2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能关系的临床研究

目的 :观察 2型糖尿病视网膜病变 (DR)与肾功能之间的关系。方法 :通过对 92例不同程度视网膜病变的 2型糖尿病患者进行空腹血糖、餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、2 4h尿微量白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐及双侧眼底镜检查 ,并与 30例不伴视网膜病变的 2型糖尿病患者进行对比分析。结果 :糖尿病伴DRⅢ期及增殖期的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白与对照组相比有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ,糖尿病出现DR各期的 2 4h尿微量白蛋白与对照组相比有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :2型糖尿病视网膜病变程度是随着 2 4h尿微量白蛋白增加而加重的 ,提示二者之间密切相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变激光光凝术的疗效观察

目的观察糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)激光光凝疗效,探讨DR激光光凝术的治疗时机和治疗方式。方法对79例(114眼)DR患者,根据分期、病情,选择不同方式的光凝治疗,记录患者激光前及激光后1⁶个月的最佳视力及眼底血管荧光造影(FFA)情况,评定疗效。结果 79例(114眼)DR患者接受光凝治疗前后视力及FFA结果表明,非增生性DR(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)患者激光光凝疗效优于增生期DR(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)患者。结论眼底激光是治疗DR有效、安全的方法。严格规范的治疗方式,合理的治疗时机,可保存中心视力,提高疗效,有效治疗糖尿病视网膜病变。     

复方丹参滴丸辅助激光治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变的临床研究

目的探讨复方丹参滴丸辅助激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床价值。方法选取本院收治的糖尿病视网膜病变患者46例（92眼）,随机分为两组,各组23例（46眼）;对照组给予全视网膜激光光凝疗法,观察组在此基础上口服复方丹参滴丸,810mg/d,用药4周,治疗后根据患者个体随访6-12个月。分别于治疗前和末次随访时进行视力测定;并行彩色多普勒超声造影,测定视网膜中央动脉和中央静脉的血流动力学指标;行眼底荧光造影,观察新生血管消退情况。结果治疗前,两组患者的血流动力学指标无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;治疗后,两组患者的PSV、EDV、PI及Vm显著降低,且观察组水平显著低于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.001）;RI水平显著升高,且观察组水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.001）。此外,观察组新生血管消退情况和视力改善情况显著优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论复方丹参滴丸在改善视网膜血流灌注,抑制新生血管增殖方面,有正向作用,可增强全视网膜激光光凝的临床疗效。     

不同性别老年2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与骨质疏松的相关性研究

目的探讨不同性别的老年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者视网膜病变与骨质疏松的相关性。方法选取我院老年病科住院的老年T2DM患者250例,其中老年男性T2DM组132例,老年女性T2DM组118例,通过眼底检查,每组各再分为两组:视网膜病变组DR(+)、非视网膜病变组DR(-),分别记录患者的一般情况、年龄、糖尿病病程、饮酒史、吸烟史、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),采用化学仪检测空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、微量蛋白尿、血脂,双能X线吸收仪测定腰椎、股骨颈和全髋骨密度值。结果老年男性T2DM组中校正年龄、BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史等混杂因素后,与DR(-)组相比,DR(+)组腰椎、髋骨、股骨颈骨密度相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);老年女性T2DM组中校正年龄、BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史等混杂因素后,与DR(-)组相比,DR(+)组腰椎、髋骨骨密度值偏低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本研究显示不同性别的糖尿病视网膜病变与骨质疏松相关性有差异,老年男性T2DM患者视网膜病变与骨质疏松无明显相关性,而老年女性T2DM患者视网膜病变与骨质疏松存在一定相关性,积极预防老年女性糖尿病视网膜病变可能在延缓骨质疏松发生发展中起到一定作用。     

彩超检测高血压糖尿病眼肌与球后动脉血流动力学改变相关性探讨

目的:用彩色多普勒超声研究高血压、糖尿病患者的球后动脉的血漉动力学特点,眼外直肌是否增厚,及其与相关生化指标(血糖、血脂等)的相关性.方法:选择高血压组80例,糖尿病组80例,正常对照蛆80例,分别观察眼动脉(OA)、视网膜中央动脉(CRA)、视网膜中央静脉(CRV)、及睫状动脉(SPCA)频谱形态,分别检测4支动脉的血流动力学指标,测定相关生化指标:血糖、血脂.结果高血压患者球后动脉血流速度明显减慢,阻力指教(RI)明显增高,OA以舒张末最小流速下降为主,呈低流速高阻力状态;糖尿病患者OA、CRA、SPCA血流速度明显减慢,RI明显增高,两组与正常对照组比较有显著性差异;CRV流速稍加快.球后动脉血流速度改变与血糖、血脂、病程、年龄呈正相关;各组眼外直肌与正常对照组无明显区别.结论:彩色多普勒超声检查对评价球后动脉血漉改变有较重要的价值,高血压、糖尿病患者眼外直肌均无明显增厚.     

增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的玻璃体手术治疗

目的探讨玻璃体切割术治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)的疗效。方法对2006-03～2009-03连续行玻璃体切割术107例(135眼)PDR病例进行回顾性研究。结果术后随访4～22个月,末次随访时视力范围为眼前指数～0.3。其中眼前指数～0.05的46只眼,0.06～0.1的48只眼,0.1～0.3的14只眼,与手术前相比,除1只眼继发新生血管性青光眼外均有不同程度的提高。视网膜均复位。结论玻璃体手术联合全视网膜光凝术是治疗PDR的有效手段,合理掌握手术时机与适应证对治疗结果非常关键。     

增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变围术期护理

回顾165例增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)病人手术后眼功能复位及视力情况.结果获解剖复位115眼(67.64%),功能复位30眼(17.64%),提示做好围手术期病人护理是减少并发症提高治疗效果的保证.     

2型糖尿病肾病和糖尿病性视网膜病变的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病和糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病机制及其两者之间的相关性。方法选择2004年1月至2014年12月北京中日友好医院肾内科经肾穿刺活检确诊的2型糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)患者95例,按照肾脏病理改变程度分为5组,即DNⅠ组10例,DNⅡa组12例,DNⅡb组16例,DNⅢ组54例,DNⅣ组3例;将不同组间视网膜病变进行比较,分析视网膜病变与肾脏损伤之间的关系,以及视网膜病变与常用临床指标[24 h尿蛋白定量、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血肌酐(SCr)及肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance rate,Ccr)]之间的关系。结果 DN患者肾脏损伤病理分型与视网膜病变呈正相关(r=0.458,P=0.016),但仍有23.2%患者无视网膜病变,分别发生在80.00%的DNⅠ组、33.33%的DNⅡa组、12.50%的DNⅡb组、14.81%的DNⅢ组患者中。临床指标中仅24 h尿蛋白定量与糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和发展相关。结论尽管糖尿病性视网膜病变常被提示DN,但少部分DN不存在视网膜病变的情况也应被重视。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变合并骨质疏松患者血清25(OH)D与Betatrophin的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变(type 2 diabetes mellitus retinopathy,T2DR)合并骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)患者血清25羟维生素D[25-hydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]与Betatrophin之间的关系。方法选取2016年11月-2017年9月在我院内分泌科就诊的2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)患者100例,通过非散瞳眼底检查将T2DM患者分为并发DR组35例和非DR组65例,再据骨密度测定结果将DR组分为合并骨质疏松组(T2DM+DR+OP组)15例及非骨质疏松组(T2DM+DR组)20例,将非DR组分为合并骨质疏松组(T2DM+OP组)25例及非骨质疏松组(T2DM组)40例。同期随机筛选健康体检中心不同年龄健康受试者60例为正常对照(normal control,NC)组。酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定所有受试者血清中Betatrophin水平,电化学发光法测定25(OH)D水平。结果与非骨质疏松的2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者相比,合并骨质疏松的2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清25(OH)D水平降低,Betatrophin水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清中25(OH)D水平降低及Betatrophin水平升高,可能共同参与了2型糖尿病视网膜病变、骨质疏松的发生发展。     

合并高血压病的2型糖尿病视网膜病变的特点及其危险因素

目的 探讨2型糖尿病和高血压痛并存时视网膜病变的特点及其危险因素。方法 时229例2型糖尿病合并高血压病患者进行回顾性分析。探讨两病并存时视网膜病变的临床特点，研究与糖尿病视网膜病变(DIR)相关的危险因素。结果 发现两病并存时视网膜可发生DR和高血压视网膜病变(HR)两种改变，其发生率分别为27．51％和85．59％。并发现DR与糖尿病痛程、血糖浓度、血压水平、胆固醇和蛋白尿等显著相关。结论 及早控制血糖、血压和血脂是防治和降低DR发生率的关键。     

Effect of reinstitution of good glycemic control on retinal oxidative stress and nitrative stress in diabetic rats

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that reinstitution of good glycemic control (GC) after a period of poor glycemic control (PC) does not produce immediate benefits on the progression of retinopathy, and hyperglycemia is sufficient to initiate the development of diabetic retinopathy. In this study, the effect of reinstitution of GC on hyperglycemia-induced increased oxidative stress and nitrative stress was evaluated in the retina of rats maintained in PC before initiation of GC. In diabetic rats, 2 or 6 months of PC (GHb >11.0%) was followed by 7 months of GC (GHb <5.5%). Reinstitution of GC after 2 months of PC inhibited elevations in retinal lipid peroxides and NO levels by approximately 50%, but failed to have any beneficial effects on nitrotyrosine formation. However, reversal of hyperglycemia after 6 months of PC had no significant effect on retinal oxidative stress and NO levels (P < 0.02 vs. normal). In the same rats, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitrotyrosine levels remained elevated by >80% compared with normal rats or rats kept in GC for the duration. This suggests that oxidative and nitrative modifications in retina occur early in the course of development of retinopathy in diabetes. These abnormalities are not easily reversed by reinstitution of GC, and the duration of PC before initiation of GC influences the outcome of the reversal. Characterization of the abnormalities responsible for the resistance of retinopathy to arrest after reinstitution of GC will help identify potential future therapies to inhibit progression of diabetic retinopathy.     

Perfluorocarbon in vitreoretinal surgery and preoperative bevacizumab in diabetic tractional retinal detachment

AIM: To describe the en bloc perfluorodissection(EBPD) technique and to demonstrate the applicabilityof using preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab duringsmall-gauge vitreoretinal surgery(23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy) in eyes with advancedproliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) with tractionalretinal detachment(TRD).METHODS: This is a prospective, interventional caseseries. Participants included 114(eyes) with advancedproliferative diabetic retinopathy and TRD. EBPD wasperformed in 114 eyes(consecutive patients) during23-gauge vitrectomy with the utilization of preoperativebevacizumab(1.25 mg/-0.05 mL). Patients mean age was 45 years(range, 21-85 years). Surgical time had a mean of 55 min(Range, 25-85 min). Mean follow up of this group of patients was 24 mo(range, 12-32 mo). Main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), retinal reattachment, and complications.RESULTS: Anatomic success occurred in 100%(114/-114) of eyes. Significant visual improvement [≥ 2 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS) lines] was obtained in 69.2%(79/-114), in 26 eyes(22.8%) BCVA remained stable, and in 8 eyes(7%) BCVA decreased(≥ 2 ETDRS lines). Final BCVA was 20/-50 or better in 24% of eyes, between 20/-60 and 20/-400 in 46% of eyes, and worse than 20/-400 in 30% of eyes. Complications included cataract in 32(28%) eyes, iatrogenic retinal breaks in 9(7.8%) eyes, vitreous hemorrhage requiring another procedure in 7(6.1%) eyes, and phthisis bulbi in 1(0.9%) eye.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the usefulne-ss of using preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab and EBPD during smallgauge vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with TRD in PDR.     

A common polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the VEGF gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major mediator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, may play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. In the present study, we examined the genetic variations of the VEGF gene to assess its possible relation to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Among seven common polymorphisms in the promoter region, 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and 3'UTR of the VEGF gene, genotype distribution of the C(-634)G polymorphism differed significantly (P = 0.011) between patients with (n = 150) and without (n = 118) retinopathy, and the C allele was significantly increased in patients with retinopathy compared with those without retinopathy (P = 0.0037). The odds ratio (OR) for the CC genotype of C(-634)G to the GG genotype was 3.20 (95% CI 1.45-7.05, P = 0.0046). The -634C allele was significantly increased in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (non-PDR) (P = 0.0026) and was insignificantly increased in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (P = 0.081) compared with patients without retinopathy, although frequencies of the allele did not differ significantly between the non-PDR and PDR groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the C(-634)G polymorphism was strongly associated with an increased risk of retinopathy (P = 0.0018). Furthermore, VEGF serum levels were significantly higher in healthy subjects with the CC genotype of the C(-634)G polymorphism than in those with the other genotypes. These data suggest that the C(-634)G polymorphism in the 5'UTR of the VEGF gene is a novel genetic risk factor for diabetic retinopathy.     

Reduced progression of diabetic retinopathy after islet cell transplantation compared with intensive medical therapy

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of type 1 diabetes and remains a leading cause of visual loss. There have been no comparisons of the effectiveness of intensive medical therapy and islet cell transplantation on preventing progression of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: The British Columbia islet transplant program is conducting a prospective, crossover study comparing medical therapy and islet cell transplantation on the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Progression was defined as the need for laser treatment or a one step worsening along the international disease severity scale. An interim data analysis was performed after a mean 36-month follow-up postislet transplantation and these results are presented. RESULTS: The medical and postislet transplant groups were similar at baseline. Subjects after islet transplantation had better glucose control than the medically treated subjects (mean HbA1c 6.7%+/-0.9% vs. 7.5+/-1.2, P<0.01) and were C-peptide positive. Progression occurred significantly more often in all subjects in the medical group (10/82 eyes, 12.2%) than after islet transplantation (0/51 eyes, 0%) (P<0.01). Considering only subjects who have received transplants, progression occurred in 6/51 eyes while on medical treatment and 0/51 posttransplant (P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Progression of diabetic retinopathy was more likely to occur during medical therapy than after islet cell transplantation.     

Evaluation of Resistive Index by Color Doppler Imaging of Orbital Arteries in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Microalbuminuria

Objective: Resistive index (RI) is an indirect measurement of blood flow resistance that can be used to evaluate vascular damage in ophthalmologic diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between RI values of orbital arteries by using the color Doppler imaging (CDI) in type II diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with microalbuminuria. Patients and methods: We evaluated 91 type II DM patients with microalbuminuria and 27 healthy subjects. The DM patients with microalbuminuria were grouped into two: group 1 consisted of patients with retinopathy (n = 51) and group 2 consisted of patients without retinopathy (n = 40). Healthy subjects constituted group 3 (n = 27). The mean RI values of ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and posterior ciliary artery (PCA) were measured using CDI. Results: Compared to diabetic group 2, group 1 had significantly higher mean RIs of OA, CRA, PCA, and HbA1c levels (p < 0.001 for all). Besides, there were no statistical differences in mean RIs of OA, CRA, and PCA between the control group and group 2 (p = 1.0; p = 0.44; p = 0.67, respectively). Mean RIs of OA and PCA were significantly correlated with age in group 1 (r = 0.549, p < 0.001; r = 0.407, p = 0.003, respectively). Mean RI of CRA was significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes and age in group 1 (r = 0.296, p = 0.035; r = 0.486, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Our study indicates that RI might be a useful marker for early diagnosis and follow-up of diabetic retinopathy, and orbital RI assessment would be beneficial for diabetic patients with retinopathy.     

Effects of pancreas–kidney transplantation on diabetic retinopathy

The effects of pancreas transplantation (PTx) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) are still debated. We studied the course of DR in 48 patients (age: 40 +/- 7 years; males/females 26/22, body mass index (BMI): 23.0 +/- 2.4 kg/m2, duration of diabetes: 24 +/- 8 years) bearing a successful PTx (combined with a kidney). Follow-up ranged 6-60 months (median: 17 months). Before transplantation, according to the Eurodiab Study classification, 12 patients (25%) had nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR; mild, moderate or severe), and 36 patients (75%) had laser-treated and/or proliferative retinopathy (LT/PDR). During the follow-up, in the NPDR group improvement/deterioration was defined as regression/progression to a lower/higher retinopathy grade; in the LT/PTD group, stabilization was defined as no new neo-vessel formation or development of new lesions requiring laser-treatment. In the NPDR group, five (41.7%) patients improved of one or more lesion grading, three (25%) patients showed no change, and four (33.3%) patients progressed of one grade. In the LT/PDR group, the post-transplant data were: stabilization in 35 (97%) patients, and worsening in one (3%) patient. The number of improved/stabilized patients was significantly higher in the transplanted than in a control group of nontransplanted type 1 diabetic patients. In conclusion, despite a relatively short follow-up period, successful PTx in our cohort of patients was associated with improvement and/or stabilization of DR in the majority of recipients.     

Diabetic glycemic control and retinal blood flow

The effect of strict glycemic control on retinal volumetric blood flow rate (Q) was investigated in 13 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography. Strict glycemic control was achieved by glucose monitoring and four daily insulin injections. Q was determined in a major retinal vein at baseline and then 5 days, 2 mo, and 6 mo after the institution of strict control. Level of retinopathy was assessed from stereocolor fundus photographs taken at baseline and 6 mo. After 6 mo of strict diabetic control, five eyes demonstrated progression (P) by one or more retinopathy levels, and eight eyes showed no progression (NP). At 5 days, there was a significant decrease in Q of 1.4 +/- 0.9 microliters/min (P less than 0.005) in NP eyes and a nonsignificant increase in Q of 1.2 +/- 1.7 microliters/min in P eyes. Changes in Q from baseline observed at 5 days were strongly correlated with changes in retinopathy level at 6 mo (r = 0.79, P less than 0.005). No significant changes in Q from baseline were observed at 2 and 6 mo. A lack of decrease in Q at 5 days was associated with the progression of retinopathy that occurs in some patients after the institution of strict glycemic control and may serve as a predictor for progression of retinopathy.     

Plasma melatonin levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy secondary to type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUNDMelatonin is reported to be related to diabetes mellitus (DM) risk; however, the effect of melatonin on diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk remains unclear.AIMThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin on DR risk.METHODSA hospital-based case-control study was conducted from January 2020 to June 2020. DR was assessed using the Diabetic Retinopathy preferred practice pattern (PPP)-updated 2019 criteria. The participants were divided into the DM cases without DR (NDR) group, non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group and proliferative DR (PDR) group. Plasma melatonin concentration was detected with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The relationship between plasma melatonin concentration and DR risk as well as severity was assessed.RESULTSIt was found that plasma melatonin was 72.83 ± 16.25, 60.38 ± 13.43, 44.48 ± 10.30 and 44.69 ± 8.95 pg/mL in healthy controls, NDR group, NPDR and PDR group, respectively. In addition, it was found that plasma melatonin could be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker for DR (AUC = 0.893, P < 0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between total bilirubin and melatonin content (P < 0.001) based on the correlation assay. Significant associations between total bilirubin and melatonin content were also detected in the NPDR (R² = 0.360, P < 0.001) and PDR (R² = 0.183, P < 0.001) groups.CONCLUSIONThe data obtained in this study demonstrated that plasma melatonin concen-tration was decreased in DR cases and could be used as a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of DR. A significant positive relationship between total bilirubin and melatonin was detected. More related studies are required to understand the role of melatonin in DR.     

Enzymatic vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema

The aim of this paper is to determine the role of enzymatic vitrectomy performed by intravitreal injection of autologous plasmin enzyme (APE) in the management of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME). Diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or DME and evident posterior hyaloid adherence to the retinal surface were included. All cases were treated with an initial intravitreal injection of APE and reevaluated one month later, measuring changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), macular thickness and the status of the posterior hyaloid. A second APE injection was performed in cases with no evident posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) after the initial treatment. Sixty-three eyes were included in the present review. A complete PVD appeared in 38% of cases (24 eyes) after one injection of plasmin and the total increased to 51% (32 eyes) after the second injection, separated at least by one month. The central macular thickness improved in all cases (100%) and BCVA in 89%. Finally, in 50% of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a high reduction of new vessels regression was observed. Enzymatic vitrectomy could be considered a good therapeutic alternative in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema.