分化性甲状腺癌的术式选择

由于分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC）具有生长缓慢、细胞分化好、恶性度低、预后好等生物学特性,经外科手术切除后病人预后较好、多能长期生存。但对DTC手术的甲状腺体切除和淋巴清扫范围,至今仍存在一些争议,现综述如下。     

Ⅶ区淋巴清扫在分化型甲状腺癌术中的必要性探讨

目的探讨Ⅶ区淋巴清扫在分化型甲状腺癌术中的意义。方法分析南方医科大学顺德医院甲状腺外科2015年06月至2017年05月间确诊分化型甲状腺癌的156例患者,分为行Ⅵ区+Ⅶ区淋巴清扫的实验组和单纯行Ⅵ区淋巴清扫的对照组。统计两组患者淋巴结情况,术中的出血量、手术时间、术后并发症、住院时间等情况。结果 156例患者手术均成功完成,观察组和对照组患者中央区淋巴结转移的发生率分别为52.56%(41/78)和51.28%(40/78),差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.34,P=0.345)。观察组发生Ⅶ区淋巴结转移的患者11例(14.10%,11/78),转移发生率显著低于中央区其他部位淋巴转移发生率(52.56%,41/78),差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.34,P=0.001)。观察组和对照组转移的阳性淋巴结数量分别为(7.7±1.2)和(5.2±1.1),差异有统计学意义(t=0.38,P=0.036)。两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、术后出血量均无明显差异(P0.05)。结论Ⅶ区淋巴也是分化型甲状腺癌的淋巴结转移好发位置,Ⅶ区淋巴清扫增加了中央区淋巴结的阳性检出率,为分化型甲状腺癌的术后疗效提供更确切的保障。     

分化型峡部甲状腺癌的外科治疗：附26例报告

目的:探讨甲状腺峡部分化型腺癌(DTC)的手术治疗策略.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月-2012年1月手术治疗的26例甲状腺峡部DTC患者临床资料.结果:26例均行甲状腺全切除术及同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术,16例颈深淋巴结转移者同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术.全组无手术死亡,一侧喉上神经损伤1例,一侧喉返神经损伤2例,短暂性甲状旁腺功能减退3例,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例.26例均获得1～12年的随访,均健康生存,7例发生颈侧区淋巴结复发转移,再次行单侧颈部淋巴结清扫,并经131I治愈.结论:甲状腺全切除术联合同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术是甲状腺峡部DTC的有效术式,有颈侧区淋巴结转移时,同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术;熟悉解剖、规范精细操作是避免发生严重并发症的关键.     

分化型甲状腺癌的治疗

手术是公认治疗甲状腺癌的最佳选择,但对甲状腺的切除范围及是否常规施行颈淋巴结清扫一直存在争论。笔者结合自己的经验,就甲状腺癌的手术切除范围,颈淋巴结清扫、以及术后综合治疗等相关问题进行了阐述。供同道理们的参考。     

76例分化型甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌的临床特点、诊治。方法回顾分析2000年9月至2008年10月行手术治疗的76例甲状腺癌病例。结果甲状腺乳头状癌65例,滤泡状癌11例,均行手术治疗,所有患者术后均予甲状腺素治疗。术后发生喉返神经损伤及其他并发症4例（5．26％）,平均随访2．5年（1—5年）,颈部淋巴结转移5例。结论分化型甲状腺癌应根据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同手术方式,术后辅以内分泌治疗。     

腔镜治疗12例分化型甲状腺癌

目的 探讨腔镜治疗分化型甲状腺癌的可行性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析我科行腔镜治疗的12例分化型甲状腺癌.甲状腺组织行全切或一侧腺叶全切除加峡部及对侧次全切除,双侧颈部淋巴结清扫术按中央区颈淋巴结清扫术式进行.12例均接受术后甲状腺素片替代治疗.结果 12例无手术死亡,术后并发症2例为声音嘶哑,1例手足麻木,1例暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退.清除淋巴结0～13枚,平均7.6枚/例,1例双侧淋巴结均阳性,5例一侧淋巴结阳性,6例双侧淋巴结均阴性.病理结果均为乳头状癌.12例均获30～62个月(平均50.4个月)随访,均存活,无复发.结论 分化型甲状腺癌行腔镜甲状腺切除联合颈部中央区淋巴结清扫术有一定的安全性,在一定程度上能兼顾手术彻底性和颈部的美容效果.     

甲状腺乳头状癌术中清扫右侧喉返神经深层淋巴结的临床价值

目的:探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)术中行右侧喉返神经深层淋巴结(VIb)清扫的临床价值。方法:选取238例PTC患者为研究对象,其中c N1患者35例,c N0患者203例,均行甲状腺切除并中央区淋巴结清扫(CLND),分析患者颈部淋巴结转移情况,以及可能与VIb淋巴结转移相关的危险因素,并观察患者预后情况。结果:238例PTC患者中,VIa淋巴结转移108例,VIb淋巴结转移67例,颈侧部淋巴结转移24例。c N1患者颈部淋巴结转移率明显高于c N0患者(94.29%vs. 46.31%,P0.05)。单因素和多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤长径、肿瘤浸润情况、淋巴结分期、肿瘤数量和VIa淋巴结转移为VIb转移的影响因素(均P0.05)。术后无1例损伤喉返神经,患者术后3年复发率为3.4%,复发中位数为26.3个月。结论:肿瘤长径、肿瘤浸润情况、淋巴结分期、肿瘤数量、VIa淋巴结转移情况是VIb淋巴结转移的危险因素,在行CLND时,应尽量完整切除VIb亚区,尤其是对具有上述危险因素的患者。     

分化型甲状腺癌功能性或传统性颈淋巴结清扫的利弊

分化型甲状腺癌预后良好,但易出现颈部淋巴结转移影响患者预后。尤其是颈侧区淋巴结转移是影响复发风险及预后的高危因素。因此,适当的颈部淋巴结清扫是非常必要的。但是对于颈侧区淋巴结清扫的指征、范围及术式的选择上仍存在争议,治疗不足及过度治疗仍然普遍存在。如何合理选择颈淋巴结清扫,提高病人生存率的同时保证生活质量显得尤为重要。     

高分化甲状腺癌再手术原因和颈淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨高分化型甲状腺癌再手术的原因和再手术时肿大淋巴结转移的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析昆明医学院第一附属医院普通外科1998-2005年收治的54例行颈淋巴结清扫高分化型甲状腺癌再手术患者的病历资料.结果 39例不规范手术后的甲状腺残癌率和淋巴结转移率均显著高于15例根治后的患者(P<0.05).再手术时患者年龄<45岁、首次手术前同侧颈部淋巴结肿大、同侧癌灶残留或复发、原发癌的多中心性和再手术时B超提示淋巴结皮髓质分界不清等是再手术时同侧肿大淋巴结转移的危险因素(P<0.05);原发癌的多中心性和对侧癌灶的出现,是再手术时对侧肿大淋巴结转移的危险因素(P<0.05).结论 首次手术的个体化的规范根治和必要的颈部淋巴结清扫是避免高分化型甲状腺癌复发再手术的关键.再手术时应行全甲状腺切除,对有淋巴结转移危险因素的患者,应行改良性或选择性区域颈淋巴结清扫.     

分化型甲状腺癌手术范围探讨

分化型甲状腺癌包括乳头状腺癌和滤泡性腺癌(按《医学名词》规定命名)，中日联谊医院统计其占甲状腺癌的85．39％，上海医科大学肿瘤医院报告占甲状腺癌的92．11％。     

Surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Being the excellent prognosis, the extension of the thyroidectomy in the surgical management of differentiated thyroid carcinomas is still controversial: some authors recommend total thyroidectomy for all patients, others suggest a conservative approach, that guarantee the same good prognosis but is associated with fewer complications. Even the cervical lymph node dissection is discussed, both regarding to the indications and the extension. The authors reported a retrospective review of their experience of the last 10 years on 75 patients operated for differentiated thyroid cancer, 61 for papillary carcinoma and 14 for follicular carcinoma; 18 of them were men and 57 females, with a mean age of 48.2 years. We performed a total of 85 operations: 60 total thyroidectomy, 15 lobus-isthmusectomies and 10 completion thyroidectomy. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 17 patients with clinically or intraoperative evidence of enlarged lymph nodes. There was no surgical mortality. Permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in 5 patients (5.8%) and permanent accidental laryngeal recurrent nerve injury, both monolateral, occurred in 2 cases (2.35%). The mean follow up was 53 months (4.5 years): 71 patients are still alive (94.7%), 68 of them disease free (90.6%) and 3 with recurrent disease (4%). Our results suggest that total thyroidectomy still represent the choice procedure for the treatment of differentiated carcinomas and that modified radical neck dissection is necessary in these patients with pre or intraoperative evidence of palpable lymph nodes. Some patients go well even undergoing more conservative surgery (lobectomy) but most problem is the impossibility to preoperatively identify these patients.     

Surgical treatment of locally advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), especially with papillary carcinoma, occasionally have direct tumor extension with invasion of surrounding tissues The presence of extrathyroidal invasion is one of the most important risk factors for mortality from DTC. However, leaving microscopic DTC on the surrounding structures usually does not lead to decreased survival or increased locoregional recurrence. Although endoscopic examinations, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical presentations including hoarseness, dyspnea, and dysphagia are useful for the diagnosis of extrathyroidal extension, it is not easy to discriminate cancer invasion of adjacent structures from cancer adhesion preoperatively. The optimal surgical approach in patients with locally advanced DTC is controversial. Some experts support a conservative shave excision. They claim that these high-risk patients frequently have distant metastases and tumor dedifferentiation, and that survival advantage from extended surgery at the expense of significant morbidity is unclear. Others advocate an aggressive en bloc resection of the tumor and involved vital structures when technically feasible, because elimination of the risks of suffocation or major vessel hemorrhage is beneficial to patients. This paper discusses the management of patients with locally advanced DTC involving the recurrent laryngeal nerve, laryngotrachea, esophagus, major vessels, and mediastinum.     

Surgical treatment of recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience of treating recurrent thyroid carcinoma. DESIGN: Retrospective study of casenotes. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Mexico. SUBJECTS: 20 patients who developed recurrences of 273 who presented with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma between 1991 and 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presentation, management, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: There were 18 men and 2 women, median age 51 years (range 28-75). 13 were treated initially by total thyroidectomy and 7 with less than total resection. 16 were given ablative doses of 311I. The median time between initial resection and recurrence was 3 years (range 1-6). The sites of recurrence were cervical lymph nodes (n = 12), thyroid bed (n = 3), or both (n = 5). During a median of 3 years 10 patients were free of disease and 2 had died. CONCLUSIONS: Well-differentiated thyroid cancer usually recurs in the cervical lymph nodes. Further resection offers a high cure rate.     

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分化型甲状腺癌(乳头状癌、滤泡癌)约占甲状腺癌的80％，由于生长缓慢，病期长，病人无任何不适，常在无意中或体检中被发现，多延误治疗时机，导致肿瘤难以彻底切除或复发转移，以及严重并发症，为进一步治疗带来困难。尽管如此，仍有一部分病人获得较其他恶性肿瘤好的疗效。由于这些特殊的临床表现，临床医师很难确切掌握其真实的病情进展及不同的外科治疗方式后的动态变化情况，这些因素制约了其正确评价疗效，从而造成了多年来在外科治疗原则上存在着一些意见分歧。本文就此问题谈谈看法，供同道们讨论。     

分化型甲状腺癌的外科治疗:167例回顾分析

目的 总结分化型甲状腺癌的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析167例分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料及随访结果。结果 （1）术前细胞学诊断正确率为76．9％（97／126）。（2）术前或术中诊断为甲癌的患者共121例，首次手术病理发现癌肿由患侧蔓延侵袭到峡部和对侧的有5例。57例获随访，仅2例分别在术后2年及3年复发。3例分别在术后6－10个月死亡；93）因术前误诊为良性病变而再次手术占再次手术总数的87．5％（42／48），病理发现腺残留癌占45．2％（19／42），患侧淋巴结残留癌占19．05（8／42）。30例获随访，无复发。结论 （1）术前应重视细胞学诊断；（2）分化型甲状腺癌一般做患侧叶、峡部切除加对侧叶大部切除并清扫患侧肿大淋巴结；（3）术前误诊为良性病变而再次手术时应主要针对残叶及同侧淋巴结。若第一次切除范围足够，亦可随诊观察。     

Surgical treatment of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. Follow-up of 99 cases

The surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma continues to be a matter of considerable debate in terms of defining the appropriate extent of thyroid or lymph node resection to ensure optimal patient survival. Whereas, at organ level, the majority of surgeons are in favor of total thyroidectomy, both the extent and timing of lymphadenectomy remain controversial issues. In the light of this, the Authors have conducted a retrospective study in 99 consecutive patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. As regards the distribution of the cancers in terms of TNM staging, 60 were stage I, 27 stage II, 11 stage III and 1 stage 4. Almost all the patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Lymphadenectomy was performed at the same time as thyroidectomy in papillary cancers when the nodes were clinically palpable and at a later date in those cases where the nodes subsequently became palpable at follow-up. The in-hospital mortality was 3% and was unrelated to the operation. The median follow-up was 95.8 months (7.98 years). Sixty-nine patients are still alive (71.8%), 66 of them disease-free (68.7%) and 3 with lymph node metastases (3.1%). Our results and those of other investigators suggest that total thyroidectomy should be the first therapeutic choice in differentiated cancers of the thyroid, but allow us to draw no firm conclusions regarding the controversial issue as to which type of lymphadenectomy can best ensure patient survival. To solve this problem we believe that multicenter randomized trials will be necessary. However, progress in molecular biology and tumor genetics is likely to enable us to identify new prognostic factors which may prove useful when deciding on the most appropriate therapeutic option.     

分化型甲状腺癌侵入气管内的外科治疗及气道重建

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌侵入气管内的外科治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析分化型甲状腺癌侵入气管内的患者行气管袖状切除术后的治疗结果。16例分化型甲状腺癌（均为乳头状癌）侵入气管内的患者进行了颈部淋巴结清扫术＋肿瘤整块切除术及气管袖状切除术,并一期行气管端端吻合术重建气道。结果16例患者手术均成功进行,术后并发症发生率为12．5％（2／16）,其中气管吻合口狭窄1例,CO：激光加浅层放疗治愈;双侧声带麻痹1例,CO2激光切除一侧声带后分治愈。平均随访时间23个月,1例患者术后3个月出现局部淋巴结复发,再次术后带瘤生存;1例局部复发死亡。结论气管袖状切除一拉拢缝合术能有效治疗分化型甲状腺癌侵犯气管内,而CO2激光与浅层放疗对术后双侧声带麻痹及吻合口瘢痕增生是有效的。     

Surgical strategies for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid isthmus

The postoperative outcome (including clinicopathologic features) in 19 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of the isthmus was investigated to develop more appropriate surgical strategies for these lesions. The extent of thyroidectomy, including neck dissection, tumor size, nodal involvement, and other clinical features were evaluated. The incidence of intraglandular dissemination was about 16% in all patients. Analysis of regional node metastatic distribution revealed no definite metastatic pattern. In addition, there was no apparent correlation between tumor size and nodal involvement. Two of the six patients who underwent total thyroidectomy suffered permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism. It is thus recommended that isthmusectomy, including an adequate edge of surrounding normal thyroid tissues of each lobe and modified or limited neck dissection when cervical nodes are palpably enlarged is sufficient as an appropriate primary surgical procedure for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid isthmus.