角膜碱烧伤后VEGF的表达与新生血管的关系

目的研究碱烧伤后角膜血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growthfactor，VEGF）的表达与角膜新生血管化的关系。方法30只Sprague-Dawleg（SD）大鼠碱烧伤，诱导角膜新生血管模型。碱烧伤后不同时间形态学分析来评价角膜新生血管的情况，免疫组化及Westem blot评价角膜VEGF的表达。结果角膜碱烧伤后24hVEGF的表达开始增高，伤后4d达高峰，伤后7d VEGF的表达下降，14d后显著下降。碱烧伤后，角膜新生血管与VEGF的表达呈明显的平行关系。结论碱烧伤后大鼠角膜VEGF的表达水平与新生血管的形成有相关性，并在其中发挥重要作用。     

b-FGF,VEGF在碱烧伤大鼠角膜中的表达与新生血管的关系

目的 探讨角膜碱烧伤后,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（b-FGF）,血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在大鼠角膜中的表达与角膜新生血管化的关系。方法 采用1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液烧伤35只Sprague-Dawleg（S-D）大鼠角膜,建立角膜碱烧伤动物模型;碱烧伤后不同时间的形态学分析来评价角膜新生血管的情况,用免疫组织化学染色方法和计算机图像分析系统检测大鼠角膜烧伤后不同时间点b-FGF及VEGF在角膜中的表达。结果 大鼠角膜烧伤后2db-FGF及VEGF开始增高,伤后7d达到高峰,然后2种因子的表达下降,14d后显著下降,碱烧伤后角膜新生血管与两种因子的表达呈明显的平行关系。结论 碱烧伤后,大鼠角膜b-FGF,VEGF的表达与新生血管的形成有相关性,并在其中发挥重要的作用。     

吡格列酮对鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生血管抑制作用的研究

目的:探讨吡格列酮对大鼠碱烧伤后角膜血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF),碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)表达的调节作用,以及对碱烧伤后角膜新生血管生长的抑制作用。方法:建立大鼠角膜碱烧伤模型,结膜下注射吡格列酮,观察烧伤后不同时期的角膜新生血管的数量、长度,应用免疫组化和Western blot方法检测碱烧伤后及烧伤治疗不同时期的VEGF,b-FGF的表达变化情况,并与对照组比较。结果:大鼠角膜碱烧伤后2d角膜新生血管开始生长,7～10d达到高峰,吡格列酮治疗后的角膜新生血管的发生延迟,血管的生长受到抑制,VEGF,b-FGF随时间发生变化,表达较对照组下降。结论:局部应用吡格列酮对由碱烧伤引起的鼠角膜新生血管的发生、发展有明显的抑制作用,其机理可能是通过下调促血管生成因子VEGF,b-FGF的表达而实现的。     

瘦素和血管内皮生长因子在碱烧伤诱导的大鼠角膜新生血管模型中的表达

目的 观察碱烧伤后不同时期角膜的组织病理学变化,以及瘦素和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VFGF)的表达,探讨它们与角膜新生血管(corneal neovascularization,CNV)的关系.方法 使用碱烧伤诱导大鼠角膜新生血管模型,采用浸润1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液、直径为3 mm的单片滤纸,准确置于大鼠右眼角膜中央30 s,制作CNV模型.25只SD大鼠右眼为实验眼,随机分成5组,每组5眼,左眼为正常对照眼.每天用裂隙灯显微镜观察角膜新生血管,分别计算新生血管长度和面积.并行HE染色和免疫组织化学检测.结果 碱烧伤后4 d、7 d、14 d、21 d,实验组CNV面积分别为:(2.55±0.15)m2、(4.15±0.36)mm2、(10.21±0.45)mm2、(8.56±0.06)mm2.免疫组织化学检测显示角膜碱烧伤后1 d,实验组瘦素、VEGF的表达开始增高,碱烧伤后14 d达高峰,14 d后瘦素、VEGF的表达下降,21 d后显著下降;其表达部位主要分布在形成的新生血管区域和上皮层;正常对照组瘦素可微弱表达于角膜上皮层和基质层,VEGF没有表达或仅在上皮基底膜有微弱表达.实验组角膜瘦素、VEGF阳性表达率较对照组明显增加(χ2=29.07,P=0.001;χ2=35.51,P=0.001),瘦素与VEGF的表达具有正相关性(r=0.95,P=0.001).结论 瘦素和VEGF表达水平与角膜新生血管的生成具有相关性,瘦素可能成为治疗CNV的靶点.     

大鼠角膜碱烧伤后ILK和VEGF的表达与角膜新生血管的相关性研究

目的:研究大鼠角膜碱烧伤后整合素连接激酶(ILK)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达及其与角膜新生血管(CNV)的相关性.方法:通过碱烧伤Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠角膜制备角膜新生血管动物模型,采用形态学方法观察碱烧伤后新生血管的生成,免疫组织化学方法检测ILK及VEGF在碱烧伤后不同时间点的表达情况.结果:ILK及VEGF在正常大鼠角膜上皮中仅有微弱表达,而在碱烧伤后各时间点的角膜上皮以及血管内皮中均有明显表达(P<0.01).碱烧伤后3~5d,可见二者阳性表达,且迅速增加;7~10d,二者表达达到高峰;14d以后二者表达逐渐减弱,与形态学观察CNV生长过程一致.即碱烧伤后3~5d新生血管生长迅速,7~10d生长达到高峰,14d以后血管开始逐渐减少退化.ILK及VEGF表达的变化均与CNV的变化呈正相关(ILK与CNV面积相关系数r=0.900,P<0.01;VEGF与CNV面积相关系数r=0.878,P<0.01),且二者之间也存在正相关性(r=0.926,P<0.01).结论:大鼠角膜碱烧伤后ILK及VEGF均有明显表达,二者作为重要的调控子共同参与了CNV的形成过程.     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在大鼠碱烧伤后角膜新生血管中的表达

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体Flk-1在大鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生血管中的表达。方法:应用1mol/LNaOH制作大鼠碱烧伤新生血管模型,随机分为3组,分别于1,4,7及14d处死大鼠取出角膜,免疫组织化学方法和RT-PCR方法检测大鼠角膜中的VEGF及其受体Flk-1的表达。结果:正常大鼠角膜中VEGF及Flk-1受体弱表达或不表达。二者均在角膜上皮层,基质层、内皮层及新生血管内皮细胞表达;大鼠角膜碱烧伤后各时间点VEGFmRNA和Flk-1mRNA相对表达量具有相关性。结论:大鼠角膜碱烧伤后,VEGF及其受体Flk-1结合诱导内皮细胞分化及角膜新生血管形成。     

VEGF、NO在角膜碱烧伤新生血管形成中的影响

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growthfactor,VEGF)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)对角膜碱烧伤新生血管形成的影响。方法40只兔制作角膜新生血管模型,观察角膜碱烧伤后不同时期的角膜新生血管生长情况,检测角膜VEGF的表达和NO的含量,与应用一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(NG-nitro-l-argininemethyl ester,L-NAME)组相比较。结果VEGF的表达及NO含量在伤后即迅速升高,至高峰后逐渐下降,L-NAME组的角膜新生血管面积和VEGF表达及NO的含量在伤后同期均较碱烧伤组显著下降(P<0.01,P<0.05)。烧伤后第4d、7d、14d碱烧伤组和L-NAME组的角膜新生血管面积分别为(20.93±0.65)mm2、(29.73±1.78)mm2、(48.72±2.62)mm2和(16.70±0.64)mm2、(21.87±0.97)mm2、(34.74±1.47)mm2;烧伤后第1d、4d、7d、14d2组VEGF面密度值分别为0·0812±0.0025、0.1029±0.0044、0.0764±0·0023、0.0172±0.0008和0.0516±0·0026、0.0823±0.0019、0.0363±0.0015、0·0169±0·0005;2组NO含量分别为(6.58±0.07)μmol·gprot-1、(6.90±0.03)μmol·gprot-1、(6·41±0.03)μmol·gprot-1、(6.04±0.05)μmol·gprot-1和(6.44±0.06)μmol·gprot-1、(6.61±0·05)μmol·gprot-1、(6.21±0.02)μmol·gprot-1、(5.95±0.03)μmol·gprot-1;且VEGF表达和NO含量变化呈显著正相关(r=0.962,P<0.01)。结论VEGF和NO均可能参与了角膜新生血管的形成过程;L-NAME可通过抑制NO的产生而降低VEGF的表达,从而抑制角膜新生血管的生长。     

VEGF siRNA对兔眼碱烧伤后角膜新生血管的抑制作用

目的:研究血管内皮生长因子小干扰RNA(VEGF small in-terfering RNA,VEGF siRNA)对兔眼碱烧伤后角膜新生血管的抑制作用。方法:普通家兔25只以碱烧伤法(1mol/LNaOH溶液)诱导角膜新生血管(CNV)生成。碱烧伤后立即以脂质体(LF2000)为载体,右眼球结膜下注射VEGF siRNA重组质粒,左眼球结膜下注射pSilencer 2.1-U6 hygro空白质粒作为阴性对照。碱烧伤后1,3,5,7,14d,形态学分析评价角膜新生血管的生长情况。结果:与对照眼相比,碱烧伤后球结膜下注射VEGF siRNA重组质粒,实验眼在各时间段(3,5,7,14d),CNV长度明显变短,面积明显变小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:VEGF siRNA能有效地抑制碱烧伤后CNV的形成。     

Avastin对大鼠角膜新生血管的抑制及超微结构的影响

目的:探讨Avastin对角膜新生血管形成及角膜内血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的影响及其超微结构的影响。方法:Wistar大鼠96只随机分3组,采用碱烧伤的方法制备大鼠角膜新生血管模型;正常不烧伤组4只。烧伤后隔日球结膜下注射0.1mL生理盐水组32只,烧伤后隔日球结膜下注射Avastin0.1mL组32只,烧伤后隔日球结膜下注射地塞米松0.1mL组32只。碱烧伤术后在裂隙灯显微镜下观察大鼠角膜混浊度;宏观测量新生血管长度;组织病理切片HE染色作微血管计数;透射电镜观察超微结构的改变;免疫组化检测角膜VEGF的蛋白表达情况;CD34标记新生血管,显微镜下微血管计数方法研究角膜新生血管形成及抑制情况。结果:治疗组在3,7,10,14d较对照组角膜混浊程度轻(P<0.05);14d形成的新生血管数量较对照组少(P<0.05)。实验组新生血管微血管数量减少,VEGF蛋白表达下降,具有统计学差异。VEGF主要表达在角膜受损区的感染细胞胞质内,其出现时间与位置与角膜新生血管一致。Avastin和地塞米松均可有效抑制角膜新生血管,减少角膜内VEGF表达,两者无统计学差异,结膜下注射Avastin和地塞米松后,大鼠角膜超微结构无除烧伤后其它显著改变。结论:Avastin和地塞米松可抑制角膜新生血管,减少角膜内VEGF表达,对角膜的超微结构均无显著毒性。     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey

Purpose:

To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson''s chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity.

Results:

The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060).

Conclusion:

The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Trends in Patterns of Anterior Uveitis in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore

Purpose: To report the trends in etiology of patients with anterior uveitis (AU) in Singapore over 6 years.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all new patients who presented with anterior uveitis to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2005 to 2010 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Results: There were 552 new cases of AU. This comprised 59.5% of a total of 928 new patients diagnosed with uveitis from 2005 to 2010. The mean age was 48.0?±?17.2 years. There was a male predominance (62.5%), with a male:female ratio of 1.7:1. The majority were of Chinese ethnicity (69%), followed by Malays (13.2%). Most cases were unilateral (79.5%) and idiopathic (50.4%). Common etiological causes included Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) (5.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS)-related AU (5.1%), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (4.7%), and herpes zoster virus (HZV) (4.5%). There were increasing trends in AS-related AU from 3.2% in 2008 to 6.5% in 2010, and psoriasis-associated AU from 1.7% in 2005 to 4.0% in 2008. There were decreasing trends in the incidence of FHI from 10.6% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2009. No change in incidence of viral etiologies was noted, but cytomegalovirus-related immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) comprised 7.4%. IRU showed an increasing trend from 1.7% in 2005 to 11.9% in 2007, then decreased to 3.3% in 2010. Using the Pearson chi-square test, there was no statistically significant association between ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, Indian) comparing infectious and noninfectious cases (p?=?0.788), idiopathic and nonidiopathic cases (p?=?0.170), or between the various etiologies of uveitis (p?=?0.168).

Conclusions: AU was the predominant form of uveitis seen at our centers. Infectious etiologies (18.5%) are the most common among nonidiopathic cases, with herpes viruses (9.2%) being most prevalent. Despite increased use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of microbial and viral DNA, there was no overall increase in detection of infectious causes for uveitis. The changes in CMV-related immune recovery uveitis from 2005 to 2010 could reflect a change in HIV management in Singapore.     

Orthokeratology practice in children in a university clinic in Hong Kong*

Purposes: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and to investigate patients’/parents’ perspective on ortho‐k via telephone interviews. Methods: Clinical records of children undergoing ortho‐k from a university optometry clinic were reviewed and the effects of ortho‐k on refraction, vision and cornea were investigated. A telephone interview was conducted to solicit patients’/parents’ perspective of the treatment. Results: One hundred and eight files were reviewed. Median age of the children was nine years (range six to 15); mean (±SD) pre‐treatment refractive sphere was ‐3.56 ± 1.49 D and the median refractive cylinder was ‐0.50 D (range zero to ‐4.25 D). Significant refractive spherical reduction (58 per cent), improvement in unaided vision and corneal topographical changes were noted after only one night of wear. No significant change in astigmatism was found. Corneal staining was the most commonly observed complication with ortho‐k and more than 80 per cent of patients were advised to apply ocular lubricants to loosen the lens before lens removal. Ortho‐k was mainly undertaken for myopic control and about 90 per cent of the respondents reported good/very good unaided vision after ortho‐k and ranked the treatment as satisfactory or very good. Lens binding and ocular discharge were the most frequently reported problems during the treatment. Conclusion: Under close monitoring, overnight ortho‐k is effective and safe for reducing low to moderate myopia and the treatment is well accepted by the children.     

内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎的巨噬细胞中Toll样受体4的表达

目的 探讨在内毒素诱导的Wistar大鼠葡萄膜炎中Toll样受体4(TLR4)阳性细胞与虹膜组织中巨噬细胞的动态变化和分布.方法 实验研究.Wistar大鼠50只,用随机数字法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照(0 h)组、6 h组、12 h组、24 h组及48 h组.除0 h组外其余各组均足垫部注射霍乱弧菌内毒素200μg,注射后于裂隙灯显微镜下观察双眼前节炎症反应变化.按实验分组于0、6、12、24、48 h处死大鼠.取虹膜一睫状体及脉络膜组织.通过葡萄膜铺片免疫组织化学方法检测TLR4和巨噬细胞的标记CD163的表达.人工计数虹膜中TLR4~+与CD163~+的细胞并计算细胞密度,计算圆形和多形性的CD163~+细胞占所有CD163~+细胞的百分比.进一步采用免疫荧光双标记检测TLR4和CD163共表达的情况.通过单因素方差分析分别对大鼠虹膜内阳性细胞密度以及圆形、多形性CD163~+细胞的百分比进行统计学检验.结果 正常大鼠虹膜睫状体组织不表达TLR4.6 h组有2只大鼠虹膜内可见少量TLR4~+细胞,12～48 h组所有大鼠虹膜内TLR4~+细胞明显增多(F=167.2,P＜0.001),虹膜内TLR4~+细胞密度分别为(506.1±39.5)个/mm~2(12 h组)、(492.3±54.5)个/mm~2(24 h组)及(663.8±150.2)个/mm~2 (48 h组).在注射LPS后12～48 h期间TLR4~+细胞形态无明显变化.0～48 h组大鼠虹膜内均有CD163~+细胞,0 h组圆形和多形性CD163~+细胞百分比为13%,12～48 h组其百分比约为80%,且圆形细胞主要位于虹膜基质层.免疫荧光双标记可见TLR4和CD163的共表达,TLR4位于细胞膜,CD163位于细胞质.5组大鼠脉络膜内均未见TLR4表达.结论 内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎中虹膜内TLR4表达增高,部分虹膜固有巨噬细胞表达TLR4.TLR4可能在葡萄膜炎的发生发展中起一定作用.     

弱视眼底光学相干断层扫描的研究进展

弱视是由于视觉发育关键期内各种异常的视觉经验导致单眼或双眼最佳矫正远视力低于正常同龄儿童,而眼部无明显器质性病变。目前普遍观点认为,弱视的发病机理主要源于视皮层。近年来,光学相干断层扫描（OCT）作为一种先进的活体成像技术,促进了对视网膜形态结构的大量研究,同时也被应用到弱视的研究领域。陆续有不同的研究人员利用OCT发现弱视患者眼底视网膜、脉络膜等眼部结构存在改变。笔者将对弱视眼底OCT的研究进展做一综述。     

实验性糖尿病视网膜微血管病变的病理研究

目的：观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）的组织学改变。方法：应用光镜、免疫组织化学、电镜及组织化学电镜等技术,研究在不同时间点Spregue-Dawley(SD)大鼠视网膜毛细血管基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白和视网膜毛细胞血管基底膜的厚度,以及其负电荷位点数目的变化。结果：随着糖尿病病程的发展,视网膜毛细血管基底膜下不断增厚伴有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,同时负电荷位点数目减少。结论：视网膜毛细血管基底膜增厚,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,负电荷位点数目减少可能是导致DR渗出性病变的病理基础。