超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定生活饮用水及水源水中7种有机污染物残留量

目的建立生活饮用水及水源水中灭草松、莠去津、2,4-滴、呋喃丹、五氯酚、微囊藻毒素-LR、微囊藻毒素-RR残留量的检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。方法水样经微孔滤膜过滤后直接进样,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱电喷雾电离(ESI),多反应监测(MRM)模式检测7种有机污染物。结果灭草松、莠去津、呋喃丹、微囊藻毒素-LR、微囊藻毒素-RR在0.5~10μg/L范围内;2,4-滴、五氯酚在5~100μg/L范围内,均呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率在85.3%~103.9%,所测定的相对标准偏差在1.98%~4.78%之间。结论此方法灵敏快速,结果准确可靠,适用于生活饮用水及水源水中7种有机污染物残留检测。     

液相色谱串联质谱分析生活饮用水中灭草松和2,4-滴

目的建立高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱（LC-ESI-MS/MS）快速测定生活饮用水中灭草松和2,4-滴的方法。方法水样经高速离心后,应用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱仪多离子反应监测定量法检测灭草松和2,4-滴。结果灭草松在0.25~8.0μg/L的线性范围中,相关系数=0.9992,2,4-滴在1.0~30.0μg/L,相关系数=0.9999。该方法对灭草松和2,4-滴的最低检出限分别为0.02和0.04μg/L,最低定量限分别为0.054和0.12μg/L。通过对高、中、低三个浓度加标测试,灭草松和2,4-滴的回收率在96.5%~103.5%之间,精密度在0.5%~4.0%之间。结论方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、定量准确,满足测定生活饮用水中灭草松和2,4-滴的要求。     

超高效液相色谱/串联质谱分析生活饮用水中2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的方法研究

目的:建立检测生活饮用水中2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的超高效液相色谱/串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)。方法:水样经高速离心,Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEHC181.0×50 mm柱分离,以纯水和乙腈为流动相,采用UPLC-ESI-MS/MS法,以负离子检测方式,多离子反应监测(MRM)定量法检测生活饮用水中2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚。结果:经方法学验证,该方法对2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的最低检测限分别为0.5、3.0、1.0μg/L(进样量10μl)。在线性范围中,相关系数r均大于0.99,平均回收率分别在85%~115%之间。结论:方法快速、灵敏度高、操作简单、定量准确、测定浓度范围宽阔,是生活饮用水样品中2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚含量快速检测的理想方法。对东莞市生活饮用水样品检测表明:此水体中2,4-滴、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的含量都低于检测限。     

UPLC-MS/MS检测生活饮用水中部分非常规项目

目的建立生活饮用水中丙烯酰胺、微囊藻毒素(LR)、莠去津、乐果、灭草松、呋喃丹和2,4-滴的快速、准确检测方法。方法样品经0.20μm滤膜过滤,直接上机检测,优化最佳的色谱和质谱条件,运用超高效液相色谱—质谱联用(UPLC-MS)方法检测水质非常规项目中的7项指标。结果 7种组分保留时间均在4.0 min之内,检出限为0.0001~0.000 3 mg/L,加标回收率81.0%~102.3%。结论该方法快速、灵敏度好、成本低,能为水质非常规项目的检测提供有力的技术支持。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定水中10种农药

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水中(饮用水和水源水)呋喃丹、灭多威、残杀威、莠去津、灭草松、2,4-滴、敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷10种农药。方法采用直接进样方式,水样经0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,用Dikma leapsil C18(2.1mm×150mm×2.7μm)色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)电喷雾电离(ESI),多反应监测(MRM)模式,以0.1%甲酸甲醇-0.1%甲酸水为流动相等度洗脱,流速0.3mL/min,检测饮用水和水源水中的10种农药,外标法定量计算结果。结果方法的线性范围为0.1~50.0μg/L,相关系数均0.9996,检出限0.01~0.05μg/L;2个水平的平均加标回收率91.2%~99.8%;相对标准偏差(RSD)均7.66%。结论该法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点,适用于测定饮用水和水源水中多种农药,符合国家卫生标准方法建立的相关要求。     

UPLC-MS/MS检测生活饮用水中部分非常规项目

目的建立生活饮用水中丙烯酰胺、微囊藻毒素(LR)、莠去津、乐果、灭草松、呋喃丹和2,4-滴的快速、准确检测方法。方法样品经0.20μm滤膜过滤,直接上机检测,优化最佳的色谱和质谱条件,运用超高效液相色谱—质谱联用(UPLC-MS)方法检测水质非常规项目中的7项指标。结果 7种组分保留时间均在4.0 min之内,检出限为0.0001~0.000 3 mg/L,加标回收率81.0%~102.3%。结论该方法快速、灵敏度好、成本低,能为水质非常规项目的检测提供有力的技术支持。     

二氯甲烷萃取气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中的2,4-滴和灭草松

目的建立用二氯甲烷萃取生活饮用水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-滴)和灭草松,毛细管柱气相色谱电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定其浓度的方法。方法利用经典的液液萃取技术,选择最佳的衍生化温度反应条件,应用气相色谱法测定水样中2,4-滴和灭草松。结果以10倍信噪比计,2,4-滴的最低检测质量浓度为0.5μg/L,灭草松的最低检测质量浓度为0.7μg/L;工作曲线相关系数r≥0.999;二氯甲烷萃取2,4-滴和灭草松回收率分别在82.0%~89.6%与91.1%~94.4%之间,相对标准偏差在1.3%~2.3%与0.36%~1.7%之间。在10℃~15℃之间衍生化的2,4-滴和灭草松响应值明显高于15℃~20℃之间(P<0.05)。结论用二氯甲烷进行液液萃取,在10℃~15℃之间进行衍生,方法灵敏度和精密度均能满足分析要求。     

免试剂离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中2,4-D和灭草松残留量

目的:建立免试剂离子色谱法快速检测饮用水中2,4-D和灭草松残留量的方法。方法:在氢氧根系统-免试剂离子色谱系统内,优化并评价了对两种水溶性农药2,4-D和灭草松的检测条件和分析性能,并将其应用于生活饮用水的测定。结果:2,4-D和灭草松的线性范围均为0.010~1.000 mg/L,回归方程分别为Y=0.195X(r=0.9995)和Y=0.176X(r=0.9999),检出限为0.0021 mg/L和0.0023 mg/L,平均加标回收率为97.8%~99.3%和99.5%~100.2%,相对标准偏差为1.74%~3.52%(n=6)和3.26%~8.80%(n=6)。结论:该方法简单、灵敏,适用于饮用水中2,4-D和灭草松残留量的测定。     

饮用水中痕量灭草松和2,4-滴的固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱测定法

目的建立饮用水中灭草松和2,4-滴的固相萃取高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法。方法样品经C18固相萃取柱富集浓缩,利用C18色谱柱分离待测物,以甲醇和0.2%甲酸水溶液为流动相等度洗脱,负离子模式下质谱多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果灭草松和2,4-滴分别在0.122~298和0.612~1 488 ng/L的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999 0,检出限分别为0.078和0.235 ng/L,定量下限分别为0.261和0.782 ng/L。该方法灭草松的平均回收率为88.8%~103%,RSD9.1%,2,4-滴的平均回收率为92.3%~93.1%,RSD4.1%。结论该方法灵敏度和精密度均较高,回收率和重复性良好,适用于饮用水中灭草松和2,4-滴的测定。     

超高效液相色谱/串联质谱分析生活饮用水中莠去津和灭草松

目的：建立超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱快速测定生活饮用水中莠去津、灭草松的方法。方法：水样经WatersOasisHLB固相萃取净化，应用超高效液相色谱／电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪多离子反应监测（MRM）定量法检测莠去津、灭草松，建立了定量检测生活饮用水中莠去津、灭草松的快速、准确、高灵敏度的方法。结果：经方法学验证。该方法对莠去津、灭草松的最低检出限LOD分别为0．08、0．8μg／L（进样量10μl），最低定量限LOQ分别是0．1、1．0μg/L。在1．0～100．0μg／L的线性范围中，相关系数r〉0．9999，回收率：87．6％～103．0％。结论：方法灵敏度高、操作简单、定量准确、测定浓度范围宽阔，是环境水质样品中莠去津、灭草松含量检测的理想方法。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.