河南省首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的流行病学调查

[目的]通过对1例人感染H7N9禽流感病毒患者的调查分析,为人感染H7N9禽流感的科学防控提供依据。[方法]采用流行病学调查方法,调查病例的发病经过、可能的感染来源、传播途径及暴露因素等,医学观察患者的密切接触者,同时对患者进行临床诊治、实验室检测。[结果]确诊1例人感染HTN9禽流感病毒,经救治后痊愈出院。患者有明确的活禽接触史,咽拭子检测H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性。患者的密切接触者中均未发现异常临床表现。通过扩大监测流感病例160例和职业人群858例,均未发现H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性。当地活禽交易市场鸡咽拭子标本检出2份H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性,阳性鸡来源于外省。[结论]活禽暴露是人感染H7N9禽流感病毒的关键风险因素,暂无证据人传人,未发现人群隐性感染和轻症病例。仍需开展扩大监测和流行病学调查,以完善对感染谱的认识。     

赣州市1例人感染H7N9禽流感病例调查分析

目的通过对1例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的调查分析,为以后防控工作提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法,调查病例的发病就诊经过、可能的暴露来源,医学观察密切接触者及对流感样病例进行强化监测,采集病例鼻咽拭子标本,暴露环境标本进行RT-PCR流感核酸检测。结果病例确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感,经治疗后连续两次核酸检测阴性,痊愈出院。患者有明确的暴露史,医学观察密切接触者39人,流感样病例强化监测22人均未发现H7N9核酸阳性病例。病例暴露农贸市场环境标本,检出5份H7N9核酸阳性标本,农贸市场活禽来源于外省疫区。结论活禽市场暴露是人感染H7N9禽流感病毒的主要因素,未发现人传人病例。     

天津市首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学调查

目的分析天津市首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的流行病学特征,为科学防控提供依据。方法开展个案流行病学调查,了解病例的发病就诊情况、感染来源和途径、暴露的危险因素等,对密切接触者开展医学观察,开展外环境监测和强化监测等工作。采用Real-time PCR法对病毒核酸进行分型鉴定。结果结合病例临床表现、流行病学史和实验室检测结果,确诊为天津市首例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例。病例有明确的禽类接触史。确定密切接触者90人,经过为期1周的医学观察,无人出现发热、咳嗽等呼吸道症状,实验室检测未发现H7N9禽流感病毒感染。强化监测共报告流感样病例270例、严重急性呼吸道感染病例35例,未发现禽流感病毒核酸阳性者。采集病家周边外环境标本65份、附近活禽市场标本5份,均未检出H7N9禽流感病毒。结论本例禽流感病例感染来源不明。H7N9禽流感目前尚无人际间传播的证据,各部门的联防联控是疫情防控的关键。     

芜湖市首例人感染H7N9流感病例调查报告

目的探讨人感染H7N9流感发病特点及感染来源,为科学防控人感染H7N9流感提供依据。方法通过对人感染H7N9流感病例的发病经过、暴露因素及可能的感染来源进行流行病学调查,采集患者医学观察的密切接触者、职业暴露人群及相关禽和环境标本进行H7N9病毒核酸检测。结果患者有明确的活禽接触史,咽拭子和下呼吸道标本H7N9流感病毒核酸检测阳性,确诊感染人感染H7N9流感。病例所在活禽交易市场鸡咽拭子和环境标本H7N9流感病毒核酸阳性检出率为12.12%。检测密切接触者13人和职业暴露人群8人,H7N9流感病毒核酸均为阴性。76名密切接触者和8名职业暴露人群经医学观察均未发现异常。结论人感染H7N9流感,感染来源可能是农贸市场活禽摊档,未发现人传人情况。     

北京市大兴区首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的流行病学调查

目的分析北京市大兴区首例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例的流行病学特征,为人感染H7N9禽流感科学防控提供依据。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,了解病例的发病就诊情况、可能的感染来源、传播途径和暴露因素等;对可疑共同暴露者及密切接触者采取医学观察,开展强化监测及进一步扩大溯源监测等工作;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)进行甲型流感通用引物及H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测。结果该病例为北京市大兴区首例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例,经治疗后痊愈出院;病例有明确的禽类接触史,确定共同暴露者及密切接触者共7人,实验室检测均未发现H7N9禽流感病毒。强化监测共报告流感样病例(ILI)病例594例,严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)病例21例,采集咽拭子标本615件,均为H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阴性。溯源扩大监测共采集咽拭子标本176件,其中1件活禽散养户外环境涂抹、3件鸡咽拭子标本检测出H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性,其余均为阴性。结论活禽暴露史是该病例感染的关键风险因素,提示存在"禽-人"或"禽-环境-人"传播方式。应加强H7N9禽流感防治知识的宣传教育,有效控制疫情的发生发展。     

辽宁省首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学调查

目的分析辽宁省首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学特征,为H7N9禽流感防控提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学调查方法调查辽宁省首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的发病和就诊经过、可能感染来源、传播途径及暴露因素等,并排查密切接触者实施健康医学观察,同时开展外环境采样检测和疫点消毒。结果辽宁省确诊的首例人感染H7N9禽流感本地感染病例为67岁男性城市居民,6月8日因咳嗽、咳痰前往医院就诊,询问病史发现有病死鸡接触史,采集病例下呼吸道痰液开展核酸聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测为H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性,省和国家疾病预防控制中心实验室复核检测结果一致,均为阳性;于发病17 d后合并呼吸衰竭死亡;119名密切接触者实施为期7 d的医学健康观察,未出现健康异常;外环境和活禽监测H7N9禽流感核酸检测结果均为阴性。结论辽宁省H7N9禽流感防控形势严峻,涉禽外环境可能存在H7N9禽流感病毒污染,应加强城市散养家禽和活禽市场管理,认真落实各项防控措施,防止疫情扩散和传播。     

江西泰和县一起人感染H7N9禽流感家庭聚集性疫情调查

目的 分析江西省首起人感染H7N9禽流感家庭聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,追溯病例的感染来源,并探讨其传播途径。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法对病例及其密切接触者进行调查与分析,采用实时反转录-聚合酶链式反应方法对病例和环境标本进行H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测。结果 2例H7N9禽流感确诊病例为母子关系,经积极救治病愈出院。首发病例（病例A）于2016年4月1日发病,8日返回江西泰和县就诊,发病前1周在福建晋江市有活禽接触和活禽市场暴露史,并在可疑暴露市场标本中检出H7N9禽流感病毒。病例A的密切接触者中,除病例B（病例A母亲）于4月5日发病外,其余密切接触者经医学观察未出现异常。结论 2例病例系江西省首起输入性人感染H7N9禽流感家庭聚集性病例,其感染途径为共同暴露还是有限的人传人尚无明确证据。     

江西省首例人感染H5N6禽流感病例流行病学调查分析

目的通过对江西省首例人感染H5N6禽流感病例的调查分析,探讨人感染H5N6禽流感感染因素。方法调查病例的发病就诊经过、可能的暴露来源,医学观察密切接触者,采集病例鼻咽拭子标本、暴露环境标本进行实验室检测,运用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果江西省首例人感染H5N6禽流感患者,咽拭子标本检测为H5N6禽流感病毒核酸阳性,为外地感染,有活禽暴露史,医学观察密切接触者25人未发现异常;病例明确诊断较晚,有基础性疾病史,早期缺乏针对性治疗,导致病情加重,最后因呼吸衰竭死亡。结论江西省人感染H5N6禽流感病例可能与活禽暴露有关。     

2015年深圳市宝安区首例人感染H7N9禽流感的流行病学调查

目的通过对2015年深圳市宝安区确诊的首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例进行流行病学调查,为H7N9禽流感的防控提供科学依据。方法运用现场流行病学调查方法,对病例的发病情况、感染来源、感染途径及暴露危险因素等进行现场调查,对病例的密切接触者进行为期7 d的医学观察,同时开展外环境溯源工作。结果该病例被确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感实验室确诊病例,患者有禽类及市场暴露史。经调查共有37名密切接触者,其中4人出现发热、咳嗽等呼吸道症状,经采样检测1名密切接触者被确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感实验室确诊病例,感染的来源可能是接触患者的痰液及气溶胶。通过应急监测流感样病例1 540例、严重急性呼吸道感染病例10例,均再未发现人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例。采集患者暴露市场禽类档口的19份环境标本进行检测,结果为13份标本H7N9病毒核酸阳性。结论患者感染的原因为在活禽市场购买及运送活禽。应加强活禽市场管理,加强禽流感宣传力度,降低人感染H7N9流感病毒的风险。     

诸暨市一起人感染H7N9禽流感聚集性疫情调查

目的调查诸暨市一起人感染H7N9禽流感聚集性疫情的感染来源和传播途径,为防制人感染H7N9禽流感提供依据。方法对2例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例及其密切接触者、可疑暴露场所进行现场调查,采集病例及密切接触者咽拭子标本、可疑暴露场所外环境标本,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测H7N9禽流感病毒核酸。结果病例A于2015年1月23日发病,2月4日确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感病例。调查发现A有活禽市场暴露史和家禽接触史,采集病例A发病前常去的活禽交易市场外环境标本10份,其中1份禽类笼具表面擦拭物标本检出H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性。病例B为病例A的胞兄,于2月7日发病,2月8日确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感病例,有过搀扶病例A、接触其擦拭痰液的餐巾纸等高危暴露行为,也有活禽市场暴露史和家禽暴露史。2例病例病情危重,均死亡。结论此疫情为一起人感染H7N9禽流感聚集性疫情,2例病例感染最可能的来源为活禽市场暴露,但也不能排除病例B与病例A密切接触感染的可能。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.