经腘静脉顺行穿刺治疗下肢静脉血栓的探讨

目的：探讨经腘静脉顺行穿刺治疗下肢静脉血栓的可行性及优越性。方法：下肢静脉血栓患者19例，经对侧股静脉放置下腔静脉滤器后，使用骨科止血带加压成功穿刺腘静脉，15例顺行插管抽血栓，4例使用Amplatz血栓清除器（ATD）。结果：19例均获成功，栓塞血管复通达100％。临床症状消失，无症状性复发。结论：下肢静脉血栓中使用骨科止血带后可有效地提高顺行穿刺腘静脉成功率，是下肢静脉溶栓治疗的有效方法。     

Endovascular Treatment Options in the Management of Lower Limb Deep Venous Thrombosis

Lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic anticoagulation therapy is the mainstay of conventional treatment instituted by most physicians for the management of DVT. This has proven efficacy in the prevention of thrombus extension and reduction in the incidence of pulmonary embolism and rethrombosis. Unfortunately, especially in patients with severe and extensive iliofemoral DVT, standard treatment may not be entirely adequate. This is because a considerable proportion of these patients eventually develops postthrombotic syndrome. This is characterized by chronic extremity pain and trophic skin changes, edema, ulceration, and venous claudication. Recent interest in endovascular technologies has led to the development of an assortment of minimally invasive, catheter-based strategies to deal with venous thrombus. These comprise catheter-directed thrombolysis, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy devices, adjuvant venous angioplasty and stenting, and inferior vena cava filters. This article reviews these technologies and discusses their current role as percutaneous treatment strategies for venous thrombotic conditions.     

可回收腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓导管抽吸去栓术治疗中的应用

目的：探讨国产可回收腔静脉滤器在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成经皮导管抽吸去栓术中的应用价值。方法：29例左侧急性下肢深静脉血栓形成,预先置入可回收腔静脉滤器,随后行导管抽吸去栓,最后对左侧髂总静脉行血管成形术。结果：29例中27例回收,19例截获大块血栓,所有病例均未发生肺栓塞及与滤器相关的并发症。结论：行经皮导管抽吸去栓术预先置入可回收性滤器,是一种安全有效的必要措施。     

合并静脉血栓形成的布加综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨合并静脉血栓形成的布加综合征的介入治疗。方法回顾性分析我科2005年8月～2012年2月收治的39例合并静脉血栓形成的布加综合征患者的临床资料,其中合并下腔静脉血栓形成18例,合并下肢静脉血栓形成21例。结果 18例经股静脉行置管溶栓术,21例经腘静脉行置管溶栓术,经溶栓治疗后行介入治疗,成功36例,成功率92.3%。26例单纯行下腔静脉球囊扩张术,10例行球囊扩张后置入支架,1例术中出现心包填塞严重并发症,终止手术,转心脏外科开胸行下腔静脉修补术;2例闭塞段较长(>7cm),未开通,放弃介入治疗。33例患者得到随访,平均随访52.6个月。随访期内2例下腔静脉膜性狭窄球囊扩张术后分别于6个月和10个月出现再狭窄,后置入支架,症状改善。其余随访患者下腔静脉通畅,支架无脱落及移位。结论置管溶栓联合血管腔内成形术治疗合并静脉血栓形成的布加综合征微创、有效,中远期效果好,应为首选的治疗方法。     

Applications of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and portal vein thrombosis

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an uncommon cause for presinusoidal portal hypertension. PVT can be caused by one of three broad mechanisms: (1) spontaneous thrombosis when thrombosis develops in the absence of mechanical obstruction, usually in the presence of inherited or acquired hypercoagulable states; (2) intrinsic mechanical obstruction because of vascular injury and scarring or invasion by an intrahepatic or adjacent tumor; or (3) extrinsic constriction by adjacent tumor, lymphadenopathy or inflammatory process. Usually, several combined factors are necessary to result in PVT. The consequences of portal vein thrombosis are mostly related to the extension of the clot within the vein. Gastrointestinal bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the most frequent presentation. Noninvasive imaging techniques are currently used for the screening of patients and the initial diagnosis of PVT. The invasive techniques are reserved for cases when noninvasive techniques are inconclusive, before percutaneous interventional treatment, or in preoperative assessment of patients who are candidates for surgery. Recanalization of the portal vein with anticoagulation alone may not be consistent or appropriate in highly symptomatic patients. Catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is helpful for diagnosis as well as for therapy by allowing the intra-arterial infusion of thrombolytic drugs in the same setting. Direct transhepatic portography allows precise determination of the degree of stenosis and extension within the portal vein, as well as pressure measurements. Thrombotic occlusions of the portal, mesenteric, and splenic veins can be managed by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) or pharmacologic thrombolysis. Underlying occlusions because of organized or refractory thrombus or fixed venous stenosis are best corrected by balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Access into the portal venous system can also be established through creating a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Creating a TIPS is also important in the setting of PVT associated with cirrhosis to decompress portal hypertension and improve portal venous flow. PVT involving the portal, splenic, and/or mesenteric veins can also complicate a preexisting TIPS in which case the shunt can be readily used as therapy access. Several techniques may be used to recanalize the shunt and portal venous system, including thrombolytic therapy, balloon angioplasty/embolectomy, suction embolectomy, basket extraction of clots, and mechanical thrombectomy with a variety of devices. Advantages of MT include the potential to rapidly remove thrombus without the need for prolonged thrombolytic infusions, and reducing the potential life-threatening complications of thrombolytic therapy. Possible drawbacks include the risk of intimal or vascular trauma to the portal vein, which may promote recurrent thrombosis.     

经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓26例的初步临床疗效观察

目的评价经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓（lower extremity deep vein thrombosis,LEDVT）的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析26例急性混合型LEDVT患者的临床资料。患者术前置入下腔静脉滤器,穿刺左侧肱动脉于患侧髂动脉置管溶栓,2～3 d后复查造影并穿刺患侧腘静脉行球囊扩张（percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA）+手动抽栓（percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy,PMT）+置管溶栓（catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT）。观察血栓清除情况、患侧下肢周径变化情况及溶栓并发症等。 结果26例患者经动脉置管溶栓后24例（92.31%）腘静脉及膝下段深静脉血栓大部分溶解;之后行PTA+PMT+CDT操作1次者17例（65.39%）,操作2次者7例（26.92%）,操作3次后置入髂静脉支架者2例（7.69%）。血栓清除率Ⅲ级者22例（84.62%）,Ⅱ级者2例（7.69%）,I级者2例（7.69%）。治疗前膝上周径与健侧差值为（5.02±2.29）cm,治疗后差值为（0.74±0.18）cm,两者比较具有显著的统计学差异（t=7.601,P<0.001）。26例溶栓治疗无严重并发症。 结论经髂动脉置管溶栓序贯腘静脉PTA+PMT+CDT对于急性混合型LEDVT治疗安全有效。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗研究

目的：探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成介入治疗方法与疗效。方法：对81例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,采用下腔静脉放置滤器,静脉内置管注入尿激酶溶栓剂和利用介入器材破栓、抽栓及球囊扩张等综合治疗技术,观察疗效,并对相关资料和继发病症进行分析总结。结果：痊愈62例,明显有效13例,有效4例,无效2例,总有效率达97.5%,放置下腔静脉滤器76例。置管时间19 d,平均6.8 d。结论：综合介入治疗是治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全、有效和微创方法,值得推广运用。     

两种方法治疗急性髂股静脉血栓对照研究

目的比较经皮血栓抽吸联合导管内溶栓与单纯经患肢足背静脉溶栓治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓效果。方法78例造影诊断为急性髂股静脉血栓患者,先置入下腔静脉滤器,根据治疗方法不同,分为两组:A组(33例)经患肢足背静脉滴注尿激酶;B组(45例)导管置于血栓内,先抽吸部分血栓,再置入溶栓导管,滴注尿激酶。对两组患者总体治疗效果、患肢消肿率、治疗时间及并发症等进行观察比较。结果总体有效率A组87.9%,B组100%;大腿消肿率A组(52.9±23.6)%,B组(65.1±14.2)%;小腿消肿率A组(66.0±21.4)%,B组(72.5±10.6)%,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组治疗时间长于B组,尿激酶使用量及并发症也多于B组;A组15例治疗后取出下腔静脉滤器,B组34例。随访半年,A组6例复发,B组无复发。结论经皮血栓抽吸联合导管内溶栓治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓疗效明显优于单纯经患肢足背静脉溶栓,且并发症较少、     

Mesenteric vein thrombosis: CT identification

Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis was identified on computed tomographic scans in six patients. In each case, contrast-enhanced scans showed a high-density superior mesenteric vein wall surrounding a central filing defect. Four of the six patients had isolated superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. A fifth patient had associated portal vein and splenic vein thrombosis, and the sixth patient had associated portal vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis. The diagnosis of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis was confirmed by angiography in two patients and by surgery in a third. One of the six patients had acute ischemic bowel disease. The other five patients did not have acute ischemic bowel symptoms associated with their venous occlusion. This study defines the computed tomographic appearance of mesenteric vein thrombosis. A dense venous wall surrounding a central lucency representing blood clot was present in all six cases.     

Transcatheter aspiration: the key to successful percutaneous treatment of deep venous thrombosis?

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine transcatheter aspiration as an adjunct to local thrombolysis in a porcine model of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DVT was induced in both hind limbs of five pigs. Thirty minutes later, bilateral thrombolysis was performed by using infusion guidewires placed coaxially through occlusion balloon catheters. A temporary venous filter was then placed in the inferior vena cava. The balloon catheters and infusion wire were removed, a 14-F sheath was placed on the right side, and aspiration of residual thrombi was attempted with 8- and 6-F catheters. At autopsy, the mass of any thrombus in the iliofemoral veins was measured, and residual thrombosis in the venous tributaries was graded at four sites. Thromboemboli in the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary circulation were also collected and weighed. RESULTS: With aspiration and lysis, the iliofemoral veins were cleared of thrombus in three of five limbs; from the remaining two, only 0.09 and 0.15 g of thrombus were harvested. Except for the deep femoral vein in two legs, tributaries were free of thrombus. After thrombolysis alone, thrombi ranged in mass from 0.54 to 1.14 g (median, 0.70 g). Some thrombi were observed in most tributaries. One or two small emboli were found trapped by the caval filter and in the pulmonary circulation in four and three pigs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The primary axial veins and their tributaries can be rapidly cleared of thrombus by using thrombolysis with transcatheter aspiration, but this procedure is associated with the risk of pulmonary embolism.     

Normal venous anatomy and collateral pathways in upper extremity venous thrombosis.

Collateral pathways are well known in superior vena cava occlusion but not in axillary or subclavian vein occlusion, even though these occlusions are becoming more common. In a series of 127 arm venograms obtained for suspected venous thrombosis, the authors found 32 instances of subclavian or axillary vein occlusion. The authors reviewed the cases for site of occlusion and definition of collateral pathways. In 15 cases, the occlusion was in the subclavian vein, with collateral flow established chiefly via veins in the neck. Ten cases of axillary vein occlusion with chest wall collateral pathways were identified. Seven cases could not be categorized. Knowledge of these pathways is useful for accurate interpretation of upper extremity venograms. A more thorough understanding of venous pathways in the upper body may aid in the treatment of patients with chronic disease and longterm indwelling central venous catheters.     

机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价经皮机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的可行性、安全性及有效性。 方法：选取2015年4月-2017年6月收治左髂静脉受压综合征伴急性下肢DVT的患者33例,发病时间6 h-14 d,平均年龄（57.97±14.44）岁。所有患者均在滤器保护下进行治疗。AngioJet血栓清除术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,术后保留鞘管予以溶栓治疗,每天复查造影,若血栓完全溶解,取出下腔静脉滤器并结束溶栓。术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊随访,行彩色超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查了解下肢深静脉及髂支架内血流通畅情况。 结果：33例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%,AngioJet抽吸时间为（224.70±72.78）s,溶栓时间（34.00±15.37）h,尿激酶用量（112.58±49.92）万U。33例患者同期植入髂静脉支架33枚。血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者29例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者4例。无出血、症状性肺栓等严重并发症发生。术后随访1例患者术后两月血栓复发,32例患者术后随访超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查提示下肢深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅。 结论：机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全有效的方法。     

Abdominal venous system: assessment using MR

Twenty-five patients with known or suspected evidence of venous disease based on results of computed tomography, angiography, or ultrasound were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) to determine the MR characterization of venous abnormalities. MR findings were proved by laparotomy or autopsy in 18 of 25 cases. In seven of 25 patients in whom only biopsy was performed, the MR findings were correlated with findings from other radiologic tests. On MR, the inferior vena cava (IVC), portal vein, and their major tributaries were seen in all but two cases. In those two, identification of collaterals led to the correct diagnosis of splenic vein thrombosis in one case and left renal vein thrombosis in another. MR imaging helped identify intraluminal thrombi in the IVC (12 of 12 cases), portal vein (two of two cases), renal veins (seven of seven cases), superior mesenteric vein (one case), and iliac veins (seven of seven cases). Intraluminal signal intensity secondary to slow blood flow seen in five patients was always differentiated from the thrombus. MR imaging helped identify correctly the nature of the thrombus in 11 of 16 patients. In five patients, the differentiation between tumor thrombus and blood clot thrombus was not possible. Involvement of the IVC wall by tumor was seen in four cases. MR imaging also accurately depicted slow flow in obstructed or constricted veins; encasement, compression, or displacement of veins without intraluminal occlusions; and the presence of venous collaterals. The MR imaging evaluation of venous abnormalities is accurate, easily performed, and will probably become an important application.     

Percutaneous thrombectomy: a review

Percutaneous thrombectomy (PT) is an established technique for the removal of acute thrombus in occluded arteries, veins and vascular grafts. Percutaneous thrombectomy can be used as an adjunctive treatment to other methods of thrombus removal such as thrombolysis or as sole therapy. The two main methods are percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy in which thrombus is removed by suction with the aid of wide-bore catheters, and mechanical thrombectomy using a variety of automated devices to fragment or remove thrombus. Aspiration thrombectomy is often used as an adjunct to thrombolysis in acute arterial occlusion, or as salvage therapy to remove distal emboli following iliac or femoropopliteal angioplasty. Mechanical thrombectomy is useful for the treatment of thrombosed dialysis grafts and is being increasingly used for the treatment of massive pulmonary emboli and ileofemoral or ileocaval deep venous thromboses.     

Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy of acute deep vein thrombosis with the Trellis-8 isolated thrombolysis catheter

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of the Trellis-8 isolated thrombolysis catheter during single-session pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT) combined with low-dose thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in the treatment of patients with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and multiple comorbidities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed of 19 consecutive patients with acute above-knee DVT treated by PMT with the Trellis device followed by venous angioplasty and stent placement. Isolated thrombolysis with low-dose TPA was used with all patients. Concurrent therapies included retrievable inferior vena cava filter insertion (n = 4). The primary endpoint was restoration of rapid inline venous flow; the secondary endpoint was thrombus clearance. RESULTS: Restoration of rapid inline venous flow was achieved in all cases; thrombus removal was less than 50% in one case (4%), 50%-95% in 18 cases (82%), and at least 95% in three cases (14%). The median administered dose of TPA was 13.4 mg per patient. The mean treatment time was 91 minutes per limb (range, 61-129 min), with a mean of 21 minutes per thrombosed segment (range, 8-31 min). There were no major complications. Primary patency rate of the treated venous segments at 2 days was 86% (n = 19) and the primary assisted patency rate was 100% at 30 days. Two patients died of advanced malignancy at 17 and 24 days. CONCLUSIONS: The Trellis system was an effective method for the treatment of acute DVT. Based on the present data, the Trellis system could prove to be a safe and feasible single-session PMT method for the treatment of acute DVT in a broader patient population and warrants further investigation in a large-scale study.     

Hepatic Veins and Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in a Child Treated by Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

We report the case of a 9-year-old boy with portal hypertension, due to Budd-Chiari syndrome, and retrohepatic inferior vena cava thrombosis, submitted to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) by connecting the suprahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava directly to the portal vein. After 3 months, the withdrawal of anticoagulants promoted the thrombosis of the TIPS. At TIPS revision, thrombosis of the TIPS and the main portal vein and clots at the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins were found. Successful angiography treatment was performed by thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty of a severe stenosis at the distal edge of the stent.     

Current DVT imaging

Accurate diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is very difficult, and imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis or exclusion of DVT. The initial test of choice for diagnosis of acute thigh as well as upper extremity DVT is ultrasound, because of its high accuracy, relatively low cost, portability, and lack of ionizing radiation. In patients who are undergoing CT pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism, CT venography can be performed as part of the examination, for comprehensive evaluation of the venous system in the legs, abdomen, and pelvis. MR has a problem-solving role, and conventional venography is now limited to specific scenarios including evaluation of central DVT in the upper extremities, as a prelude to intervention for thrombolysis/thrombectomy, and prior to placement of an inferior vena cava filter. This article discusses the imaging findings of DVT, and the role of these imaging examinations in the evaluation of patients with suspected DVT.     

介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用

目的 评价介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析经介入性溶栓治疗33例下肢DVT患者,其中10例患者仅行下腔静脉滤器植入术,术后溶栓抗凝治疗.23例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术和同期患侧股髂静脉开通术.结果 随访33例患者均未出现大出血和致死性肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症,23例患者下肢DVT完全溶解,10例部分溶解.结论 介入性综合治疗下肢DVT是一种安全可行、疗效好的方法.     

下肢深静脉血栓局部溶栓的疗效与影响因素

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓局部溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素。方法 对60例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,采用经导管血栓局部先团注量灌注尿激酶250000U,然后以125000－150000U／h持续灌注。结果 全组溶栓治疗时间4－76h,平均38h,尿激酶用量750000U－9750000U,平均5150000U,血管再通率88．3％。病程＜4周的急性或亚急性血栓形成患者46例,溶栓后阻塞段血管再通44例（95．7％）。在14例慢性血栓形成患者中,血管再通9例（64．3％）。对残存狭窄＞30％的23例患者,14例行经皮球囊血管成形术（PTA）治疗,9例行PTA及内支架治疗。溶栓术后继续肝素全身抗凝治疗可增强溶栓疗效。6例溶栓前放置下腔静脉过滤器。本组无严重并发症及肺栓塞发生。结论 经导管血栓局部灌注尿激酶是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的安全有效方法,其疗效与多种因素有关。     

超声引导下置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床应用价值.方法 自2009年9月至2011年9月共收治下肢DVT患者34例,均采用下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢在超声引导下经皮置管,持续导管内给予溶栓药物尿激酶50 万u/d和肝素5 000 u/d,交替使用.其中2例患者合并下腔静脉血栓,采用经颈静脉途径释放下腔静脉滤器;2例患者采用大隐静脉置管;其余均采用经皮腘静脉置管.结果 所有患者均置管成功,放置溶栓导管5 ～ 7 d.27例患者术后下肢肿胀基本消失,活动能力明显改善.5例患者活动后仍有较明显乏力和沉重感.1例患者术后3个月复发,再次置管后好转.1例患者术后6个月复发合并健侧下肢DVT,采用外周血管溶栓治疗.所有患者均采用DSA了解溶栓情况,26例患者髂股静脉术后连续性通畅,8例患者阶段性通畅.结论 超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗具有创伤小、定位准确、药物剂量个人化以及溶栓率高等优点,是治疗DVT的有效方法.