Primary posterior mediastinal Burkitt lymphoma

A 14-year-old boy admitted to our clinic with a 20-day history of fever, cough and respiratory distress. Mediastinal enlargement was observed on chest radiograph. Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated a large posterior mediastinal mass. The histopathological examination of the mass revealed Burkitt's lymphoma. We report this case because primary posterior mediastinal involvement in Burkitt lymphoma is extremely rare in childhood.     

Posterior mediastinal cystic teratoma surrounded by fat in a 13 month old boy

A 13 month old boy had a large left sided posterior cystic mass initially thought to be in lung. MRI showed the cystic mass to be surrounded by fat. A benign mediastinal teratoma was removed     

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎细菌性肺炎所致塑型性支气管炎15例临床分析

目的 分析儿童肺炎支原体肺炎和（或）细菌性肺炎所致塑型性支气管炎的临床特点。方法 回顾性收集2007年1月至2010年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院诊断为塑型性支气管炎患儿的临床资料。依据其感染病原分为肺炎支原体肺炎组、肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组和细菌性肺炎组。分析3组患儿临床表现（发热、咳嗽、肺部体征、发热峰值及发热持续时间等）、实验室检查（WBC、CRP、转氨酶和病原培养等）、胸部CT、支气管镜所见气道黏膜损害、支气管塑型分泌物栓病理学检查和治疗情况。结果 15例塑型性支气管炎患儿进入分析,年龄2~15岁。肺炎支原体肺炎组5例,肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组6例,细菌性肺炎组4例。3组患儿均急性起病,均以发热和咳嗽为主要表现入院。①肺炎支原体肺炎组均无急性呼吸窘迫和肺外阳性体征;肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组需呼吸支持者和伴肺外阳性体征者均为1/6例;细菌性肺炎组需呼吸支持者和伴肺外阳性体征者均为3/4例。②3组胸部CT检查均提示单侧或双侧肺实变,肺不张和胸腔积液肺炎支原体肺炎组分别为1/5例和3/5例,肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组分别为3/6例和5/6例,细菌性肺炎组分别为3/4例和1/4例。③3组支气管镜检查均可见气道黏膜充血和肿胀,但程度和范围以肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组和细菌性肺炎组为著;气道黏膜局部损害以肺炎支原体肺炎合并细菌感染组为著,其中2例伴支气管通气不良,有远端支气管闭塞可能。④3组支气管镜检查均有支气管树样塑型分泌物栓栓取出,病理组织学分型均为Ⅰ型。结论 与细菌性肺炎相比,肺炎支原体肺炎在全身炎症反应较轻时即可发生塑型性支气管炎。肺炎支原体肺炎所致塑型性支气管炎的气道黏膜损害较轻,支气管塑型分泌物栓较短,应及时行支气管镜检查以协助诊治。     

Infantile pulmonary tuberculosis: the great mimic

Purpose

Infantile tuberculosis is common in developing countries and rarely presents as space occupying thoracic lesions mimicking congenital malformations. This case series reviews four such infants with varied presentations and their outcome.

Methods

Four cases of infantile pulmonary/mediastinal tuberculosis that presented like congenital thoracic lesions are described. Details of demography, symptomatology, contact history, immunization status, provisional diagnosis, tuberculin testing, imaging, histopathology, final diagnosis, management and outcome were retrospectively collated and analyzed.

Results

They were 4–6-month males, term-born and immunized. They presented with pneumonia/hyperactive airway disease since 2–12?weeks. One had a suspect and another a close tuberculous contact. The provisional diagnosis after imaging were infected congenital lung cyst, posterior mediastinal cyst and bronchopulmonary malformation. Two were tuberculin positive; none had gastric acid-fast bacilli. One underwent a pulmonary lobectomy for necrotic lung cyst; the second had a biopsy and drainage of a posterior mediastinal cyst that contained caseating material and was densely adherent to the esophagus. Surgical biopsy showed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in both; one with acid-fast bacilli. Both succumbed to postoperative complications. The other two with tuberculous contacts who were managed with early antituberculous therapy, responded well and recovered uneventfully.

Conclusions

Infantile pulmonary/mediastinal tuberculosis may mimic congenital thoracic malformations. A review of contact history, investigations and imaging help to establish the tuberculous etiology, avoids surgical misadventures and prompts early antituberculous therapy to achieve a favorable outcome.     

支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞一例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析1例支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的临床、辅助检查特点和随访情况,并复习文献,探讨支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的诊断要点.结果 患儿男,6岁,以发热、咳嗽半月为主要表现.呼吸稍费力,胸痛.左侧胸部呼吸动度减弱,左下肺叩诊浊音,左侧呼吸音稍低,闻及少许细湿哕音.辅助检查:胸腔积液常规检查示混浊血性液,WBC 368×106/L,RBC 7140×106/L,N0.61,L0.12.酶联免疫法查支原体抗体IgM 1:128阳性,冷凝集素试验示1:1024阳性.血D-D二聚体14.81 mg/L.血抗心磷脂抗体阳性.血浆蛋白C活性60％(正常70％～ 130％).肺动脉血管造影示左肺下叶呈大片状密度增高影,左侧支气管动脉下支分支血管部分截断.心脏B超提示三尖瓣瓣口轻度反流,肺动脉收缩压约38 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).单光子发射计算机断层显像术示左肺背段、前基段、外基段、下舌段明显放射性分布稀疏.入院后考虑支原体肺炎伴胸腔积液、肺栓塞,予美洛培南针联合红霉素针抗感染,低分子肝素针和华法林片抗凝后胸腔积液消失,血D-D二聚体0.38 mg/L,肺动脉压力降低.随访显示抗心磷脂抗体转阴,血浆蛋白C活性恢复,肺部病变吸收.结论 支原体肺炎患儿有胸痛、呼吸困难、血性胸腔积液、肺动脉高压、抗磷脂抗体阳性、D-D二聚体增高时要考虑肺栓塞的可能,肺动脉血管造影可明确诊断.     

Pleuropulmonary Blastoma of the Lung Presenting as Posterior Mediastinal Mass: A Case Report

Pulmonary blastoma is a rare primary neoplasm of the lung. A case of a 2-year-old girl with a rapidly progressing pleuropulmonary blastoma clinically presenting as a posterior mediastinal mass is discussed.     

Imaging features of posterior mediastinal chordoma in a child

A 5 1/2-year-old boy presented with repeated episodes of stridor and cough. Chest radiography demonstrated a widened mediastinum. Evaluation by CT revealed a low-density posterior mediastinal mass initially diagnosed as benign tumor. Histopathological analysis of the resected mass disclosed a malignant chordoma. Our radiological results are described with an analysis of the imaging findings in the medical literature. We present our suggestions for preoperative evaluation of posterior mediastinal tumors.     

Concurrent development of a thymic cyst and mediastinal Hodgkin's disease

A case is presented of a young adult female who presented with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease and a mediastinal mass that proved to be a thymic cyst. Prior to this illness, a chest x-ray had been obtained that did not show a mediastinal mass. This case illustrates that thymic cysts may arise simultaneously with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease, rather than as a result of treatment or being present congenitally.     

中国儿童间质性肺疾病的临床研究

目的 了解中国儿童间质性肺疾病( ILD)的病因谱.方法 以2009年来自全国11家医院就诊的93例儿童ILD患者为研究对象,采用统一登记表格,详细记录其病史、症状、体征;所有病例均进行胸CT或高分辨率CT;住院期间常规检查项目包括血常规、血沉、C反应蛋白、血气分析,据病情轻重和年龄尽可能进行肺功能检查;具有诊断意义的项目包括呼吸道分泌物细菌培养、呼吸道病毒抗原检测、血清的病毒和支原体抗体检查,以及血清学的免疫抗体检查,痰、胃液、肺泡灌洗液涂片找含铁血黄素细胞等;对25例病例进行了支气管镜检,对14例病例进行了肺活检.由全国儿童弥漫性实质性肺疾病/间质性肺疾病协作组成员对每一病例进行集体讨论诊断.14例病例按临床-放射-病理(C-R-P)诊断模式达成诊断共识,79例病例根据临床及典型影像学改变、辅助检查做出最后诊断.结果 93例ILD患儿年龄8个月～14岁,平均年龄为4岁11个月,其中男53例,女40例.(1)93例ILD的病因谱为:闭塞性细支气管炎39例;特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症39例;特发性间质性肺炎7例(其中非特异性间质性肺炎4例,急性间质性肺炎1例,淋巴细胞间质性肺炎1例,特发性肺纤维化1例);继发性的间质性肺炎2例(其中继发于系统性红斑狼疮的急性间质性肺炎1例,HIV感染引起的淋巴细胞间质性肺炎1例);外源性过敏性肺泡炎2例;闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎1例,肺泡微石症1例,弥漫性泛细支气管炎1例,类脂性肺炎1例.(2)临床特点:72例有咳嗽,24例有气促,5例有三凹征,43例肺内可闻及湿啰音,8例有杵状指趾.(3)影像学特征:肺CT显示56例肺部有磨玻璃影;30例肺部有马赛克灌注征,其中11例伴有支气管扩张,8例伴有支气管壁增厚;1例弥漫性小叶中心性结节,伴小支气管和细支气管扩张;1例为弥漫性的细小结节影;1例为弥漫性网格影和泡性肺气肿.结论 儿童ILD是一组异质性疾病,本组共诊断出11种疾病,其中例数最多的前三位疾病为闭塞性细支气管炎、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症、特发性间质性肺炎.     

Fatal necrotizing pneumonia caused by group A streptococcus

Group A streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive, non-invasive and non-suppurative diseases. Pneumonia is one of the invasive infections caused by GAS. Although GAS is a significant and serious cause of childhood pneumonia, it is often overlooked clinically. Similarly, the recent literature is surprisingly scant on reports of GAS pneumonia and concentrates mainly on varicella-associated invasive GAS diseases. In this case report, we present a previously healthy 7-year-old child with community-acquired pneumonia that progressed rapidly and resulted in sepsis, respiratory failure and death. In both blood and pleural fluid cultures, Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated. On autopsy, macroscopic examination revealed that the lung tissue appeared to have lost its normal architecture. Necrosis was present and the lung had a spongy appearance with some solid areas. The light microscopy revealed massive oedema, haemorrhages, intense inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis. This case report highlights the need for consideration of invasive GAS infection in the event of severe, rapidly progressing pneumonia in children.     

Isolation pattern and clinical outcome of genital mycoplasma in neonates from a tertiary care neonatal unit.

The role of genital mycoplasma in perinatal mortality and morbidity has been debated. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of isolation of genital mycoplasma and evaluate its association with clinical outcome. Sixty-six cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 49 tracheal aspirates taken from 100 low birthweight infants who had suspected meningitis and/or respiratory distress respectively were cultured for genital mycoplasma. Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from 9 per cent of CSF and 14 per cent of tracheal aspirates. Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from CSF in one case and none at the tracheal aspirates. Three out of seven mycoplasma-infected CNS cases showed CSF pleocytosis while three out of seven patients whose tracheal aspirates grew mycoplasma had congenital pneumonia. None of the patients were treated with antimycoplasmal therapy and none developed chronic lung disease.     

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目的探讨支原体肺炎在纤维支气管镜镜下形态学表现特点及介入治疗支原体肺炎的效果。方法收集1996-01—2006-06在北京儿童医院就诊的住院患儿170例,临床确诊为支原体肺炎,经纤维支气管镜检查并予以病变局部介入治疗。结果所有患儿在纤维支气管镜下均可见黏膜粗糙、肿胀、分泌物附着,部分患儿有血管走行粗重(117例,68.8%),纵行皱褶(65例,38.2%),黏膜花斑样改变(24例,14.1%),黏膜腺体小结样突起(19例,11.2%),黏膜糜烂(5例,2.9%);管腔开口炎性狭窄(94例,55.3%),甚至闭塞(27例,15.9%),段支气管通气不畅(120例,70.6%);管腔分泌物多数呈半透明或灰白黏稠状,部分形成黏液栓阻塞细支气管(46例,27.1%)。经过治疗,所有病例均有改善,141例(82.9%)患儿介入治疗1~4次,最多10次。结论支原体肺炎可并发肺不张;纤维支气管镜下主要特点为支气管黏膜病变和黏液栓阻塞,管腔开口炎性狭窄、闭塞,段支气管通气不畅;早期经纤维支气管镜诊治有利于缩短病程。     

小儿间质性肺疾病14例临床-影像-病理诊断分析

目的 了解小儿间质性肺疾病的临床特点、影像学特征和病理类型.方法 以2009年来自全国7家医院拟诊为弥漫性肺疾病的19例患儿为研究对象,收集所有病例的临床资料,住院期间做常规的呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养、呼吸道病毒抗原检查、血清的病毒和支原体抗体检查,以及血清学的免疫抗体检查,以排除感染和结缔组织病的因素;所有病例均进行胸CT或高分辨率CT检查,血气分析;据病情轻重和年龄尽可能进行肺功能检查;所有病例均进行肺活检.由临床医师、放射科医师和病理科医师按临床-放射-病理(C-R-P)诊断模式共同讨论3次完成最终疾病诊断.结果 19例中有5例被剔除,包括证实为真菌感染、肺血管异常和硬化性血管瘤各1例,2例资料不全.14例患儿诊断为间质性肺疾病,其中男10例,女4例,年龄范围为1岁4个月～13岁.(1)临床特点:14例均有咳嗽,12例同时有气短,8例三凹征,4例肺内可闻及湿哕音,5例有杵状指趾.(2)影像学特征:肺CT显示12例有磨玻璃影,另2例中,1例为弥漫性的细小结节影,1例为弥漫性网格影和泡性肺气肿.(3)病理证据:4例患儿的肺病理提供了确切诊断,包括2例肺泡蛋白沉着症,1例为肺泡微石症,1例为类脂性肺炎,另10例患儿肺组织提供了病理类型.(4)按C-R-P模式诊断:4例为继发性的间质性肺疾病,其中继发于系统性红斑狼疮的急性间质性肺炎1例,HIV感染引起的淋巴细胞间质性肺炎1例,2例为外源性过敏性肺泡炎;余6例为原因不明的间质性肺疾病,诊断为特发性间质性肺炎,包括4例非特异性间质性肺炎,1例急性间质性肺炎,1例为淋巴细胞间质性肺炎.结论 小儿间质性肺疾病是一组异质性疾病.临床表现无特异性,以咳嗽、气短为主要表现.肺部影像学以磨玻璃样阴影为主要改变.不同的间质性肺疾病病理表现各异.

Abstract：

Objective The pediatric interstitial lung disease is a group of poorly understood disease entities. This study aimed to better understand the clinical features, radiological manifestations and pathological patterns of pediatric interstitial lung disease. Method Patients with diffuse lung disease seen in the year 2009 in 7 hospitals were studied by the Pediatric Interstitial Lung Disease Cooperative Group.Nineteen patients underwent lung biopsy, 11 cases were male, 8 were female and their age ranged from 1 year and 4 months to 13 years. Respiratory tract secretions were obtained for bacterial culture, respiratory virus antigen examination, mycoplasma antibody, EB virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses antibody detection were performed. The CT or HRCT of the lung and blood-gas analysis and lung biopsy were performed for all the patients. One case underwent open lung biopsy, two cases received percutaneous biopsy, and other 16 cases were experienced video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy. Result Five cases had been excluded, for one case had fungal infection, one had abnormal pneumoangiogram, one had sclerosing hemangioma, and two had no sufficient data. The remaining 14 cases were included into the analysis. All the 14 cases had cough, 12 of them also had tachuyppoea, four cases had rales and five had clubbing. High resolution CT showed that 12 cases had ground-glass opacification, 1 had diffuse micronodular opacities, the pathological pattern of this case was pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and in the case of diffuse reticulonodular opacities and cysts, the pathology of the lung was NSIP. All the 14 cases had the proof of the diagnosis or the type of the pathology. Four cases were diagnosed by pathology of the lung, incuding 1 case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, 2 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1 case of lipoid pneumonia.Clinical-radiologic-pathologic (C-R-P) diagnosis of the other 10 cases were as follows: 4 cases had secondary interstitial lung disease, one secondary to LES, one to human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )infection and 2 had hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The other 6 cases had idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with unknown causes, of whom 4 cases had non-specific interstitial pneumonia, 1 case had acute interstitial pneumonia and 1 case had lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Conclusion Pediatric interstitial lung disease is a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical manifestation of these disorders was not specific,and the main symptoms were cough and tachypnoea. The ground-glass opacification was the main change in the HRCT of the lung. The different interstitial lung diseases have different pathological features. The C-R-P diagnostic analysis may enhance the rate of specific diagnosis and the awareness level of the pediatrician about the interstitial lung disease in childhood.     

Pseudotumoral azygos and paraesophageal varices of posterior mediastinum in a 15-month-old infant: a case report

A case of azygos and paraesophageal varices presenting as a posterior mediastinal mass in a 15-month-old infant with biliary atresia is described. The patient was evaluated for living donor liver transplantation because of repeated cholangitis after Kasai operation, and plain CT scan demonstrated a mass in posterior mediastinum. The operation of mediastinal tumor resection was planned before liver transplantation in order to exclude malignant disease, however, possibility of paraesophageal varices remained. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging clearly demonstrated azygos and paraesophageal varices in posterior mediastinum. Living donor liver transplantation was performed successfully without ligation of paraesophagogastric varices. Contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated distinctly decreased mediastinal mass one month after transplantation.     

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎11例临床分析

目的　探讨重症肺炎支原体肺炎 (MPP)的诊断和治疗问题。方法　分析 11例重症MPP患儿的临床特征、诊治过程 ,并结合文献进行讨论。结果　在 11例MPP患儿中 ,X线胸片表现为双侧或单侧大叶肺实变 ,合并中至大量胸腔积液 4例 ;起病急 ,高热 ,咳嗽剧烈 ,X线胸片表现为大叶肺实变 ,对阿奇霉素治疗无明显反应 4例 ,其中 1例合并全身炎症反应综合征。 11例MPP中 6例出现闭塞性支气管炎。结论　肺炎支原体 (MP)可引起重症肺炎 ,对于临床上有上述表现的重症肺炎 ,应考虑到MPP的可能性。根据发病机制 ,对MPP患儿除应用大环内酯类抗生素外 ,可并用利福平、肾上腺皮质激素和大剂量丙种球蛋白治疗。     

Primary Cardiac Lipoblastoma

Lipoblastoma is a benign adipose tumor in children that has been described in various anatomic locations, most commonly the extremities. We describe the case of a 17-month-old boy diagnosed with cardiac lipoblastoma, a previously unreported primary cardiac tumor in children. Our patient presented with symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and hoarseness and was found to have a large mediastinal mass, which narrowed the left mainstem bronchus and compressed the right atrium and superior vena cava, causing superior vena cava syndrome. Surgical exploration revealed an intrapericardial soft tissue mass arising from the area of the posterior interatrial septum. Grossly, the resected mass was lobulated, pale yellow, and fatty with focal areas of gray myxoid tissue. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of both immature and mature adipocytes, with focal vascular myxoid areas containing lipoblasts, diagnostic of lipoblastoma. Two months after surgery, the patient was in good health without evidence of recurrence. Received April 13, 2000; accepted August 17, 2000.     

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the lung: a rare cause of atelectasis in children

Although rare, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is the most common primary lung mass in children. We report the case of an 11-year-old boy investigated for persistent cough and dyspnea with complete left lung atelectasis mimicking pneumonia. CT and MRI showed an endobronchial mass of the left main bronchus. The boy underwent endoscopic resection of the tumor and histology was in favor of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the lung. This diagnosis should be suspected in children with recurrent pneumonia. The prognosis is good after complete resection.     

Meningoenzephalitis und Myokarditis durch seltene Erreger

A 12-year-old boy presented with coma and cardiac arrhytmia after inital symptoms of a flu-like febrile infection and otitis media. Titers against mycoplasma pneumoniae were significantly increased in serum. Detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae could not be found by PCR in a liquor sample. The patient had a rapid and complete recovery over several days. This case report demonstrates a well documented course of an mycoplasma pneumoniae infection resulting in both coma and cardiac arrhytmia. It furthermore exemplifies that coma can result from acute infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae in the absence of an inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid response.     

小儿肺炎支原体肺炎高分辨率CT影像学特点

目的 通过对小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的肺部高分辨率CT影像学资料进行总结,分析肺炎支原体肺炎高分辨率CT影像特点.方法 回顾2010年1～l2月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院儿呼吸科住院的66例临床诊断为肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的临床资料（血清学及咽拭子DNA符合支原体感染）,对肺部CT特点进行归纳总结（其中男30例,女36例,年龄3个月～13岁,平均年龄7岁）.结果 小儿肺炎支原体肺炎最常见的肺高分辨率CT改变为支气管壁增厚,比例高达69.9％,其次支气管增厚充气征高达65.1％,在各年龄组无明显差异（P＞0.05）;磨玻璃样改变占15.1％,散在斑片状阴影占45.5％,在幼儿组更为常见;肺部实变占48.4％,“树芽征”总体比例占34.8％,在年长儿童中多见.结论 小儿肺炎支原体肺炎肺部高分辨率CT影像学特点主要有支气管壁增厚充气,“树芽征”“树雾征”,磨玻璃样改变,散在斑片状阴影,肺实变.肺CT可辅助早期肺炎支原体肺炎的诊断.     

Cavitation of anterior mediastinal masses in children with histiocytosis-X

Four children with histiocytosis-X had large solid mediastinal masses at diagnosis. Follow-up studies in three showed large air cysts occupying the sites of the original masses; the fourth patient had small air cysts at the periphery of the mass. All patients survived. One patient was explored and the large air cysts were in the mediastinum with adherence to the adjacent lung. Lesser pulmonary involvement was noted in the lungs of three of the four patients. Cavitation within mediastinal masses in histiocytosis-X appears to reflect two processes. The first is necrosis within the masses themselves. The second is involvement of adjacent lung with adherence of lung and pleura to the mediastinum allowing air to fill the mediastinal cavities. Presented at the Society for Pediatric Radiology Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 1984