The Undergraduate Medical Students＇ Approach to Learning in University of Latvia

Learning approach of medical students has been pointed out as one of the most important long term success factors for medical career. There are two major differences how students learn. One group of students use deep approach learning that is characterised by understanding of matter of studies. Other part of students using surface approach of learning that is based on memorisation of facts and knowledge. It has been recognised that deep approach learning is more used in modern medical schools but surface learning in traditional medical schools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, describe and compare the learning approach of students at the University of Latvia in the academic year of 2009/2010. University of Latvia represents traditional medical school, which uses traditional curriculum. The assessment was done using Entwistle＇s Short Inventory of Approaches to Learning consisting of 30 items. The inventory was answered by a total of 345 students. Findings show that learning approach has trend towards surface approach of learning in six groups studied in the University of Latvia in year 2009/2010. It has been recognised that reproduction and learning pathology were found increased in all study years. Results might suggest that modernisation of undergraduate curriculum including assessment with target to improve the way how medical students learn could be topic of discussion in senior management of University of Latvia. Study allows compare findings of this study to similar studies where the same instrument is used for evaluation of learning approaches in longitudinal prospective. It gives opportunity to compare results within findings of medical schools of Europe.     

运用科学发展观构建医学生职业生涯规划教育体系的探讨

科学发展观是坚持以人为本,全面、协调、可持续的发展观.运用科学发展观的理念帮助医学生合理地设计自己的职业生涯规划,是使他们迈向成功人生的重要一步.它可以使医学生正确、科学地认识自我,客观地分析环境;帮助医学生进一步了解社会,树立职业目标;增强医学生的自信心,促成医学生自我目标的实现.本文分析了我国高等医学院校职业生涯规划教育体系建设的现状,并结合辽宁医学院开展职业生涯规划教育工作的经验和发现的问题,提出了运用科学发展观构建医学生职业生涯规划教育体系的建议和措施.

Abstract：

The scientific development ideas insists people-oriented, comprehensive, harmonious and sustainable development. It is the key for medical students to be guided on their career programming according to the scientific development ideas. Through reasonable career programming, medical students can understand themselves and situations so impersonally as to boost up self-confidence, build up career target and achieve it. The author analyses the status on the career programming education of medical universities and colleges in China, and combining the practice of the career programming education in Liaoning Medical University, makes suggestions on building the educational system of medical students' career programming according to the scientific development ideas.     

The Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Status of College Students——Ⅰ.The Energy Cost and the Total Energy Expenditure per Day

The energy cost of major activities was determined in healthy students. Among the 606 medical students, 319 were males and 287 were females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. Douglas' method was used to measure energy cost of each of a total of 42 activities, as well as that of the basal metabolic rates (BMR), resting metabolic rates (RMR) and the total energy expenditure per day under normal situations. The average RMR of male and female subjects were 0.669±0.033 and 0.656±0.030 kcal/sq.m/min respectively. The total energy expenditure per day of male students were 2706 kcal, and 2373 kcal for female students. The energy cost of single activities can be used as the basal data in studies of energy metabolism.     

Influencing factors of mental health of medical students in China

Summary： This study investigated the mental health status of medical students in China, and analyzed the influencing factors in order to provide evidence for mental health education for medical students. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to recruit medical students from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. The questionnaire survey on general information and Symptom Checklist 90 （SCL-90） were used for investigation and analysis. The results showed among the 1137 valid questionnaires, 278 （24.45%） participants had SCL-90 score ≥ 160. The top three mental problems of medical students were obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity and depression in terms of the factor score ≥ 2.5 and the number of participants who reflected on the diseases. The third-year medical students had the worst mental health status, and fifth-year medical students had the best mental health status. Students from rural area had more psychological problems than those from urban area; furthermore, students with high professional satisfaction, those who were the single child of the family, non-poor students, and those whose parents had high education level had better mental health status. It was concluded that the mental health of medical students is not optimistic in China. Medical students have some mental health problems of different degrees. Factors that influence the mental health of medical students include academic pressure, professional satisfaction level and family environment.     

医学生英语学习策略应用状况的调查与分析

为了更好地了解网络、多媒体教学环境下医学生英语学习策略的应用状况,提高英语教学质量,首都医科大学应用语言学系课题组于2006年底、2007年上半年采用问卷调查方式,分别对3所开展网络、多媒体大学英语教学改革的高校进行了有关医学生英语学习策略应用情况的调查.结果 表明,3所高校医学生的主要英语学习策略的选择不受学校、家庭背景、英语学习成绩的影响;学生普遍采用直接学习策略,而对作用更大的间接学习策略均使用不足.为此,在大学英语教学改革过程中,应当培养医学生的英语学习策略应用能力,在课堂教学中融入恰当的英语学习策略训练是有益而且必要的.

Abstract：

In order to find out what English learning strategies are used in medical students and improve the teaching quality, our research group did a survey about it at the end of 2006 and the first half of 2007, among three medical universities which had been doing English teaching reform under the web and multi-media context. The survey concluded that medical students mostly used direct English learning strategies and seldom used the more efficient indirect strategies, no matter which university they were from, what their family background were and what English level they were at It points out that it is advisable to develop the students' ability to use proper strategies based on different situations. It' s helpful and essential to train the students over the classroom activities.     

Discussion of Glasser＇s ＂Quality World＂ among Medical Students Benefited Group Dynamics

Purpose： The aim of this study is to analyze the Glasser＇s ＂Quality World＂ as it is discussed among the medical students and to see if there is any relationship between it and their academic/creativity scores. It also seeks if this discussion is of any benefit to the group dynamics. Methods： Participants were 205 medical students, 4 to 7 students were allocated as a group. They were asked to fill an open answer to 4 categories of＂Quality World＂ （the people we most want to be with, the things we most want to own or experience, the idea or system of belief that govern much of our behavior, and the places we most want to visit or live） and discuss them in an open forum. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were performed to the students. They answered the Likert scale question whether discussing the ＂Quality World＂ with peers benefited the group dynamics or not. Results： Among 205 students, 50.2% wanted to be with adoring people; followed by entertainers and artists （18%）, 51.7% wanted to own material wealth; spiritual values were second in importance （21%）, 27.3% considered family, friends, and lovers most valuable; followed by happiness （21%）, 52.2% wished for an overseas trip; trip to the mountains, seas, or deserts was next in importance （14.1%）. Most of the respondents answered that discussing ＂Quality World＂ benefited their group dynamics. Conclusion： We suggest that discussing Glasser＇s ＂Quality World＂ might be a useful tool to gain understanding among the health personnel in small group activities and increase group dynamics.     

血液病学临床实习教学改革的初步探索

为了更好地培养医学生临床实践能力,新疆医科大学第一附属医院血液科在临床实习中进行了积极的探索,主要包括明确血液病学实习的重要性与目的 ;加强医学生基本技能的培训,提高医学生病历书写质量;注重临床思维模式的训练和培养医学生医患沟通的能力.实践证明,以上方法有利于培养医学生的临床实践能力,有利于医学生向临床医生的转变.

Abstract：

To cultivate the medical students' clinical competence better,active exploration in clinical practice was made in the hematology department of the first hospital affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University. It focused on defining the importance and purpose of clinical practice in hematology, enhancing clinical basic skills cultivation, improving the quality of medical records writing, strengthening the training of clinical thinking and cultivating medical students' communication skill with patients. The results showed that these methods are helpful to cultivate students'clinical skills and make the transition from students to clinicians easy.     

医学生职业精神培养途径初探

医学生职业精神培养是医学教育面临的紧要任务.影响是内外因素相互作用的结果.北京大学人民医院紧紧围绕医师职业精神的三项基本原则和十条职业责任,通过临床教师职业精神培养、医学生职业精神课程体系实施、医学生职业精神实践环节培养、医学生课内外活动四条途径,加强医学生职业精神培养,取得了初步的成效.

Abstract：

Professionalism training for medical students is a critical task that we face. The spirit of professional training of medical students is internal and external factors interaction. Peking University People' s Hospital, professionalism and training of medical students physician professionalism closely around the three basic principles and ten professional responsibilities and professionalism of teachers in enhancing the clinical training of medical students professionalism curriculum implementation, professional spirit and practice of medical students training, organization of medical students to carry out a variety of curricular and extracurricular activities to be implemented four ways, and has achieved initial success.     

A Life-skills-based HIV/AIDS Prevention Education for Rural Students of Primary Schools in China：What Changed？ What Have We Learned？

Objective To evaluate a four-hour life-skills-based HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum among 5th grade students in rural primary schools of Hainan province.Methods The study included two stages.Stage one （September 2006-May 2007） was a pre-post-quasi experimental design;a total of 2 413 students aged 9 to 14 years from fifth grade classes of nine primary schools completed a baseline survey （1 720 students were in the intervention group,693 in the control group）,and over 98% of them took part in a short survey.The experimental curriculum was provided to the intervention group.At stage two （September 2008）,a cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 6 923 students in 7th grade classes of eight middle schools in the same study sites.There were 1 437 students in the intervention group when the curriculum was conducted.Results Students tended to score higher in areas of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes,if they were younger than average,lived in the county seat,had access to the internet,and their parents had completed higher levels of education.Path analysis showed that,after controlling for characteristics such as family and community factors,the total effects of curriculum on knowledge in the short-term model increased remarkably compared with the baseline,and maintained major contributions to knowledge in the mid-term model.The positive effect of knowledge on attitudes was significantly improved in the short-term model as well.Conclusion A life-skills based curriculum can improve HIV/AIDS related knowledge and self-perceived level of life-skills among primary school students in rural areas in a short time,and these positive effects can still be observed at least 2 years post participation in the curriculum.     

医学生医患沟通能力培养探析

加强医学生医患沟通技能的培养,对于营造和谐的医患关系至关重要.本文阐述了医患沟通能力培养的必要性,分析了医学生医患沟通能力欠缺的原因,探讨了加强医患沟通能力培养的对策.

Abstract：

It is of great importance to construct harmonious doctor-patient relationship by strengthening the cultivation of communication skills of medical students. The authors expound the necessity of cultivating doctor-patient communication skills in medical universities. In the meantime,the authors analyze the cause of inability of doctor-patient communication . And some methods were explored to improve the doctor-patient communication skills of medical students with the analysis of educational situation of communication skills.     

医学生压力现状调查与对策研究

通过对2006年、2008年、2009年某大学医学生调查资料中有关压力的调查结果及在2009年、2010年对医学生压力访谈内容的研究,了解医学生面临的主要压力及其应对措施,以促进医学生的健康成长.研究结果显示,就业和自身前途问题、学习和科研压力及人际关系是医学生面临的主要压力.为此,提出了减轻医学生课业负担、加强医学生适应教育、加强医学生职业生涯规划和就业指导、加强医学生心理疏导等缓解医学生压力的对策.     

Career preferences and decision-making habits of first-year medical students

Few studies that examine the career decisions of medical students have been based upon theories of decision-making. Several theories were used by the present authors to study differences among first-year medical students in North Carolina who preferred family medicine and those who preferred other specialties. Responses by 358 first-year students to a career preferences questionnaire administered in the fall of their freshman year revealed that students who preferred family medicine were more interested than other students in using medicine as a tool to help people. They were equally persistent and thorough in their career decision-making, were at an earlier stage of decision-making, and had less concern with themselves compared with other students. Decision-making theory helps to explain the relationships found in earlier studies between students' characteristics and their specialty preferences. The results of the present study also may explain the reason for the decrease during medical school in the number of students who prefer family medicine as a career. Those results show that first-year medical students who prefer family medicine are at an earlier stage of the decision-making process than other first-year medical students.     

医学生职业决策自我效能与心理健康状况的相关性研究

目的了解医学类大学生的职业决策自我效能状况和心理健康程度,并探讨两者的相关性。方法采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取某医科大学714名不同专业不同年级的学生进行职业决策自我效能和SCL-90症状自评量表问卷调查,并分析两量表结果的相关性。两样本问均数比较采用t检验,组间比较用单因素方差分析,并用S—N-K法进行两两比较,采用Pearson相关矩阵及Partial偏相关分析法进行相关性研究。结果共回收有效问卷659份,应答率为92．3％。医学生职业决策自我效能总分为（124．72±26．76）,总体职业决策自我效能处于有些困难的水平。不同性别、不同来源地、不同年级、学生干部与非学生干部医学生职业决策自我效能总分存在差异（P值分别为0．019,0．000,0．027,0．026）;是否独生子女和不同专业问的医学生自我效能总分间差异无统计学意义（P值分别为0．243,0．223）。SCL-90量表调查结果显示,医学生不良心理症状较为显著,较为突出的为强迫症状、人际关系敏感和焦虑。相关性分析显示,心理健康程度与职业决策自我效能呈负相关。结论应针对医学生的心理特征,强化职业规划技能,以提高其职业决策自我效能水平,进而改善其不良心理状况。     

医学生生涯规划课程教学效果评价研究

目的 通过问卷调查和访谈评价医学生生涯规划课程教学效果。方法 选择2017、2018届参与生涯规划课堂的临床医学专业医学生54人为研究对象。授课前后,通过问卷调查和访谈方法测试其生涯成熟度指标,以评价课程效果。调查结果使用SPSS 15.0进行t检验。结果 授课后医学生在自我认知、职业认知、信息应用、个人调适、职业态度5个方面的生涯成熟度评分均高于授课前。且在信息应用维度,授课前后医学生生涯成熟度测评成绩分别为(3.71±0.99)分、(4.01±0.93)分,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015);其他维度比较差异无统计学意义。在自我认知、职业认知、个人调试、职业态度4个维度,男生得分高于女生;在信息应用维度,女生得分高于男生。男生与女生比较,职业态度维度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 医学生生涯规划课程对医学生职业发展具有帮助和启示,但部分授课内容仍需优化和改进。     

医学生职业成熟度研究

目的探讨医学生职业成熟度的发展特点。方法采用《大学生职业调查问卷》对某医科大学534名医学生进行问卷调查。结果学生职业成熟度总体得分的均值为3.675,其他各因子分均在3分以上;职业成熟度在性别、是否任学生干部、有无兼职、是否参与社团上差异显著。结论医学生的职业成熟度的发展水平较高,且受到性别、是否任学生干部、有无兼职、是否参与社团等因素的影响。     

医学生职业决策困难的现状及影响因素分析

目的:了解医学院校大学生职业决策困难的水平及特点,为更好地开展医学生职业生涯规划辅导提供理论依据。方法:在开放式调查的基础上采用修订的大学生职业决策困难问卷和自编的影响因素调查表对安徽省3所本科医学院校的846名大学生进行调查。结果:医学生的职业决策困难处于轻度困难水平,主要体现在情绪不适、信息获取渠道不足和社会环境信息不足。医学生的职业决策困难评分在不同性别、是否独生、不同年级和在校表现间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05～P<0.01)。职业教育、专业满意度、专业兴趣匹配和择业把握度均对职业决策有影响(P<0.05～P<0.01)。结论:医学生的职业决策困难处于轻度困难水平,且受性别、年级、是否独生、在校表现、专业满意度、专业兴趣、择业把握度的影响。     

The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine summer medical program for high school students

To enhance diversity of applicants to University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, a Summer Medical Program for High School Students was started in 2009. This comprehensive pipeline program included sessions on applying to medical school, interaction with a panel of minority physicians and health care professionals role models, clinically oriented didactics taught by physician faculty, shadowing experiences in clinics and hospitals, and presentation of student research reports. Students' assessments in 2009 showed increased understanding of the medical school application process, the medical curriculum and the medical field, and an increase in students'likeliness to choose a medical career. Importance of long-term mentoring and follow-up with students to sustain their medical interests is discussed.     

在校医学生医德教育现状调查

通过对我院在校的06、07、08、09级学生的医德认知现状进行抽样调查,了解目前医学生的医德认知状况,结果表明,大学生对开设医学伦理学课必要性认识均率为70．56％,对医德规范的界定认知均率为40．25％,对当前社会医德敏感话题的认知令人担忧,对目前医学院校医德教育过程中存在的主要问题的看法令人深思,并对医学生医德教育的现状、实效与对策进行了思考分析。     

高职医学生职业生涯规划教育的研究

高职医学生职业生涯规划教育是高等职业教育领域中一项新的重要内容,也是高职医学院校就业指导的一项重要内容。针对我国高职医学生职业生涯规划的现状,提出了加强高职医学生职业生涯规划教育的几点思考。     

The role of negative factors in changes in career selection by medical students

The authors in the present study assessed the extent to which negative factors influenced changes in career selection among medical students. Ninety-eight graduating medical students completed a retrospective career choice questionnaire that ascertained the areas of medicine in which they intended to practice and when in their medical curriculum they made this choice, whether this choice represented a change, and, if so, when and why did such a change occur. Responses to these questions indicated that 84 percent of all changes were due to some negative factor about the initial choice, while only 16 percent were due to positive factors concerning a new choice. The results were also classified with regard to disciplines losing and gaining students and the points during the course of study when changes occurred. It was concluded by the authors that time of change and knowledge of reasons for change have different implications for various medical specialties. Medical career selection was likened to the process of hypothesis generation and testing.