北京市城郊两区娱乐服务场所暗娼艾滋病相关危险行为调查分析

目的了解北京市城郊两个区娱乐服务场所的暗娼艾滋病相关危险行为现状,评估暗娼感染艾滋病的风险,为在暗娼中开展行为干预提供科学依据。方法采用方便抽样方法对娱乐场所进行抽样,对场所内暗娼进行面对面问卷调查及采血检测。结果调查341名暗娼,最近一周商业性伴数中位数为3人。最近一次与商业性伴和固定性伴发生性关系时,使用安全套的比例分别为72.9%和49.3%;最近一月与商业性伴和固定性伴每次都用安全套的比例分别为44.1%和26.7%。城区暗娼商业性伴数高于郊区,最近一次与商业性伴使用安全套的比例和最近一月与商业性伴每次都用安全套的比例,均小于郊区。2.9%的暗娼吸毒。最近一年出现性病相关症状的比例为41.1%,其中到正规医院就诊的占75.7%。无一例感染艾滋病,梅毒快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验和梅毒螺旋体抗体阳性检出率分别为1.17%和12.1%。结论北京市城郊两区娱乐服务场所暗娼中存在引起艾滋病感染和流行的危险行为因素,且城区暗娼感染艾滋病的风险高于郊区。提示应加强娱乐服务场所的艾滋病干预工作,尤其是应把城区作为干预工作的重点。     

HIV awareness and condom use among female sex workers in Afghanistan: implications for intervention

There is little information about HIV awareness or condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) in Afghanistan. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess HIV awareness, knowledge, and condom use among FSWs in three Afghan cities. FSWs residing in Jalalabad, Kabul, and Mazar-i-Sharif were recruited through outreach programs and completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and rapid tests for hepatitis B surface antigen, HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C virus. Logistic regression identified factors associated with HIV awareness, comprehensive HIV knowledge (knowledge that HIV cannot be detected by sight, that condoms prevent HIV, and rejection of local misconceptions about HIV transmission), and consistent condom use (use with every sex act) with clients in the last six months. Of 520 participants, 76.9% had no formal education and 37.7% lived outside Afghanistan in the last five years. Nearly half (44.2%) were aware of HIV but, of these, only 17.4% (N = 40) had comprehensive HIV knowledge. There were significant differences by site; FSWs in Jalalabad were more likely to be aware of HIV but FSWs in Kabul were more likely to have correct HIV knowledge and use condoms consistently with clients. Consistent client condom use was reported by 11.5% (N = 60) and was independently associated with having more clients per month (AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.04-3.81). In conclusion, comprehensive HIV knowledge and consistent condom use with clients are low among Afghan FSWs in these cities. Efforts to reach this population should focus on relaying accurate information and expanding condom use with clients.     

云南省某市低档场所女性性工作者无保护性行为及影响因素分析

目的了解云南省某市低档场所女性性工作者(FSWs)无保护性行为发生状况及主要影响因素,为有效地开展艾滋病干预工作提供参考。方法通过滚雪球的方式招募目标人群,进行面对面的调查,数据采用SPSS17.0作统计学处理,运用逐步向前法的Logistic回归分析确定影响安全性行为的因素。结果共得到有效样本426名,在调查中发现被调查者与商业性性伴最近一个月的无保护性行为发生率为16.2%,与男友(配偶)最近一月无保护性行为的发生率为84.5%。多因素Logistic回归模型分析发现,文化程度、近一月与客人发生性行为使用安全套的频率、是否知道上次AIDS检测结果,是FSWs与商业性性伴发生无保护性性行为的危险因素。低档场所FSWs与不同性伴发生无保护性行为的情况有很大差异,尤其是在与亲密伴侣发生性行为时,由于亲密关系等因素,常常忽略无保护性行为的危险。结论低档场所FSWs在与客人发生性行为时,虽无保护性行为的发生率很低,但不能忽视其重复率。提示在低档场所FSWs的艾滋病干预中,应针对不同性伴而采用不同的干预措施,并及时告知检测结果。     

The absence of HIV seropositivity contrasts with a high prevalence of markers of sexually transmitted infections among registered female sex workers in Toliary,Madagascar

In a cross-sectional study in 1998 we assessed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis infections and their risk factors among the 316 registered female sex workers (FSWs) of Toliary, south-west Madagascar. No case of HIV infection was detected, but 18.4% of registered FSWs had syphilis. Only half of these women regularly used condoms. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for syphilis infection were multiple clients per week and, paradoxically, regular use of condoms. The variables associated with irregular use of condoms were younger ages of registered FSWs, multiple clients per week and Malagasy clients. The high prevalence of syphilis infection associated with irregular use of condoms might facilitate a very fast spread of HIV infection among these FSWs. Promotion of condom use and surveillance of sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection incidence are needed in the south of Madagascar.     

暗娼人群2005-2007年行为监测主要指标分析

目的分析中国暗娼人群艾滋病相关行为变化及艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染流行趋势,为艾滋病综合防治和科学干预提供信息和依据。方法对2005-2007年连续开展监测的41个暗娼综合监测点,以重复横断面调查的方法,对社区娱乐场所及街头的暗娼人群进行问卷调查并采血。结果2005-2007年连续开展监测的41个暗娼综合监测点中,三年间监测对象最近一次商业性行为安全套使用率分别为73.7%、81.1%和81.5%;最近一个月商业性行为坚持使用安全套的比例分别为49.3%、56.4%和55.4%;约有1/3的监测点发现监测对象中有注射吸毒暗娼;艾滋病传播途径知晓率分别为62.4%、57.3%和64.8%;接受过HIV检测并知晓检测结果者的比例分别为：10.9%、16.6%和24.9%;最近一年内接受过干预服务者的比例分别为：51.3%、78.8%和89.8%;HIV阳性检出率（中位数）均为0.0%;梅毒阳性检出率分别为0.6%、1.0%和1.2%。结论暗娼人群安全套使用率和艾滋病知识知晓率有待于进一步提高,最近一次安全套使用率判断趋势可能造成高估。接受过干预服务者的比例呈上升趋势,行为干预、自愿咨询检测、宣传教育的覆盖面逐步扩大,可及性不断提高。HIV感染率总体水平低,局部地区流行水平较高,部分暗娼有注射吸毒行为、高危行为状况不容乐观,提示干预工作长期而艰巨,需不断开展综合防治,保证干预的力度、效果和持续性。     

High-risk sex among mobile female sex workers in the context of jatras (religious festivals) in Karnataka, India

Jatras (religious festivals) represent venues for female sex workers (FSWs) to meet potential clients in an environment of anonymity. Data from a survey conducted among 1499 mobile FSWs in Karnataka, India were analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Overall, 31% of mobile FSWs reported attending jatras in the previous year. Women who sold sex at jatras tended to practice sex work in public places, in their own homes or on highways. Jatra attendees reported lower condom use with their last commercial sexual partners at their usual places of sex work. Jatra-related mobility was a significant predictor of non-condom use at their usual place of residence, after controlling for sociodemographic, sex work-related, HIV vulnerability and programme exposure variables. Moreover, only 13% of FSWs used condoms consistently at jatras. Condom availability and accessibility at jatras should be a priority for HIV prevention programmes, and such programmes should make efforts to introduce outreach activities at jatras.     

四川省某市街头暗娼及其顾客艾滋病相关行为研究

目的了解街头暗娼及其顾客的社会人口学特征、艾滋病相关行为及其影响因素。方法以站桩点(街头暗娼聚集地)为调查现场,由街头暗娼同伴教育者识别对象,调查员主动接近并面对面匿名调查街头暗娼和男性顾客,运用SPSS 12.0进行统计分析。结果100名性服务男性顾客平均38.03岁;在街头的性交易频率为16次/年;最近1年商业性性交易中坚持使用安全套的比例14%,与艾滋病知识得分呈正相关(OR=2.25);36%的男性顾客最近1次商业性行为中使用了安全套,与年龄(OR=1.45)和艾滋病知识得分(OR=4.54)呈正相关。43名街头暗娼平均35.03岁,吸毒者比例较大(37.21%),平均每周接待客人14.07次,其服务对象多为工地工人、老年人和农民。结论街头商业性性交易频率高,安全套使用率低,应主动对街头暗娼及其顾客采取针对性干预措施。     

A Randomized Controlled Trial of an HIV Prevention Intervention for Street-Based Female Sex Workers in Yerevan,Armenia: Preliminary Evidence of Efficacy

This study evaluated the efficacy of an HIV intervention among female sex workers (FSWs) randomized to an intervention or wait-list control. FSWs (N = 120) completed baseline, 3- and 6-month assessments. A health educator implemented 2-hour intervention emphasized gender-empowerment, self-efficacy to persuade clients to use condoms, condom application skills, and eroticizing safer sex. Over the 6-month follow-up, FSWs in the intervention reported more consistent condom use with clients (P = .004) and were more likely to apply condoms on clients (P = .0001). Intervention effects were observed for other psychosocial mediators of safer sex. Brief, gender and culturally congruent interventions can enhance HIV-preventive behaviors among FSWs.     

Human papillomavirus prevalence, cervical abnormalities and risk factors among female sex workers in Lima, Peru

Female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Questionnaires were administered to 200 FSWs aged 18-26 years in Lima, Peru, to gather risk behaviours, and cervical swab samples were collected for Pap smears and HPV DNA testing as part of a longitudinal study. Participants reported a median of 120 clients in the past month, and 99.2% reported using condoms with clients. The prevalence of any HPV in cervical samples was 66.8%; 34 (17.1%) participants had prevalent HPV 16 or 18, and 92 (46.2%) had one or more oncogenic types. Fifteen women had abnormal Pap smears, 13 of which were HPV DNA positive. Fewer years since first sex was associated with oncogenic HPV prevalence in a model adjusted for previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) status and condom use with partners (prevalence ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-0.97). Our data confirm the high rates of HPV transmission among FSWs in Peru, highlighting the need for early and effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer.     

Condom use and self-efficacy among female sex workers with steady partners in China

This study attempted to determine the association of self-efficacy with condom-use practice and to explore reasons of not using condoms among female sex workers (FSWs) with steady partners in China. Data from 309 establishment-based FSWs with steady partners in one Chinese county were collected through a cross-sectional study. Consistent condom use with steady partners was lower than with clients in entertainment establishments. Condom-use self-efficacy was positively associated with condom-use communication and condom-use frequency with clients but not with steady partners. It was positively associated with condom-use intention and skill with clients and steady partners. However, it was not associated with appropriate use of condoms. Significant differences of reasons about not using condom were also observed between the two partner types. The results may represent an important challenge to STD and HIV intervention programs aimed at achieving consistent condom use in FSWs. Health workers should focus on psychosocial factors affecting inconsistent condom use among FSWs with steady partners in China. In addition, intervention programs that can promote FSWs' self-efficacy through condom-use skill training will still be necessary.     

Behavioral surveillance and factors associated with condom use and std incidences among the male commercial sex client population in Hong Kong--results of two surveys.

The present study compared the results of behavioral surveillance data obtained on the male clients of female sex workers (FSWs) population in Hong Kong. Two surveys, using an identical method, were completed in 1998 and 2000. Respectively, 1,020 and 2,074 respondents aged 18-60 who were randomly selected from the general population participated in the study. About 12% of the respondents had patronized FSWs in the past 6 months in 2000 as compared with 14% in 1998 (p = .143). Crossing the border for sex and purchasing sex in multiple geographic areas was very common and a higher percentage of respondents reported having patronized FSWs in mainland China in 2000 than in 1998 (p = .003). About 25% of the respondents in both surveys had not always been using condoms (i.e., not used condoms every time) when having sexual intercourse with FSWs. Those who practiced commercial sex in mainland China were less likely to have always been using condoms with FSWs (p < .01) and were more likely to have ever contracted STD in the past 6 months (p < .05), when compared with those who had purchased sex only in Hong Kong or in other places.     

Condom use, intervention service utilization and HIV knowledge among female sex workers in China: results of three consecutive cross-sectional surveys in Shandong Province with historically low HIV prevalence

Heterosexual transmission of HIV through contact with female sex workers (FSWs) is a growing concern for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Using consecutive cross-sectional surveys, we examined the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), risk behaviours, HIV knowledge and the utilization of intervention services among FSWs in Shandong Province. Of 3460 participants, half reported ever having STI-related symptoms, 57.8% had ≥7 clients in the last week, half reported inconsistent use of condoms with clients and 11.2% reported ever using illicit drugs. Consistent use of condoms with clients was associated with higher education, being 20-24 years of age, being recruited from hotels, having ever received free condoms and was inversely associated with STI-related symptoms. HIV-related knowledge was associated with higher education, ever testing for HIV and inversely associated with self-reported STI-related symptoms. The low rates of condom use, high number and frequent turnover of clients, high prevalence of self-reported STIs and drug use highlight the urgency for more effective intervention in these FSWs.     

深圳市娱乐场所女性性服务工作者和男性顾客艾滋病相关知识和行为调查

目的了解同一社区女性性服务工作者（FSW）和男性顾客艾滋病相关知识和行为状况。方法在同一社区招募177名FSW和154名性服务男性顾客,分别进行匿名问卷调查。结果（1）超过80％的FSW和顾客都了解艾滋病的基本传播途径,但对于不是艾滋病的传播途径则认识比较模糊。（2）商业性行为使用安全套频率女性为97．7％,男性为84．2％;男性顾客和FSW在和固定性伴侣和临时性伴侣使用安全套频率都低于和商业性伴侣,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）77％男性顾客和83．9％FSW从来没有参加艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）。结论男性顾客和FSW的艾滋病相关知识认知不够,且发现这两个人群是可以进行接触和干预的,由于男性顾客是艾滋病从高危人群向普通人群传播的“中间桥梁”,可以作为艾滋病干预的重点人群。     

以规范化性病门诊为依托的暗娼艾滋病综合干预效果评价

目的利用连续开展的行为学和血清学监测数据,对以规范化性病门诊为依托的暗娼艾滋病综合干预效果进行评价。方法在铜陵市城区,针对娱乐场所暗娼,开展以规范化性病门诊为依托的艾滋病综合干预工作,每年开展行为学与血清学监测,利用连续开展的综合监测数据对干预效果进行评价。结果 2006-2009年分别有效监测暗娼384人、444人、402人和412人。8个艾滋病知识题答对6题为知晓,暗娼的知晓率逐年增加,从2006年的73.44%上升到2009年的88.35%。最近一次与客人发生性关系时安全套使用率,由2006年的41.93%增加到2009年的66.26%,趋势性检验(χ2=44.641,P<0.001)表明,使用率呈逐年增长的趋势。最近一个月每次都用安全套的比例从2006年的14.32%提高到2008年的30.85%、2009年的25.49%。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,未婚、户籍为外省的暗娼艾滋病知识达到知晓程度者在最近一次性服务中更倾向于使用安全套。监测4年间均未发现HIV抗体阳性者,梅毒阳性检出率2006-2009年分别为3.13%、0.68%、1.49%、0.73%。结论以规范化性病门诊为依托的暗娼艾滋病综合干预取得了较好的效果,应充分利用连续开展的行为学监测和血清学监测数据对艾滋病干预活动进行效果评估。     

Predictors of condom errors among sex workers in Armenia

This cross-sectional study identified the prevalence and correlates of condom-use errors among female sex workers (FSWs) in Armenia. One hundred and seventeen street-based FSWs aged 20-52 years completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Condom-use errors were reported by 78.0% of participants. Number of clients, higher frequency of condom application on clients by FSWs, greater perceived barriers to condom use, elevated depressive symptomatology and having sex while drinking alcohol were significantly associated with higher number of condom-use errors. History of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was marginally significant while consistent condom use was not significant in the final model. The multiple regression model accounted for 32.5% of the variance in condom-use errors. Condom-use errors are prevalent in this population, thus attenuating the intended protective effects of condoms. Interventions with FSWs in Armenia should specifically address the factors identified in this study toward the goal of reducing condom errors and ultimately preventing acquisition of STIs including HIV.     

High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium among female sex workers in Honduras: implications for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections

This study describes HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma genitalium among female sex workers (FSWs) in four cities in Honduras. In 2006, 795 FSWs from Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba and Comayagua were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and tested for HIV prevalence and STI. HIV prevalence ranged from no infections in Comayagua to 5.4% in Tegucigalpa. With the exception of Comayagua, more than 20% of FSWs were infected with M. genitalium. M. genitalium in the aggregated cities was associated with HIV positivity, being aged ≤30 years old, drinking alcohol more than once weekly and always using condoms with regular clients in the past month. In comparison with a 2001 surveillance study we found lower rates of HIV infection. Interventions for HIV control and prevention among FSWs, including promotion of condom use, are needed in Honduras.     

Condom Use and Its Correlates Among Female Sex Workers in Hanoi, Vietnam

Knowledge of female sex workers’ (FSW) condom use behaviors in Vietnam is important for predicting the epidemic and designing interventions. Four hundred FSWs in Hanoi were studied in 2002. Consistent condom use in the past month was higher with irregular clients (62%), less with regular clients (41%), and lowest with “love mates” (5%). Reasons for not using condoms were partner objection, condom unavailability, and belief of partner's disease-free status. Twenty-seven percent reported not always having a condom available. Thirty-five percent reported increasing condom use in the previous 6 months. Reluctance to ask clients to use condoms and condom unavailability were independently associated with inconsistent condom use with both irregular and regular clients. Older age was also associated with inconsistent condom use with irregular clients. Condom promotion should focus on FSWs and their partners. Negative attitudes toward FSWs and condom promotion need to be changed to reduce stigmatization of FSWs and to make condom use a norm in the society.     

Sustained high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Cambodia: high turnover seriously challenges the 100% condom use programme

Background  

Cambodia's 100% Condom-Use Programme (CUP), implemented nationally in 2001, requires brothel-based female sex workers (FSWs) to use condoms with all clients. In 2005, we conducted a sexually transmitted infection (STI) survey among FSWs. This paper presents the STI prevalence and related risk factors, and discusses prevalence trends in the context of the 100% CUP in Cambodia.     

HIV knowledge and risk behaviour of female sex workers in Yunnan Province, China: potential as bridging groups to the general population

There is growing evidence about the importance of female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients as bridging groups for the HIV epidemic. In China the role of FSWs is key to the future trajectory of the epidemic. This study was carried out to explore factors which may increase the potential for FSWs to act as vectors for HIV transmission. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 84 sex workers in two types of brothel in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, where sex work and injecting drug use are common.The key findings are that the FSWs are young, (median age 17.8 years), their engagement in sex work is short term (69% plan to work for less than one year) and the throughput of clients is low (23% only 1-2 clients per week, 71% less than seven). Awareness of HIV, STIs and condom use was generally good, but only 32% always used condoms and 18% never did. Fifty-five percent had had a health check. FSWs at the cheaper, higher throughput brothels where condom use is uncommon are a potential bridge to the general population. Interventions must focus on these FSWs and their clients to prevent them from becoming drivers of the epidemic.