腔隙性脑梗塞的MRI与临床

观察２２１例经头颅ＭＲＩ确诊为脑梗塞资料，１５７例为腔隙性梗塞，〈６０岁者发病率为２３．６％，≥６０岁者为７６．４％，其中８６．６％的患者伴有明确的中枢神经系统症状，１３．４％神经系统检查无异常，腔隙梗塞以基底节区最多见的６１．８％，脑叶１５．９％，侧脑室体旁放射冠，半卵圆中心１１．５％，丘脑５．１％，脑干及小脑分别为２．５％和３．２％，病灶部位分布及临床体征，对腔隙性脑梗塞的早期诊断，治疗及预后     

脑干梗塞并发自主呼吸障碍

对２３例脑干梗塞病人的临床特征、影像学变化及３例脑的病理解剖分析，并深入地研究了脑干梗塞并发自主呼吸障碍的发生机制。２３例中１７例病人并发了自主呼吸功能障碍，占７３．９１％。其中７例表现为睡眠呼吸暂停，５例为深大呼吸，１例为长吸式呼吸，１例为间歇性呼吸，３例为节律失调性呼吸。脑干不同水平损害导致不同类型的自主呼吸障碍，中脑梗塞常以深大呼吸为表现，桥脑梗塞多呈睡眠呼吸暂停或长吸性呼吸，节律失调性呼吸常因延髓梗塞而致，但也可由上位病损波及而来。２３例中１５例死亡，并发自主呼吸障碍的病死率为８２．４％（１４／１７），不并发自主呼吸障碍的病死率仅为１６．７％（１／６），提示自主呼吸障碍是影响脑干梗塞病人预后不良的重要原因之一。     

原发性桥脑出血33例临床观察

经ＣＴ证实桥脑出血３３例，男２２例，女１１例，平均年龄６２．７岁。既往均有高血压病史。临床具有桥脑出血的典型症状仅为２４．２％。血肿部位以一侧桥脑被盖部与被基部为多，脑实质内出血量为０．６５～５．５毫升。合并腔隙性脑梗塞占３６．４％，脑萎缩３０．３％。病死率为３３．３％。该文旨在为早期诊断及治疗，提高存活率及生存质量水平，并对预后因素进行探讨     

颅内后循环动脉瘤

１９８２～１９９４年北京天坛医院神经外科治疗５７例椎－基底动脉瘤，占同期动脉瘤１１．２％，３７例经显微神经外科手术，术后２例死亡，手术死亡率５．４％，术后并发症１４．３％。动脉瘤位于基底动脉２４例，４２．１％，大脑后动脉２４例，４２．１％，椎动脉６例，１０．５％，小脑后下动脉３例，５．３％。椎－基底动脉瘤的特点是体积大，动脉瘤内多含血栓，脑干和颅神经损害多见，文中作者介绍了手术经验，即术中降低血压，充分使脑回缩。     

小儿外伤性脑梗塞3例报告

小儿外伤性脑梗塞３例报告李书圣胡力达李书玮小儿外伤性脑梗塞临床少见，现将我科收治经ＣＴ扫描证实、保守治疗痊愈的外伤性脑梗塞３例，报告如下。１临床资料例１，男，１４个月。于来诊前１天不慎从床上跌到地上，伤后１１小时发现右侧肢体活动减少，而入院。查体：神...     

显微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛,面肌痉挛,舌咽神经痛的疗效分析

目的 探讨显微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛（Ｉ组）、面肌痉挛（ＩＩ组）、舌咽神经痛（ＩＩＩ组）的疗效，分析血管与神经的关系对治疗效果的影响，手术技术与疗效的关系。方法 系统回顾性分析显微血管减压术治疗的１１１６例（其中包括１２例双侧）面肌痉挛２６３例（其中包括３例双侧），３４例舌咽神经痛。结果 本组病例无死亡，Ｉ组疗效优良１０７６例（９６．４％），有效３６例（３．２％），无效４例（０．４％），并发症５７例（５．１１％），复发１１例９１％）。ＩＩ组疗效优良１６１例（６１．２％）有效９２例（３５％），无效１０例（３．８％）。并发症２４例（９．１３％），无复发。ＩＩＩ组疗效优良３２例（９４％），有效１例（１３％），并发症４例（１１．７６％）复发１例（３％），结论 显微血管减压的手术技巧是提高治愈率，减少复发及术后并发症的     

急性脑卒中后癫痫发作─附68例报告

本文报告６８例急性脑卒中后癫痫发作，其中５１例脑出血，１７例为脑梗塞。脑出血５１例中３５．２９％为即刻发作，５６．８６％为早期发作，３．９２％为后期发作，３５．２９％为癫痫持续状态，４１．１８％为大发作，２３．５３％为局灶发作。脑梗塞１２例中即刻发作，早期发作及后期发作分别为５．８８％、６４．７１％和２９．４１％，其癫痫持续状态、大发作和局灶发作分别为２３．５３％、４７．０６％和２９．４１％。本文资料证实，１、癫痫是由于出血灶或梗塞灶波及大脑皮层，２、抗癫痫药物在紧危状态时应用是必须的，特别是病灶波及大脑皮层时应用抗癫药物预防是必须的，３、急性脑卒中后伴癫痫患者较不伴癫痫者预后差，两者有非常显著差异。     

外伤性脑梗塞

目的对不同部位、不同面积的外伤性脑梗塞进行有区别的治疗，以提高治疗效果。方法灶状梗塞病人给予内科综合治疗，重症颅脑损伤合并大血管区梗塞者，行手术清除血肿、颞肌下减压及内科药物治疗。结果灶状梗塞组中，儿童患者１４～２８天症状全部消失，青壮年组（２２例）治愈１４例，轻瘫６例，失语２例。大血管区梗塞组（１１例）死亡６例，中到重度残３例，植物生存１例，良好１例。结论外伤性脑梗塞预后主要取决于梗塞灶内残存脑血流量。重度颅脑损伤合并大血管区梗塞者，死亡率明显高于无梗塞者，且致残率较高，治疗中应予以高度重视     

急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子增高

采用放射免疫法测定４５例急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）含量，并与３０例脑动脉硬化患者及２７例健康体检者进行比较。结果表明脑梗塞患者ＴＮＦ水平明显增高，脑梗塞组ＴＮＦ为７．１９±１．６７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，脑动脉硬化组为２．３０±１．０６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，正常对照组为１．４１±０．２３ｎｇ／ｍｌ。脑梗塞组与脑动脉硬化组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）；与正常对照组比较有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。重型脑梗塞患者血清ＴＮＦ含量亦较轻型患者显著增高。重型ＴＮＦ含量为１１．３２±１．４３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，轻型为６．９０±１．５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示ＴＮＦ参与脑梗塞的发生、发展全过程，脑梗塞患者血清ＴＮＦ含量测定可作为判断患者病情、治疗及预后的一项免疫学指标。     

小儿自发性脑出血的病因及诊治

目的：探讨小儿自发性脑出血的病因及其诊治方法的选择。方法：小儿自发性脑出血２５例，多见于８～１４岁，临床上癫痫发生率（４４．０％）明显高于成人，部分患儿有贫血表现。病因以脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）最常见（４８．０％），血液病（１６．０％）次之，约１／４患儿病因不明。出血量大、病情进展快者宜急诊手术清除血肿，并及时行脑血管造影及全身系统检查明确病因、作相应治疗。小儿ＡＶＭ采用血管内栓塞、手术切除或栓塞加手术切除。结果：治愈１９例（７６．０％），好转３例（１２．０％），死亡３例（１２．０％）。随访１６例（１～６．５年），１例死亡，１例再出血，余１４例健康生存。结论：小儿自发性脑出血最常见病因是动静脉畸形和血液病，如诊断治疗及时，预后良好。     

Cerebellar blood flow and metabolism in cerebral hemisphere infarction

Positron emission tomography was used to study the effect of supratentorial infarction on cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen and cerebellar blood flow. In a control group of patients, the mean cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen was 2.97 +/- 0.11 (standard error of the mean [SEM] ) ml-1 . min-1 . hg-1 and mean cerebellar blood flow was 41.1 +/- 1.5 ml . min-1 . hg-1. No significant right-left asymmetry in either cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen or cerebellar blood flow was noted. Patients with frontal lobe infarction showed 16.8 +/- 1.8% (cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen) and 19.6 +/- 2.1% (cerebellar blood flow) differences between cerebellar hemispheres, with the hemisphere contralateral to the cerebral infarction having the lower values. These differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). In addition, cerebellar blood flow and cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere (metabolism: 2.13 +/- 0.19 ml . min-1 . hg-1; p less than 0.002; blood flow: 35.2 +/- 2.4 ml . min-1 . hg-1; p less than 0.05). Patients with parietooccipital infarction also showed a significant bilateral decrease in cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen (2.43 +/- 0.11 ml . min-1 . hg-1) and cerebellar blood flow (34.6 +/- 2.5 ml . min-1 . hg-1) relative to control subjects, but no significant cerebellar asymmetry. Our findings demonstrate a general depression of cerebellar blood flow and metabolism from cerebral hemisphere infarction unrelated to the site of infarction as well as a specific depression occurring contralateral to infarction involving the frontal lobe. These are among the first quantitative data concerning regional cerebellar metabolic rates for oxygen and cerebellar blood flow in humans.     

119例小脑梗死的临床分析

目的探讨小脑梗死的中国缺血性脑卒中分型诊断(CISS)、受累血管区域、合并小脑外梗死病灶以及临床表现。方法回顾性分析自2012年1月至2015年12月119例急性小脑梗死住院患者的头颅MRI影像、病因学检查以及临床表现等资料。结果 119例小脑梗死患者中,单侧小脑梗死78例(UCI组),双侧小脑梗死41例(BCI组)。两组的CISS分型无明显差异。UCI组以小脑后下动脉区梗死发生率最高(35.9%),与BCI组比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01);BCI组中小脑后下动脉+小脑上动脉区梗死发生率最高(39.0%),但两组间比较差异无显著性;其余区域的梗死发生率在两组中差异无显著性。63/119例(52.9%)同时合并小脑外梗死灶。BCI组合并小脑外后循环梗死的发生率(53.7%)较单侧UCI组高(P0.05),而UCI组合并前循环梗死较BCI组更多(P0.05)。主要症状、体征包括:头晕/眩晕、眼球震颤、眼倾斜反应、听觉减退、小脑性构音障碍、共济失调,浅感觉障碍、锥体束征以及意识障碍等。意识障碍在BCI组的发生率高于UCI组(P0.01),其余各项两组间比较差异无显著性。结论小脑梗死的主要病因为大动脉粥样硬化;小脑后下动脉区梗死在UCI中最常见,BCI常合并小脑外的后循环供血区梗死;UCI和BCI的受累小脑动脉以及合并小脑外梗死的区域有一定差异,提示两者病因机制存在不同;意识障碍等严重神经功能缺损表现在BCI更为常见。     

小脑分水岭梗死患者临床及影像学特点分析

目的分析小脑分水岭梗死患者的临床特点及影像学特征。方法收集房山区第一医院神经内科2011-09-2014-12住院的小脑梗死患者147例,均行头颅MRI、椎动脉彩超、经颅多普勒(TCD)、颅内动脉核磁血管造影(MRA)检查,必要时进行计算机断层摄影血管造影(CTA)和/或数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查。根据小脑梗死部位将患者分为小脑区域性梗死组和小脑分水岭梗死组,比较两组患者的危险因素、临床及影像学特点。结果 (1)小脑区域性脑梗死109例,小脑分水岭梗死38例(25.9%),两组在年龄、性别构成以及合并高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟及心房纤颤比例比较无统计学差异。(2)与区域性脑梗死比较,小脑分水岭脑梗死组失水状态、晕厥等前驱症状发生率较高(21.1%比9.2%,P=0.026),后循环多发病灶发生率较低(21.1%比38.5%,P=0.002),NHISS评分低(2.7±1.9比6.1±2.5,P=0.000)。(3)两组小脑梗死患者发生后循环大血管病变比例无统计学差异(52.6%比36.7%,P=0.085);分析非心源性脑梗死病例发现,分水岭梗死存在大动脉狭窄几率高于区域性脑梗死(47.4%比30.2%,P=0.002)。结论小脑分水岭梗死与区域性脑梗死相比危险因素相同,病因略有不同。分水岭梗死患者临床症状轻,但前驱症状发生率高。     

Cerebellar infarction: natural history, prognosis, and pathology

Using clinical and computed tomography (CT) criteria, an analysis of 2,000 consecutive stroke unit patients from 1977 to 1984 revealed 30 patients with cerebellar infarction. The case fatality rate was 23%, higher than for any other location of brain infarction studied over the same period. Death was most often due to concomitant brainstem infarction. Obstructive hydrocephalus occurred in 4 patients (13%), and in 2 cases diagnosis, facilitated by urgent CT scanning, allowed early surgical intervention that was life saving. Patients who survived the acute phase were followed for an average of 21 months, and over that time 22% sustained further brainstem infarction, representing a 13% stroke rate per year. Over the latter 3 years of the clinical study, an autopsy survey revealed 11 cases of cerebellar infarction that had been clinically unrecognized. None of these died as a direct result of their infarction. Mechanisms of infarction inferred from autopsy included in situ thrombosis, embolism, watershed, and lacunar infarction, with in situ thrombosis being the most common. We conclude that the case fatality rate of cerebellar infarction is greater than of any other form of brain infarction, but it may be reduced by prompt recognition of those patients who will benefit from surgical decompression. In survivors, a high risk of subsequent hindbrain stroke exists. More attention needs to be paid to this entity in terms of early diagnosis and prevention of subsequent stroke.     

以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死临床类型及供血区分布

目的:探讨以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死临床类型及病灶供血区分布特征。方法:对26例经MRI确诊、以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:将眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死分为2种临床类型:①稳定型:单纯自发性持续性眩晕伴平衡失调(19/26例,73.1%);②进展型:以持续性眩晕、平衡失调为首发症状,起病2d后伴有延迟神经功能受累症状(7/26例,26.9%)。梗死病灶以小脑后下动脉内侧支(16/26例,61.5%)受累最为常见;其次为小脑前下动脉区(6/26例,23.1%)及小脑上动脉区(2/26例,7.7%)。未见多发小脑供血动脉区梗死患者以单纯眩晕为首发症状。结论:以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死以小脑后下动脉内侧支受累最为常见,绝大多数患者呈良性病程,但需警惕可能出现的延迟神经功能受累症状和体征。     

小脑出血与梗死的临床与影像学

目的 探讨小脑出血与梗死的临床与影像学特征及治疗与预后。方法 经CT、MRI及外科手术证实的小脑出血45例，小脑梗死42例，进行临床资料分析。结果 小脑出血45例中，蚓部出血9例，小脑半球出血36例。根据意识障碍程度、脑干受压及影像学所见分为轻型14型、中型20例、重型10例、极重型1例。小脑梗死42例，梗死灶位于小脑半球有55个，蚓部2个，小脑中脚8个。小脑出血无论手术或保守治疗预后均较好。小脑梗死经药物治疗后，大多数近愈，无1例死亡。结论 小脑出血与梗死的预后比幕上出血与梗死要好。     

Bilateral Superior Cerebellar Artery Infarction after Stent-Angioplasty for Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis

Spontaneous bilateral cerebellar infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar arteries is extremely rare. Occasionally there have been reports of bilateral cerebellar infarction due to vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic occlusion or stenosis, whereas no report of bilateral cerebellar infarction due to complicated hemodynamic changes. In this report, we present a patient with bilateral cerebral infarctions related to stenoses of bilateral internal carotid arteries, in whom vertebrobasilar system was supplied by multiple collaterals from both posterior communicating arteries and right external carotid artery. We performed stent-angioplasty of bilateral internal cerebral arterial stenosis, and then acute infarction developed on bilateral superior cerebellar artery territories. The authors assumed that the infarction occurred due to hemodynamic change between internal carotid artery and external carotid artery after stent-angioplasty for stenosis of right internal carotid artery.     

The clinical and topographic spectrum of cerebellar infarcts: A clinical—magnetic resonance imaging correlation study

We studied 34 consecutive patients with non–mass-producing cerebellar infarcts using a standard protocol of investigations including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We analyzed the topography of infarcts to determine the involved arterial territories and we correlated the findings with neurological dysfunction and potential causes of stroke. Sixteen patients had an infarct in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA); 2, in the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA); 13, in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA); and 8 had junctional infarcts between the territories of the medial and lateral branches of the PICA or PICA/SCA territories. PICA or medial PICA territory infarcts were manifested by acute vertigo and truncal ataxia, while the patients with lateral PICA territory infarcts presented with unsteadiness, limb ataxia and dysmetria without dysarthria. Patients with infarcts in the AICA territory were characterized by limb and trunk ataxia associated with signs of lateropontine involvement. Patients with SCA territory infarcts presented with dysarthria, unsteadiness and/or vertigo, limb ataxia, and dysmetria. Cardiac embolism was the main cause of large infarcts in the territories of the PICA (8/16) or SCA (4/7). Multiple small infarcts were associated with vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis (8/12). These clinical–MRI correlations allow better definition of the topographic and etiological spectrum of cerebellar infarction, which was previously based on pathological studies in subjects with severe infarction.     

Acute hydrocephalus in cerebellar infarct and hemorrhage

Although cerebellar infarction was known at the turn of the century, not until 1956 was it realized that large cerebellar infarctions could cause acute obstructive hydrocephalus. There are many more reports of cerebellar hemorrhages. The clinical differentiation between hemorrhage and infarction was difficult prior to computerized tomography (CT). Cerebellar hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency, as are some cerebellar infarctions. We present three patients with acute hydrocephalus resulting from these vascular syndromes; they are first cases to be successfully treated by ventricular drainage and shunting. Four other cerebellar infarcts demonstrate the efficacy of CT.     

Cerebellar infarction: comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

We correlated clinical, computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 14 patients with cerebellar infarctions. Before MRI, the diagnosis of cerebellar infarction was made in only 7 patients on the basis of clinical and CT evidence. Cerebellar infarction was bilateral in 3 patients and was associated with brainstem infarction in 6. Infarction occurred in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 12 patients. The territory of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) was involved in 1 patient, and 1 infarction encompassed the watershed between the PICA and the SCA. In patients with infarction of the PICA territory, the medial and intermediate hemispheric segments were most frequently involved. Involvement of the lateral hemispheric segment was infrequent and was independent of brainstem involvement. Because of its fine demonstration of anatomical detail, its lack of bony artifact, and its ability to visualize infarctions readily within the first 24 hours, MRI is an excellent method for demonstrating cerebellar infarction.