梁丘穴联合足三里穴电针刺激时的fMRI研究

目的：利用fMRI观察足阳明胃经上的梁丘穴联合足三里穴电针刺激时大脑的活动规律。方法：选取25例体型中等、右利手的健康成年人,其中男13例,女12例;年龄22~50岁,选取受试者右侧梁丘穴联合右侧足三里穴进行电针刺激,同时行fMRI。结果：梁丘穴联合足三里穴电针刺激时,所有受试者均产生酸、麻、胀、钝痛、重和热的复杂针感,且强度不一。fMRI表现为以激活或负激活峰值为中心的不规则簇状区,且多个相近的激活或负激活脑功能区相连成片。其中脑功能激活区的峰值位于：①左侧尾状核体部和右侧豆状核;②左侧颞下回（BA20）、左侧海马旁回及左侧尾状核尾;③右侧海马旁回、右侧海马、右侧海马旁回（杏仁核包含在其中）;④左侧海马旁回（BA30）、左侧后扣带回（BA29、30）;⑤右侧中央前回（BA6）、右侧角回（BA39）。而脑功能负激活区的峰值位于：①小脑右半球前叶、小脑左半球前叶蚓部;②左侧颞上回（BA22）、左侧屏状核、左丘脑;③右侧中央后回（BA2）、右侧顶下小叶（BA40）、右侧中央前回（BA44）;④左侧顶下小叶（BA40）;⑤左侧中央前回（BA5、BA6）;⑥右侧颞下回（BA37）。结论：梁丘穴联合足三里穴进行电针刺激时,激活脑区和负激活脑区较单独针刺足三里穴时明显集中、激活或负激活程度明显增高;大部分活动脑区与足三里穴单独针刺时相同;部分活动脑区与足三里穴单独针刺时不同。     

不同频段下血管性认知功能障碍患者低频振幅的静息态脑功能改变

目的 研究不同频段对于血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)患者静息态脑功能低频振幅(ALFF)的影响.方法 运用静息态功能磁共振技术评价20例皮层下VCI患者和20例年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的有皮层下血管性病变但是认知评分达不到非痴呆型VCI (VCIND)的对照组在5个频段下的静息态ALFF的改变.采用Pearson相关分析评价slow-4,slow-5下脑区局部ALFF的值与临床评分之间的关系.结果 VCI患者与对照组比较存在颅内广泛的ALFF改变.右侧小脑后叶、左侧海马、左侧岛叶、右侧顶下小叶及左侧颞上回具有明显的主效应.额叶及颞叶具有显著的频率组间效应.在slow-5频段下,左侧岛叶的ALFF值与Z记忆评分呈正相关,左侧海马及左侧额眶回的ALFF值与Z视觉空间评分呈负相关;右侧顶下小叶的ALFF值与Z执行评分呈负相关.结论 VCI患者表现出颅内广泛的自发神经活动改变.ALFF值受不同频段的影响,静息脑功能ALFF的研究对于VCI的意义需要进一步深入研究.     

针刺脑效应fMRI国际研究进展

目前国际上fMRI针刺研究采用组块或事件相关任务设计,静息态扫描越来越普及,数据处理新方法应用广泛,多个研究组提出了自己的假说。已发现穴位刺激激活的脑区或者脑网络具有相对特异性,真针刺较假针刺产生了更多的脑激活区或更强更广的边缘叶-旁边缘叶-新皮层脑区负激活;可见针刺镇痛穴位作用于痛觉的识别、情感及认知脑区;fMRI已初步应用于针刺中风后遗症等病症的疗效观察及机制探讨;在不同针刺方法、手法,得气及针刺安慰剂效应方面已有初步研究结果。但研究设计、数据采集及分析方法有待进一步规范,结果诠释有待多学科知识的有机综合。     

首发原发性癫痫患者治疗前后脑静息态功能MRI对比研究

【摘要】目的：应用静息态功能磁共振成像（rfMRI）的低频振幅比率（fALFF）技术研究首发原发性复杂部分性发作癫痫（CPSE）患者在治疗前后的脑局部自发活动特征及其与抗癫痫药物临床疗效的关系。方法:14例CPSE患者和14例性别、年龄、利手、受教育程度相匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）进行rfMRI检查,随后患者组规律用药,治疗12周后再次行MRI检查。计算每例受试者的全脑fALFF值,对患者组治疗前后的数据分别与对照组进行双样本t检验。结果:相比于治疗前,CPS患者治疗后发现双侧丘脑异常激活脑区消失,双侧扣带回、左侧角回异常激活脑区范围减小,而左侧顶下小叶激活脑区的范围变大,另外发现于双侧额叶、楔前叶、左侧楔叶有新的激活脑区（P＜0.001,簇大小≥25个体素）。结论:fALFF技术rfMRI可观察原发性癫痫患者治疗前后的脑功能改变情况,为临床客观评价治疗情况及抗痫药物的疗效提供新的见解,也可为本病的病理生理机制的进一步研究开辟新思路。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者静息态下海马功能连接的fMRI研究

目的 采用种子点功能连接方法,分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者静息态下海马与全脑功能连接的改变,探索OSAS患者认知功能下降的神经生理机制.方法 40例OSAS患者及40例正常对照组(NC)进行静息态下脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)数据采集.以左、右侧海马为种子点进行全脑的功能连接,采用两样本t检验比较组间功能连接差异.结果 与NC组比较,OSAS患者左侧海马与双侧楔前叶、额中回、前扣带回、中央前回及右侧后扣带回功能连接减低,而与双侧小脑后叶功能连接增高.OSAS患者右侧海马与双侧额中回、后扣带回、边缘叶及右侧楔前叶功能连接减低,而与左侧顶下小叶及右侧小脑后叶功能连接增高.结论 OSAS患者海马与多个脑区存在功能连接异常,可能是OSAS患者认知功能下降的神经机制.     

电针刺激双侧率谷穴脑激活效应fMRI研究

【摘要】目的：采用血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）技术,探讨电针刺激双侧率谷穴（GB8）即刻脑效应。方法：招募15例健康受试者,采用针刺专用头颅线圈,针刺双侧率谷穴及非经非穴并进行fMRI扫描,采用SPM12软件进行预处理及统计学分析。采用REST软件提取激活脑区时间序列信号值,与各针感强度做相关性分析。结果：相比较非经非穴组,针刺双侧率谷穴后正激活脑区包括中脑导水管周围灰质、左侧眶部额下回、左侧海马旁回、右侧眶部额下回及右侧海马旁回,未见负激活脑区出现（P<0.05,FWEc校正）。中脑导水管周围灰质时间序列信号值与酸疼、胀满及麻木针感强度呈明显正相关（P<0.05）。结论：采用针刺专用头颅线圈观察针刺双侧率谷穴后即刻脑激活情况,可以为探讨头穴的针刺即刻脑效应机制提供一种方法。     

针刺委中穴与足三里穴PET/CT脑功能显像研究

目的 采用PET／CT技术对比分析针刺不同穴位在大脑诱发的反应，探讨穴位与大脑的联系。方法 12名健康志愿者，分别针刺右侧委中穴和足三里穴，并行PET／CT脑功能显像，使用统计参数图（SPM）配对t检验模型，得出针灸2组穴位的差异激活图。结果 ①针刺委中穴组与针刺足三里穴组比较，脑内诱发多个区域的放射性摄取增高差异有显著性的脑区为：Broadmann19、40、28、21、20、22和左右小脑局部区域（t〉4．03，P〈0．01）；②针刺足三里穴组与针刺委中穴组比较，脑内诱发多个区域的放射性摄取增高差异有显著性的脑区为：Broadmann32、6、4、40（t〉4．03，P〈0．01）。结论 针刺能增加相应脑区的葡萄糖代谢，针刺委中穴和足三里穴所诱发的脑区不同。     

针刺太冲穴得气及疼痛激发相对抗的脑功能网络效应fMRI研究

目的:采用磁共振脑功能成像技术,比较针刺太冲穴得气及针刺疼痛时所激发的脑功能网络效应异同。方法:47例初次接受针刺的志愿者参加手针右侧太冲穴fMRI实验。针刺时脑fMRI扫描10min,共2次捻针,各2min,间隔3min。其中17例接受体表触觉刺激作为针刺对照,分为3组:①针刺得气组;②针刺得气合并尖锐性疼痛组(简称针刺疼痛组);③触觉对照组。采用Fisher’s精确检验和t检验分析感觉频率及强度;用AFNI处理fMRI数据,得到激活、负激活脑区;用种子相关分析法,以前扣带回膝部为种子点,分析其与全脑的功能网络联系图谱,并比较得气与疼痛组之间的差异。结果:针刺2组的酸痛、酸感、压感、麻感、钝痛等得气感觉的频率和强度均明显强于触觉刺激组;针刺2组间除尖锐性疼痛及酸痛外,各种感觉差异无统计学意义。针刺得气及疼痛2组均激活了体感及丘脑岛叶皮层,重要的是,针刺得气时在大脑边缘叶-旁边缘叶-新皮层系统(LPNN)产生了较强而广泛的负激活区,加强了负激活区之间的脑功能网络联系。此网络包括杏仁核、海马、旁海马、颞极、前额叶腹内侧回、前扣带回膝及下部、前楔叶内侧回和后扣带回(BA31,23_腹侧核,29,30),另外,小脑蚓部、导水管周围灰质及脑干网状结构也见负激活现象。然而,在针刺疼痛时,这些脑区负激活程度减低且区域缩小,大部分脑区fMRI信号逆转为激活信号,被疼痛激活的脑区之间功能网络明显增强。这些脑区参与了疼痛、镇痛(如感觉、情感、认知、自主性、内源性镇痛)功能调制环路。结合既往研究表明,负激活与脑血氧消耗及血流量下降呈正相关。本结果支持针刺通过调制LPNN和疼痛中枢网络的活动,产生其镇痛、抗焦虑和其他调节效应的假说。结论:针刺得气及针刺得气伴随疼痛产生了相对抗的脑功能网络效应。针刺得气对LPNN及疼痛脑中枢网络(Pain matrix)的负激活效应,可能与针刺镇痛脑中枢机制相关。LPNN和静息态默认网络(Default mode)之间的相似性,提示针刺需通过这一内在脑功能网络系统发挥其广泛的调制作用。     

基于ICA-fMRI的首发未用药强迫症患者的静息态脑网络研究

【摘要】目的：分析首发未用药强迫症患者静息态脑网络的特点及差异,探讨首发未用药强迫症患者的静息态脑功能状态。方法：对24例首发强迫症患者（强迫症组）及24例年龄、性别、受教育年限相匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）采用3.0T磁共振扫描仪行静息态脑功能磁共振成像（fMRI）检查,采用独立成分分析（ICA）法分离静息态脑网络成分并进行统计学分析,首先采用单样本t检验制作网络成分模板,再采用双样本t检验进行组间不同功能网络内异常脑区的比较;采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表（Y-BOCS）、24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）等评估临床症状。结果：通过首发强迫症患者与正常对照组数据分析获得10个静息态脑网络模板,分别为前默认网络、后默认网络、背侧注意网络、突显网络、左额顶网络、右额顶网络、内侧视觉网络、外侧视觉网络、枕极视觉网络、听觉网络。静息态脑网络内功能连接分析结果显示后默认网络中双侧楔叶功能连接增强（T=3.822,P＜0.05）,右额顶网络中右侧顶下小叶功能连接增强（T=5.291,P＜0.05）,外侧视觉网络中右侧枕中回功能连接增强（T=4.614,P＜0.05）。右侧额顶网络的右侧顶下小叶功能连接值与Y-BOCS总分呈负相关（r=-0.470,P＜0.05）。结论：首发强迫症患者较健康志愿者存在多个静息态脑网络异常,主要表现为功能连接的增强;强迫症患者可能存在一定的认知功能代偿。     

焦虑症患者前额叶中内侧及扣带回后部负激活的意义

目的：探讨焦虑症患者血氧水平依赖功能MR成像（BOLD．mRI）负激活特点及其神经病理机制。方法：焦虑症组10例、对照组10名受试者参加试验，先进行焦虑状态特质量表（STAI-T）测试，随后进行BOLD·fMRI，2次fMRI试验数据采集。采用组块设计刺激模式，刺激材料（情绪中性词及威胁词）通过听觉呈现。试验1为情绪中性词与无词空白对照交替，试验2为威胁词与情绪中性词交替，2次试验均要求受试者仔细听通过耳机传人的词语，并对其引起的主观情绪体验作出心理判断（愉快、不愉快或中性），空白对照不给任务。采用SPM99软件进行数据处理，先分析单个被试，然后行组间分析。主要观察焦虑症患者负激活脑区特点，数据处理时把静息期与任务期数据进行反减得到负激活图，对有关脑区的反应特性做进一步分析。结果：焦虑症组STAI-T分值（584-8）高于对照组（334-5），差异有统计学意义（t=8．3，P〈0．01）。fMRI试验1对照组与患者组均有负激活脑区，试验2仅有患者组出现负激活，正常对照组无负激活脑区，上述3组负激活脑区网络基本相同，主要包括MPFC（BA10、BA24／32）、PCC／楔前叶（BA31／30）、丘脑及两侧顶下小叶（BA39／40）等脑区。试验1MPFC（BA24／32）平均负激活强度（平均T值）正常人（5．1）强于患者（4．2）（t=4．8，P=0．006），而患者PCC平均T值（5．8）强于正常人（4．9）（t=2．4，P=0．026）。结论：焦虑症组MPFC及PCC存在功能异常，这种异常在其神经病理机制中具重要作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.