老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病消融和起搏器治疗的对照观察

目的比较老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者接受经冠状动脉消融肥厚心肌（TASH）或起搏器治疗的有效性和安全性。方法23例充分药物治疗不满意,心功能Ⅲ级（NYHA）以上的老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者随机接受心肌声学造影指导下的TASH或根据血压优化PR间期的右心双腔起搏器治疗。其中2例接受TASH治疗者并发永久起搏器依赖而安装永久起搏器。对单纯接受TASH（13例）或起搏器（8例）治疗者进行了平均24个月的随访。结果接受两种治疗方法的患者心功能和主观症状积分均得到显著的改善。TASH组心功能由3．2±0．7级改善到1．5±0．5级,综合症状积分由5．9±1．6下降到1．8±0．7,P均〈0．001。起搏器治疗组心功能也由3．0±0．1改善到1．9±0．6级,综合症状积分也由4．5±1．3下降到2．3±1．6,P均〈0．01。综合症状改善程度TASH组明显优于起搏器治疗（4．2±1．5比2．3±1．3,P=0．007）。左心室流出道压力阶差TASH组平均下降了（79．9±35．5）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa,P〈0．001）,起搏器治疗组平均下降了（49．3±37．7）mmHg（P〈0．05）,平均下降率分别为84％和53％。左心室流出道压力阶差下降率〉75％和〈50％TASH组分别有10例和1例,起搏器治疗组分别有4例和3例。TASH组治疗后室间隔厚度、左室舒张末径、收缩末径与术前比较变化显著[分别为（22．2±4．1）mm比（17．1±3．2）mm,（41．5±5．3）mm比（44．7±4．6）mm,（23．5±4．4）mm比（28．3±3．6）mm,P均〈0．05],但没有左室收缩功能异常。随访中,TASH组3例阵发性心房颤动中有2例转为慢性心房颤动,起搏器治疗组中2例阵发性心房颤动中1例发展成慢性心房颤动。结论TASH和起搏器治疗两种方法均能使老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者心功能和综合症状得到显著改善,综合症状改善TASH优于起搏器治疗。TASH显著降低左心室流出道压力阶差,起搏器治疗中等程度降低心室流出道压力阶差。TASH导致的左心室流出道重构不会导致老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者收缩功能的异常和左心室的扩张,但同样存在并发症,甚至严重并发症发生的可能。     

经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的近期疗效

目的:探讨经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)方法及近期疗效。方法:11例HOCM患者,经心脏超声及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTG),选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录LVOTG变化,出院时及出院后1个月复查超声心动图。结果:11例患者中消融第1间隔支者9例,消融第2间隔支者1例,同时消融第1、第2间隔支者1例;术后即刻导管测量LVOTG较术前明显下降[(90.40±41.95)∶(52.90±34.12)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),P<0.01]。11例中1例术后4 h死亡,1例术后第5天置入永久双腔起搏器,其余9例度过围术期并出院随访。10例存活者出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(44.56±28.87)∶(82.98±36.46)mmHg,(2.3±1.06)∶(4.1±1.37)mm,P<0.01)];术后1个月超声测量LVOTG、室间隔厚度、左室流出道内径和SAM幅度分别为:(40.43±19.27)mmHg、(18.6.1±1.17)mm、(15.5±1.08)mm和(0.5±0....     

Acute and long-term results after transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH). Catheter interventional treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Aims: To evaluate acute and long-term symptomatic, haemodynamic (at rest and during exercise) and electrophysiological results of transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH), a catheter interventional treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results: Sixty-two transcoronary ablations of septal hypertrophy were performed by injection of 4.6+/-2.6 ml 96% ethanol into septal branches in 50 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and severe symptoms. Serial left and right heart catheterization, transoesophageal echocardiography and electrophysiological investigations were repeated 2 weeks and 7+/-1 months (n=37) after intervention. Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy led to a reduction in septal thickness, sustained elimination of the outflow obstruction (51+/-41 vs 6+/-10 mmHg at rest, P<0.001; 134+/-48 vs 28+/-32 mmHg, P<0.001, post-extrasystolic), a decrease in left ventricular filling pressures at rest and during exercise and a pronounced clinical improvement. There was no evidence for the creation of an arrhythmogenic substrate as assessed by serial programmed electrical stimulation in 39 patients. However, permanent high-grade atrioventricular block occurred in 17% of the patients. There were two early, but no late deaths during a mean follow-up time of 10. 6+/-5.6 months. Conclusion: Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy is a promising new treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in patients with severe symptoms. It should now be compared with alternative treatment strategies in prospective randomized studies.     

Initial experience with alcohol septal ablation using a novel magnetic navigation system

OBJECTIVES: We compared the use of magnetically assisted intervention (MAI) with conventional guidewire techniques to perform alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). BACKGROUND: Treatment of symptomatic patients with HOCM using ASA has been established as an effective therapy. However, in many cases cannulaton of the septal artery can be technically challenging. Recently, a magnetically directed guidewire system has been developed to assist in navigation in difficult percutaneous interventions. By directing the guidewire to the septal branch, this system has potential to shorten the procedure time and increase success and safety of ASA in patients with HOCM. METHODS: From October 2004 through October 2006, 44 consecutive patients underwent ASA using MAI with the Niobe system (Stereotaxis, Inc., St. Louis, MO). We compared these patients to 29 age- and gradient-matched cases using conventional techniques performed by an operator with >100 prior cases. RESULTS: All procedures were successful. Both the MAI and conventional groups had improved symptoms, exercise times, and reduced gradients compared with baseline. One dissection occurred in the conventional group. Although there were no aggregate differences in acute or 3-month clinical outcomes, the time required for guidewire cannulation of the septal branch decreased progressively with increasing experience (third tertile vs first tertile (3 [1.25-4.75 vs 10.5 [6-17] minutes, P = 0.004) compared with the conventional group (6 [2-10.25] minutes, P = 0.075 vs third tertile), suggesting a learning curve for MAI. CONCLUSIONS: MAI has the potential to improve wiring time and outcomes of HOCM patients undergoing ASA.     

Sustained improvement in left ventricular diastolic function after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Impaired diastolic function is responsible for many of the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) whose symptoms are refractory to medical therapy, alcohol septal ablation (ASA) reduces left ventricular (LV) outflow tract gradient, with short-term improvement in LV diastolic function. Little is known about the longer term impact of ASA on diastolic function. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated LV diastolic function at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up after successful ASA. In 30 patients (58+/-15 years, 22 men) who underwent successful ASA, New York Heart Association class was lower at 1-year follow-up compared with baseline (3.0+/-0.5 to 1.5+/-0.7; P<0.0001). LV outflow tract gradient (76+/-37 to 19+/-12; P<0.0001), interventricular septal thickness (19+/-2 to 14+/-2; P<0.0001), and left atrial volume (26+/-5 to 20+/-4; P<0.0001) were decreased. Significant improvement in E-wave deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, early diastolic mitral lateral annular velocity (E'), mitral inflow propagation velocity (V(p)), ratio of transmitral early LV filling velocity (E) to early diastolic Doppler tissue imaging of the mitral annulus (E/E'), and E/V(p) were observed at 1 year following successful ASA. These changes persisted in the subset cohort (n=21) for whom 2-year data were available. CONCLUSION: Successful ASA for HOCM leads to significant and sustained improvement in echocardiographic measures of diastolic function, which may contribute to improved functional status after successful ASA.     

New approach to septal ablation: glue (cyanoacrylate) septal ablation.

Alcohol septal ablation is an alternative way of treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients who are refractory to medical treatment. This case report describes a new way of septal ablation with glue (cyanoacrylate) in a HOCM patient who has extensive collateral to posterior descending coronary artery which precludes alcohol ablation.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal artery ablation using polyvinyl alcohol foam particles for septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: acute and 3-year outcomes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of septal artery occlusion with transluminally delivered polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam particles for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS: Percutaneous septal artery ablation was performed in 18 symptomatic patients (13 men; mean age 60+/-17 years, range 28-89) with drug-resistant HOCM. PVA foam particles were mixed with contrast medium and injected through an angiographic catheter under fluoroscopic control until complete stasis in the septal branch was achieved. Patients were monitored with echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The septal artery was successfully occluded in all patients; no embolization of other coronary branches occurred after infusion of 3 to 8 mL (5.2+/-0.8) of PVA foam particles. The resting pressure gradient was diminished from 83+/-32 to 31+/-35 mmHg (p<0.05). Over a mean follow-up of 44+/-4 months, all patients had symptomatic improvement of their dyspnea and workload without the need for intensified drug therapy. The average NYHA functional class decreased from 3.3+/-0.5 to 1.3+/-0.7 (p<0.0001), with a significant increase in the area of the left ventricular outflow tract (1.3+/-0.2 to 2.6+/-0.2 cm2, p<0.0001). Three instances of transient atrioventricular block occurred, but no complete heart block was produced by the embolization procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Embolization of the septal artery with PVA foam particles appears effective and safe in this series of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The pure ischemic infarction produced by PVA ablation might be the responsible for the lack of complete heart block and the need for permanent pacing.     

Diagnose und Therapie der hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie und ihrer Differenzialdiagnosen

Myocardial hypertrophy can be caused by a number of diseases. The differentiation between primary (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM) and secondary myocardial hypertrophy (hypertensive cardiomyopathy, athlete’s heart, myocardial storage disease) is important for specific therapeutic and prognostic reasons. In most cases, genetically determined HCM can be diagnosed on the basis of the patient’s history, auscultation, ECG and echocardiography. In less common cases, additional tissue Doppler echocardiography, myocardial biopsy, gadolinium-based contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or genetic testing may be helpful to differentiate it from important diagnoses. Left-heart catheterization should only be performed in patients with unclear obstruction in echocardiography or if transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) is planned. In addition to general measures, treatment of obstruction in the left-ventricular outflow tract is most important in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). If drug treatment of the obstruction using betablockers or Verapamil fails in symptomatic HOCM patients, transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) or surgical myectomy is indicated. Implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is accepted for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients. Hypertensive heart disease and athlete’s heart are characterized by mild myocardial hypertrophy. Storage diseases can mimic HCM without obstruction. In these secondary forms of myocardial hypertrophy, treatment of the underlying disease is indicated.     

Complications of low‐dose,echo‐guided alcohol septal ablation

Background : Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) is a catheter‐based intervention that has been used as an alternative to surgical myectomy in highly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Methods : This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the incidence of major complications in the mid‐term follow‐up of low‐dose (1–2.5 ml of ethanol), echo‐guided alcohol septal ablation. Results : A total of 101 consecutive patients (56 ± 15 years) with highly symptomatic HOCM were enrolled. At 6 months, there was a significant decrease in resting outflow gradient accompanied by reduction in basal septal diameter and improvement in symptoms (P < 0.01). Two patients (2%) experienced procedural ventricular tachycardias terminated by electrical cardioversion. A total of 87 patients (86%) underwent an uneventful postprocedural hospital stay. The postprocedural complete heart block occurred in 10 patients (10%), and subsequent permanent pacemaker was implanted in four cases (4%). Sustained ventricular arrhythmias requiring electrical cardioversion occurred in four patients (4%) within postprocedural hospital stay. Subsequently, ICD was not implanted in any of these cases. The patients were repeatedly examined by Holter ECG monitoring, and in the mid‐term follow‐up (6–50 months), they stayed asymptomatic and without any ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusion : This study demonstrates the same early incidence of complete heart block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation (4%) and sustained ventricular arrhythmias following low‐dose, echo‐guided ASA. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A prospective follow-up of alcohol septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy--the Baylor experience (1996-2002)

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on the long-term outcome of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to evaluate the longer-term outcome of ASA therapy for symptomatic HOCM. METHODS: In all, 137 patients were enrolled consecutively (1996-1999) and 130 (95%) (74 men, 56 women, aged 51 +/- 17 years) underwent ASA and had serial prospective follow-up for up to 5 years (mean follow-up 3.6 +/- 1.4 years). Evaluation included angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] score), dyspnea (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class), duration of exercise on treadmill, and echocardiographic indices. RESULTS: Ethanol (3.5 +/- 1.5 cc), injected into 1.5 +/- 0.6 arteries, induced a mean peak plasma creatine kinase (CK) of 1676 +/- 944 units. Complications of procedures included death 1.5% (2/130), heart block requiring permanent pacemaker 13% (17/130), and coronary dissection 4.4% (6/130). Baseline versus last follow-up visit: NYHA class decreased from 3.0 +/- 0.4 to 1.2 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.01); CCS angina score from 2.0 +/- 0.8 to 0.08 +/- 0.4 (p < 0.01); and duration of exercise increased from 322 +/- 207 to 443 +/- 200 s (p < 0.01). Resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient at baseline versus last follow-up visit showed a decrease from 74 +/- 30 to 4 +/- 13 (p < 0.01), and the dobutamine-provoked gradient of 88 +/- 29 decreased to 21 +/- 21 (p < 0.01) mmHg. All-cause mortality over the duration of follow-up was 7.7% (10) giving an annual rate of 2.1%, and cardiac mortality was 2.3% (3) reflecting an annual rate of 0.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol septal ablation decreased symptoms and improved exercise performance, indicating that it is an effective procedure for symptomatic HOCM.     

心脏超声技术在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融中的运用

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术是近年来发展起来的一项治疗肥厚型心肌病的新技术,由于和开胸手术相比具有创伤小,效果相当,因此该技术在临床上的使用呈逐年增加的趋势。该术式成功的关键在于准确的定位及可控性的消融梗阻部分心肌,其中心脏超声技术在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术的术前诊断、术后随访中扮演了重要角色,特别是超声心肌造影技术在化学消融术的术中监测中起到了更为重要的作用,现就心脏超声技术在肥厚型梗阻性化学消融术中的运用做一综述。     

The "1st septal unit" in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a newly recognized anatomo-functional entity, identified during recent alcohol septal ablation experience

In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, selective and asymmetric hypertrophy results in a stenotic subaortic channel, which is further narrowed by a Venturi effect (suctioning of the anterior leaflet, manifested by systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve). Better understanding of these essential pathophysiologic mechanisms has led to the definition of a new anatomo-functional entity, the 1st septal unit, which consists of the basal interventricular septal hypertrophy and its related septal arterial branches. As an alternative to surgical myomectomy, alcohol septal ablation is an effective method of reducing subaortic stenosis and improving mitral valve function. After alcohol ablation, global negative remodeling of the hypertrophied left ventricle eventually ensues. This review presents specific anatomic and functional features of a newly identified pathophysiologic entity (the 1st septal unit) in relation to the clinical manifestations and natural history of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. This relationship is also relevant during the performance of alcohol septal ablation interventions: related operative suggestions are provided for optimizing subaortic stenosis relief during septal ablation and for preventing complications.     

Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Preliminary Attempt at Palliation with Use of Subselective Alcohol Ablation

We report a case of severe apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in order to discuss the nature of this unusual condition and the possibility of using selective alcohol ablation to effectively treat symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that presents with apical aneurysm. A 73-year-old woman with severe, progressive dyspnea and intermittent chest pain was found to have localized left ventricular apical dyskinesia distal to an obstructive mid-distal muscular ring. The ring caused total systolic obliteration of the apical left ventricular cavity. Apical cavity pressure was extremely high, up to 330 mmHg—200 mmHg above that in the main left ventricular cavity. Because of the danger of apical rupture and clot formation, we attempted the experimental use of alcohol ablation for effective palliation. We present our pilot experience, offer a novel interpretation of the nature of this obscure entity, and possibly justify a new catheter treatment. In addition, we discuss the developmental, pathophysiologic, and clinical implications of this unusual form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To our knowledge, ours is the first reported use of subselective, modified-protocol alcohol septal ablation to treat an obstructive mid-apical muscular ring in a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Key words: Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy; ethanol/administration & dosage/therapeutic use; heart septum/pathology; hypertrophy, left ventricular/diagnosis; myocardial ischemia/complications; treatment outcomeHypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a congenital heart condition characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and a progressive worsening of symptoms, as related to the worsening of the subaortic gradient.^1,2 Either traditional surgical septal myomectomy^3,4 or alcohol septal ablation (ASA)^2,4,5 can be used to treat HOCM by effectively reducing the subaortic gradient.^1,2 We describe the case of an elderly woman who had the rarer variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)—that with apical aneurysm and mid-ventricular obstruction. We describe in detail the experimental use of subselective alcohol ablation to treat the obstructive mid-apical muscular ring in this patient, and we revisit the nature of apical HCM.     

Transcatheter septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a technical guide and review of published results

Transcatheter alcohol septal ablation (ASA) treatment of symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is based on the existence and degree of intraventricular obstruction. Patients with significant gradient and symptoms who do not respond to optimal medical therapy are eligible to gradient reduction through a surgical (septal myectomy) or a transcatheter (alcohol septal ablation) septal reduction. The latter encompasses occlusion of a septal branch perfusing the hypertrophied septum, which is involved in the generation of obstruction, by injecting ethanol into the supplying septal branch(es). ASA has been established as a highly effective and safe method and has outnumbered the surgical gold standard. Although the technique is straightforward, patient selection and some technical details may influence the efficacy and safety of the procedure. The technique is based on echocardiographic contrast guidance, which allows accurate target septal branch selection and optimisation of the result. Published long-term results from high-volume centres have confirmed the effectiveness of ASA and have shown excellent survival, which is comparable to that in the general population. Choice and performance of the surgical or interventional treatment should be implemented in highly specialised centres in terms of a heart-team approach, taking notice of anatomic characteristics as well as comorbidities. Involvement of all cases in international registries may reveal the individual merits and indications for the surgical and interventional treatment in HOCM.     

Intracardiac echocardiography guidance for alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) was used in a 17-year-old female with refractory symptoms and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) to guide alcohol septal ablation. During the procedure ICE readily identified the hypertrophied interventricular septum, the dynamic intraventricular gradient, the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and the associated mitral regurgitation. Notably, a perfect match was demonstrated between transthoracic echocardiography and ICE findings regarding contrast location. Potential complications related to this technique and alternative therapeutic strategies are discussed. This report highlights the potential use of ICE to guide procedures of alcohol septal ablation in patients with HOCM.     

功能-解剖方法和超声心肌增强方法指导下经冠状动脉消融肥厚心肌治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病有效性和安全性的对比研究

目的 比较功能-解剖方法和超声心肌增强方法指导下经冠状动脉消融肥厚心肌（TASH）治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的有效性和安全性。方法 72例药物治疗不佳的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者分别采用超声心肌增强（GⅠ,47例）和功能．解剖方法（GⅡ,25例）指导下的TASH治疗。通过对比治疗前后同位素心肌灌注显像、患者主观症状的改善,以及系列超声参数的变化评价不同方法指导下的TASH治疗效果和安全性。结果 两种方法指导下的TASH均能显著降低患者左心室流出道的压力阶差,并显著改善患者主观症状,两组间差异无统计学意义。酒精用量、消融心肌范围、状态以及术后CK-MB峰值两组间差异无统计学意义。心律失常（包括右束支传导阻滞、室性心动过速／心室颤动和临时起搏器依赖）两组发生率相似。GI有6例患者经MCE纠正初选血管（工作初期）。系列的超声心动图长期随访左心室构型变化二组患者间差异无统计学意义。结论 MCE指导下的TASH治疗效应并不优于“功能法”,也不能减少酒精的用量和心律失常并发症,但能有效避免无辜心肌损伤,尤其是开展此项工作的初期。     

Nuclear magnetic resonance for the assessment of the effects of alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Alcohol ablation of the interventricular septum is a well-established method of treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The extent of ablation-induced iatrogenic infarction is usually assessed by the use of echocardiography. The role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in this setting has not yet been well established. In this report we describe five patients with HOCM who underwent alcohol septal ablation and subsequent NMR evaluation. The usefulness of NMR in these patients is discussed and comparison with echocardiographic results is presented.     

Survival of Patients ≤ 50 Years of Age After Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Background

The long-term efficacy and safety of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) has recently been demonstrated. However, there is still debate about the outcome of younger patients who should be treated using myectomy, according to American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of patients ≤ 50 years of age after ASA for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated consecutive, highly symptomatic patients aged ≤ 50 years with HOCM who underwent ASA.

Results

Institutional databases of 3 cardiovascular centres identified 290 patients with HOCM who underwent ASA; 75 (26%) of them were aged ≤ 50 years at the time of their first ASA. Median duration of follow-up was 5.1 years (range, 0.1-15.4 years). Four patients (5%) died during the study period (438 patient-years; the annual mortality rate was 0.91%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-2.34%; the annual mortality rate combined with the first appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge was 1.43%; 95% CI, 0.52-3.10%). Survival free of all-cause mortality at 1, 5, and 10 years was 97% (95% CI, 89-99%), 94% (95% CI, 84-98%), and 94% (95% CI, 84-98%), respectively.

Conclusions

Results of this first study focused on HOCM patients aged ≤ 50 years who underwent ASA suggest a low risk of all-cause death or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge in the long-term follow-up.     

Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: feasibility, clinical benefit, and short term results in elderly patients

Objective: To evaluate symptomatic and haemodynamic results of transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in elderly patients.