脏疾病肝移植术后乙肝病毒复发的预防

目的通过乙型肝炎相关性肝脏疾病患者在拉米夫定联合乙型肝炎高效免疫球蛋白（HBIG）治疗下供肝植入前后受体乙型肝炎标志物变化，HBV基因序列变化检测，探讨其预防受体HBV再感染的效果。方法采用MEIA法、PCR-微流芯片法，基因测序法检测21例受体手术前后血清HBV—M、HBV—DNA定量、HBV—YMDD、HBVS基因α决定簇变异，同时采用ELISA法检测供体血清HBV—M。结果术前21例受体HBsAg、HBeAg／HBeAb、HBcAb阳性，16例HBV-DNA阳性，1例HBV．DNA阴性，4例HBV．DNA未测，术后19例患者HBV-M变成HBsAb或HBsAb、HBcAb阳性，1例为HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb阳性，1例为HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性，其中19例HBV-DNA阴性，2例HBV-DNA阳性，无一例术前、后出现HBV．YMDD、HBVS基因α决定簇变异，供肝HBV-M均阴性。结论拉米夫定联合HBIG预防肝移植术后乙肝复发疗效确切，乙肝低或无复发可能与供体HBV-M阴性及受体无HBVS基因d决定簇变异有关，术前受体HBV-DNA结果与术后乙肝复发相关性未显示。     

前S2抗原与HBVDNA及HBV血清标志物的关系分析

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒前S2（Pre-S2）抗原与乙肝病毒血清标志物五项、乙肝病毒DNA之间的相关性及临床意义。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验对982例乙肝患者血清标志物和乙肝病毒Pre-S2抗原进行检测;并用荧光定量PCR法对其进行HBVDNA检测。对HBV血清标志物不同阳性血清学模式进行分组分析。结果在HBeAg阳性模式组中,乙肝病毒Pre-S2和HBVDNA的检出率高,平均为95.34%和97.8%。在HBeAg阴性模式组中,乙肝病毒Pre-S2和HBVDNA的检出率低,平均为39.7%和32.3%。在HBsAg、HBeAg均为阴性的模式中Pre-S2抗原为1.45%。结论 Pre-S2抗原与HBeAg和HBVDNA密切相关;Pre-S2抗原检测完善和补充了乙肝病毒血清标志物检测的不足。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV血清标志物与HBV DNA的相关性分析

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV血清标志物(HBV serum markers,HBV-M)HBsAg、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb和HBcAb IgM含量与HBV DNA水平的相关性,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据。方法采用化学发光微粒子免疫测定法和荧光定量聚合酶链反应分别检测446例慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者血清HBsAg、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb含量和HBV DNA水平,同时检测54例HBcAb IgM阳性患者的血清HBV DNA水平,统计分析HBV-M含量与HBV DNA水平的相关性。结果①CHB患者血清中,HBsAg和HBeAg含量与HBV DNA水平呈正相关(P<0.05),HBeAb和HBcAb含量与HBV DNA水平未见相关性(P>0.05);②HBcAb IgM阳性患者中HBcAb IgM含量与HBV DNA水平亦未见相关性(P>0.05)。结论 CHB患者血清HBsAg和HBeAg含量与HBV DNA水平呈正相关。定量检测HBV-M和HBV DNA能更好地了解HBV的动态变化,对诊断和治疗有重要指导意义。     

乙肝病毒外膜大蛋白检测在临床诊断与治疗中的意义

目的:对乙肝病毒血清学标志物HBV-M(包括HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb),乙肝病毒外膜大蛋白(HBV-Lp),乙肝病毒前S1抗原(HBV-Pres1)和乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸(HBV-DNA)联合检测结果进行比较,观察乙肝病毒外膜大蛋白(HBV-Lp)检测在临床诊断治疗乙肝中的应用价值,寻求比现有常规检测更敏感、更准确的实验室乙肝检测方法。方法:将感染科461例标本分成5组进行比较分析:78例乙肝表面抗原(吸收度A值1)阴性血清标本为A对照组;9例HBsAg弱阳性(吸收度A值为1~2)血清标本为B组;201例HBsAg阳性(吸收度A值2)且HBV-DNA含量5×102IU/ml的血清标本为C组;133例HBsAg阳性(吸收度A值2)且HBV-DNA含量5×102~5×105IU/ml的血清标本为D组;40例HBsAg阳性(吸收度A值2)且HBV-DNA含量5×105IU/ml的血清标本为E组。用酶联免疫吸附法检测HBV-M,HBV-Lp和HBVPres1,PCR-荧光探针法定量检测HBV-DNA。结果:A组和B组未见Pre-S1和HBV-LP结果异常。C、D、E组中HBeAg的阳性率依次为0.99%,6.02%,77.50%;Pre-S1的阳性率依次为29.35%,42.86%,90.00%;HBVLP的阳性率依次为38.31%,55.64%,95.00%,HBV-LP、HBeAg和Pre-S1的阳性率可能性均随着HBV-DNA含量的增加而增大(P0.05)。C、D、E组中HBeAg、Pre-S1和HBV-LP的检出率分别为10.96%,40.64%,50.53%,HBV-LP的检出率明显高于HBeAg和Pre-S1的检出率(P0.05)。通过对相同HBV-DNA含量组的HBV-LP、HBeAg和Pre-S1阳性率进行统计学t检验比较,可以看出HBV-LP的检出率明显高于HBeAg和PreS1的检出率(P0.05)。C、D、E组中HBV-LP的平均吸收度A值依次为2.53,5.35,13.93。HBV-DNA含量的增加伴随着有HBV-LP浓度的增加(P0.05)。结论:HBV-LP检测比HBeAg和Pre-S1检测敏感性强,被检出的可能性更大,漏检的可能性更小。HBV-LP检测与HBV-DNA检测呈正相关性,HBV-LP在HBsAg阳性而HBV-DNA检测阴性时有理想的检出率,可能会对乙型肝炎诊断治疗进行补充作用。     

HBeAg阴性慢性乙肝患者血清前S1抗原与HBV DNA的关系

目的通过分析HBV Pre-S1抗原与HBV DNA的关系,探讨HBeAg阴性慢性乙肝患者血清前S1抗原检测的临床价值。方法采用ELISA法、荧光定量PCR法及生化检测270例HBeAg阴性慢性乙肝患者及50例健康对照血清Pre-S1抗原、HBV DNA及肝功能,并对检查结果进行相关性分析。结果 270例HBeAg阴性血清中,Pre-S1抗原和HBV DNA阳性率分别为39.6%和41.9%,Pre-S1抗原与HBV DNA存在相关性（χ^2=187.0,P〈0.01）;Pre-S1抗原阳性组AST、ALT、TBIL、γ-GT均高于阴性组（P〈0.01）;当HBV DNA拷贝数的对数值〉2.7时,Pre-S1抗原诊断敏感度85.8%,特异度93.6%,准确性90.4%,阳性预测值90.7%,阳性似然比13.4,优势比89.1。结论 HBV Pre-S1抗原与HBV DNA、肝功能均有较好相关性,在HBeAg阴性慢性乙肝患者中,它能够敏感、准确地反映HBV的复制和肝功能状况,可作为乙肝病毒复制的一项新传染性指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.