Cancer survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1993-1997

The Khon Kaen cancer registry was established in 1984 as a hospital-based cancer registry, and population-based cancer registration started in 1988 with retrospective data collection from 1985. Cancer registration is done by passive and active methods. Data on survival for 13 cancer sites or types registered during 1993-1997 were reported. Follow-up was done by active methods, with median follow-up ranging between 8-32 months for different cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 54-100%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-5%; 85-97% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Five-year follow-up ranged from 40-83%. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates for common cancers were cervix (58%), breast (61%), colon (39%), ovary (43%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (42%) and rectum (43%). Five-year relative survival by age group portrayed an inverse relationship or was fluctuating. Five-year survival was the highest for localized disease, followed by the regional and distant metastasis categories. Trends in 5-year relative survival in 1993-1997 compared to 1985-1992 showed a marked increase for cancers of the rectum, breast, ovary, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas and decrease for cancers of the lip and larynx.     

Cancer survival in Singapore, 1993-1997

The Singapore cancer registry is a national registry established in 1968. Cancer registration is done by passive methods. The registry contributed survival data on 45 cancer sites or types registered during 1993-1997. Data on 34 cancers registered during 1968-1997 were utilized for survival trend by period and cohort approaches. Follow-up was done by passive methods, with median follow-up ranging between 2-72 months for different cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 27-100%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-7%; 76-100% of total registered cases were included for the survival analysis. The top-ranking cancers on 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates were nonmelanoma skin (96%), thyroid (90%), testis (88%), corpus uteri (77%), breast (74%), Hodgkin lymphoma (73%) and penis (70%). Five-year relative survival by age group showed either a decreasing trend with increasing age groups or was fluctuating. Localized stage of disease ranged between 18-65% for various cancers and survival decreased with increasing extent of disease. Period survival closely predicted survival experience of cancers diagnosed in that period, and an increasing trend in period survival over different periods indicated an improved prognosis for cancers diagnosed in those calendar periods.     

Cancer survival in the Gambia, 1993-1997

The national cancer registry of the Gambia was established in 1986 as part of the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study in collaboration with IARC, France; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratories of the UK; and the Government of the Gambia at MRC, Banjul. Registration of incident cancer cases is done by active and passive methods. For this study, the registry contributed data on survival for six cancer sites or types registered during 1993-1997. Follow-up has been carried out predominantly by active methods with median follow-up ranging between 1-6 months. The proportion of histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 1-45%, and 54-82% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years from the incidence date ranged between 81-98% for different cancers. The 5-year age-standardized relative survival for selected cancers were cervix (23%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (22%), breast (10%), stomach (4%) and liver (3%). The 5-year relative survival by age group showed fluctuations with no definite pattern or trend emerging, and with no survivors in many age intervals.     

Cancer survival in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1993-1997

The Zimbabwe national cancer registry was established in 1985 as a population-based cancer registry covering Harare city. Cancer is not a notifiable disease, and registration of cases is done by active methods. The registry contributed data on randomly drawn sub-samples of Harare resident cases among 17 common cancer sites or types registered during 1993-1997 from black and white populations. Follow-up was carried out predominantly by active methods with median follow-up ranging from 1-54 months for different cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged from 20-100%; death certificate only (DCO) cases comprised 0-34%; 58-97% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years ranged from 94-100%. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates of selected cancers among both races combined were cervix (42%), breast (68%), Kaposi sarcoma (4%), liver (3%), oesophagus (12%), stomach (20%) and lung (14%). Survival was markedly higher among white than black populations for most cancers with adequate cases. Five-year relative survival by age group was fluctuating, with no definite pattern or trend.     

Cancer survival in Kampala, Uganda, 1993-1997

The Kampala cancer registry was established in 1954 as a population-based cancer registry, and registration of cases is done by active methods. The registry contributed data on survival for 15 cancer sites or types registered in 1993-1997. For Kaposi sarcoma, only a random sample of the total incident cases was provided for survival study. Follow-up has been carried out predominantly by active methods, with median follow-up ranging from 4-26 months. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 36-83%; death certificate only (DCO) cases were negligible; 58-92% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years ranged between 47-87% for different cancers. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates for selected cancers were Kaposi sarcoma (22%), cervix (19%), oesophagus (5%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (26%), breast (36%) and prostate (46%). None survived beyond 5 years for cancers of the stomach and lung. Five-year relative survival by age group was fluctuating with no definite pattern or trend emerging and no survivors in many age intervals.     

Spatial Distribution of Head and Neck Cancer in Chiang Mai,Thailand

Background: The incidence of Head and neck (HN) cancers in Thailand is rising and survival rates not improving. Variations of its incidence among geographical areas may due to various contributing factors. Methods: We focused on data from 25 districts within Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The temporal change was described separately into two periods, 2007-2012 and 2013-2018. The OpenBUGS and the Quantum Geographic Information System were utilized to determine the geographical patterns in the incidence of HN cancer and focus on oropharynx. Results: The number of new cases of HN cancer was 1,186, of which 835 cases (70%) were male. Among those patients 548 diagnosed in 2007-2012 and 638 diagnose in 2013-2018. High risk patterns of both overall HN and oropharyngeal cancer incidences were found in the central and southern areas of the province in 2007-2013. However, the geographical patterns of the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer showed the changed pattern, with high RR in central and northern areas in more recent period. Over two periods, the RR of the cancers incidence decrease. The RR of oropharyngeal increased in Fang district and it remained high in Mueang district. Conclusion: This study have highlighted specific areas with a high risk of head and neck cancer and oropharyngeal cancer incidences in Chiang Mai province, along with the spatial inequalities in their distributions, with cluster formation. These results may be helpful in guiding any strategy put in place to respond to the high risk incidence of the cancers in specific areas.     

Cancer in Chiang Mai, North Thailand. A relative frequency study

The relative frequency of histologically diagnosed cancer at the Chiang Mai Medical School in North Thailand in 1964-67 inclusive is examined.     

Cancer survival in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1993-1997

The Seoul cancer registry was established in 1991. Cancer is a notifiable disease, and registration of cases is done by passive and active methods. The registry contributed survival data for 56 cancer sites or types registered during 1993-1997. Follow-up information has been gleaned predominantly by passive methods with median follow-up ranging between 5-82 months for various cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for different cancers ranged between 23-99%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-67%; 33-100% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. The top-ranking cancers on 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates were testis and placenta (95%), thyroid (93%), non-melanoma skin (93%), corpus uteri (79%), renal pelvis (77%), cervix (76%), Hodgkin lymphoma (75%), breast (74%) and prostate (74%). Five-year relative survival by age group showed a decreasing trend with increasing age groups for cancers of the small intestine, colon, gall bladder, cervix, corpus uteri, ovary, kidney, urinary bladder and thyroid, or was fluctuating for other cancers.     

Cancer Incidence in Thailand, 1995-1997

There are five population-based cancer registries in Thailand in different regions of the country. Four of them ‍(Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Bangkok, and Songkhla) have been operating since 1988 and the other (Lampang) since ‍the early 1990’s. These registries have published regular 3-year cancer incidence reports since the first in 1993 for ‍the period 1989-1991. The objective of this article is to summarize the figures of cancer incidence in Thailand during ‍1995-1997. The population of Thailand in 1996, at the middle of the period, was 27 million males and 27.5 million ‍females. Information of cancer cases residing in the five provinces was collected and abstracted from different ‍sources. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of cancer in males and females was calculated for each registry and ‍that for the whole country was estimated using the five registries as representatives for the four geographical regions ‍of Thailand. The estimated number of new cancer cases in 1996 for the whole country was 35,539 men and 38,476 ‍women and the ASRs were 149.2 and 125.0 per 105 population in men and women respectively. Cancer incidences ‍greatly differed from region to region. Lung cancer was the commonest in Chiang Mai and Lampang in the Northern ‍region in both sexes. The incidence of liver cancer in Khon Kaen in the Northeastern region outnumbered all the ‍others in both sexes; cholangiocarcinoma was the major type of liver cancer. In Bangkok, lung cancer was the most ‍important cancer in males and breast cancer was in females. Though it was lung and cervix uteri cancer that ranked ‍the first in men and women in Songkhla, the rate of oral and pharyngeal cancer was exceptionally higher than in ‍other registries. The geographical variability in cancer patterns in Thailand reflects exposure of the population to ‍different risk factors unique to the different regions. In the study as a whole, there are some methodological weak ‍points in estimating the ASRs and number of cancer cases for the whole country, but the results are the most reliable ‍cancer statistics from Thailand at the moment. In conclusion, both a country-wide and region-specific cancer control ‍programmes are needed for Thailand. The national one would be for the cancers common to all regions, and the ‍provincial-level emphasis should be on cancers which are the major problems in the area.     

Knowledge about Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer Prevention among Nurses in Chiang Mai University Hospital,Thailand

This study was undertaken to evaluate knowledge about HPV infection and cervical cancer among nursesin Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand. The 16 questions evaluating knowledge were “true/false/do notknow” type. Two hundred and twenty nurses agreed to participate in this survey. Most knew that cervicalcancer is the most common female cancer in Thailand (92.7%), HPV infection is a causal factor of cervicalcancer (81.8%), early stage cervical cancer is curable (94.1%), and an adequate scale of cervical screening couldprevent morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer (86.8%). The majority of participants (more than 70%)correctly acknowledged risk factors for cervical cancer as smoking, having multiple sexual partners, and sex atan early age. However, the majority of participants did not know that HPV infection and early stage cervicalcancer are commonly asymptomatic. In conclusion, knowledge regarding cervical cancer among nursing staffin the author’s institute is considerably favorable. However, their understanding about the natural history ofHPV infection and cervical cancer is suboptimal, and requires further attention if an effective cervical cancerscreening program is to be implemented.     

Childhood Cancer in Thailand: 1995-1997

The incidences of childhood cancers in Thailand between 1995 and 1997 were determined from cancer registrations ‍collected at five locations around the kingdom and compared with similar analyses performed at cancer registries in ‍Asia, Europe and the USA. The incidence in Thailand was found to be lower than in some Asian and Western ‍countries. Between 1988-1994 and 1995-1997, the incidence of childhood cancer rose 32.5%. As elsewhere in the ‍world, leukemias, brain tumors and lymphomas comprised two-thirds of all childhood cancers. The age-peak for ‍incidence was between 2 and 5 years, particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Carcinomas were rare. Several ‍features of the cancer pattern correspond to other Asian populations, in particular the low incidence of Hodgkin’s ‍disease, Wilms’ tumor and Ewing’s sarcoma. Neuroblastoma was more common than in neighboring Southeast ‍Asian countries. ‍     

Cancer survival in Barshi, India, 1993-2000

The rural cancer registry of Barshi, Paranda and Bhum, was the first of its kind in India and was established in 1987. Registration of cases is carried out entirely by active methods. Data on survival from 15 cancer sites or types registered during 1993-2000 are reported in this study. Follow-up has been carried out predominantly by active methods, with median follow-up time ranging between 2-49 months for different cancers. The proportion of histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 73-98%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-2%; 98-100% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years ranged between 96-100% for different cancers. The 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates for selected cancers were non-melanoma skin (86%), penis (63%), breast (61%), cervix (32%), mouth (23%), hypopharynx (11%) and oesophagus (4%). The 5-year relative survival by age group did not display any particular pattern. Five-year relative survival trend between 1988-1992 and 1993-2000 showed a marked decrease for cancers of the tongue, hypopharynx, stomach, rectum, larynx, lung and penis; but a notable increase for breast and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.     

Cancer survival in Songkhla, Thailand, 1990-1999

The Songkhla registry, besides being hospital-based, has population-based cancer registration data available since 1990. Cancer registration is done by active methods. The registry is contributing data on survival for 36 cancer sites or types registered during 1990-1999. Follow-up has been carried out by passive and active methods with median follow-up ranging from 3-71 months for different cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 52-100%; death certificate only (DCO) cases comprised 0-34%; 54-93% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete followup at five years ranged from 50-85% for different cancers. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates of common cancers were cervix (59%), lung (7%), breast (59%), thyroid (86%), oesophagus (11%), liver (2%), nonmelanoma skin (75%), colon (45%) and oral cavity (33%). Five-year relative survival by age group did not reveal any pattern or trend and was fluctuating. A majority were diagnosed with regional spread of disease, and survival decreased with increasing clinical extent of disease.     

Cancer survival in Lampang, Thailand, 1990-2000

The Lampang cancer registry was established in 1995, with retrospective data collection since 1988. Cancer registration is currently done by passive methods. The registry is contributing data on survival for 40 cancer sites or types registered during 1990-2000. Follow-up has been carried out by passive and active methods with median follow-up ranging from 1-74 months for different cancers. The proportion having a histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 30-100%; death certificate only (DCO) cases comprised 0-33%; 67-100% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years ranged from 96-100% for different cancers. The 5-year age-standardized relative survival rate was the highest for skin non-melanoma (85%) followed by lip (81%), thyroid (74%), corpus uteri (71%) and penis (71%). The 5-year relative survival by age group showed a fluctuating trend. An overwhelmingly high proportion of cases were diagnosed with a regional spread of disease, ranging from 35-68% for different cancers, and survival was decreasing with increasing extent of disease for most cancers studied.     

Cancer survival in Karunagappally, India, 1991-1997

The rural cancer registry of Karunagappally was established in 1990 to study cancer occurrence due to high natural background radiation in the coastal area of Kerala state. Cancer registration was done by active methods. The registry contributed data on survival for 22 cancer sites or types registered during 1991-1997. Follow-up has been carried out predominantly by active methods, with median follow-up time ranging between 3-57 months for various cancers. The proportion of histologically verified diagnosis for different cancers ranged between 39-100%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-25%; 75-100% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. The 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates for common cancers were lung (6%), breast (45%), cervix (55%), mouth (42%), oesophagus (14%) and tongue (31%). Five-year relative survival by age group showed no distinct pattern or trend for most cancers. A majority of cases are diagnosed with a regional spread of disease among cancers of the tongue (48%), oral cavity (66%), hypopharynx (54%), larynx (46%), cervix (61%) and breast (53%); survival decreases with increasing extent of disease.     

Cancer survival in Izmir, Turkey, 1995-1997

The Izmir cancer registry, the first population-based cancer registry in Turkey, was established in 1992. Cancer registration is now done by active methods. The registry contributed data on survival for 12 cancer sites or types registered in 1995-1997. Follow-up was predominantly done by active methods with median follow-up ranging between 17-72 months for different cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for various cancers ranged between 84-100%; there were no death certificate only (DCO) cases; 98-100% of total registered cases were included for the survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years ranged from 79-98% for different cancers. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates of common cancers were breast (77%), urinary bladder (70%), Larynx (69%), colon (53%), rectum (52%), non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (50%) and cervix (58%). Five-year relative survival by age group portrayed decreasing survival with increasing age at diagnosis for cancer of the cervix, and was fluctuating for other cancers. Decreasing survival with increasing clinical extent of disease was also noted.     

Cancer survival in Incheon, Republic of Korea, 1997-2001

The Incheon cancer registry was established in 1997. Cancer is not a notifiable disease, hence registration of cases is done by active methods. The registry contributed survival data for 42 cancer sites or types registered during 1997-2001. The follow-up information has been obtained predominantly by passive methods, with median follow-up ranging between 1-44 months for various cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for different cancers ranged between 16-100%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-51%; 49-100% of total registered cases were included for the survival analysis. The top-ranking cancers on 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates were testis (98%), thyroid (90%), ureter (87%), adrenal gland (86%), nonmelanoma skin (83%), corpus uteri (82%), Hodgkin lymphoma (81%), breast and cervix (74%). Five-year relative survival by age group showed a decreasing trend with increasing age groups for cancers of the stomach, small intestine, colon, gall bladder, larynx, lung, breast, cervix and ovary, and was fluctuating for other cancers.