Port site metastases after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for an unexpected gallbladder carcinoma

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a proven, well-accepted surgical technique for removing the diseased gallbladder and has rapidly become the surgical procedure of choice over conventional open cholecystectomy. Radiologists must be aware of the possibility of inadvertent dissemination of incidental gallbladder cancer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We report a case of this unusual complication: a patient with port site metastases after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for an unexpected gallbladder carcinoma at an early stage. Received: 28 July 1998/Accepted: 9 September 1998     

Port-site metastasis of unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma with ossification after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDUnsuspected gallbladder carcinoma (UGC) refers to cholecystectomy due to benign gallbladder disease, which is pathologically confirmed as gallbladder cancer during or after surgery. Port-site metastasis (PSM) of UGC following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is rare, especially after several years.CASE SUMMARYA 55-year-old man presenting with acute cholecystitis and gallstones was treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in July 2008. Histological analysis revealed unexpected papillary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder with gallstones, which indicated that the tumor had spread to the muscular space (pT1b). Radical resection of gallbladder carcinoma was performed 10 d later. In January 2018, the patient was admitted to our hospital for a mass in the upper abdominal wall after surgery for gallbladder cancer 10 years ago. Laparoscopic exploration and complete resection of the abdominal wall tumor were successfully performed. Pathological diagnosis showed metastatic or invasive, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in fibrous tissue with massive ossification. Immuno-histochemistry and medical history were consistent with invasion or metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma. His general condition was well at follow-up of 31 mo. No recurrence was found by ultrasound and epigastric enhanced computed tomography.CONCLUSIONPSM of gallbladder cancer is often accompanied by peritoneal metastasis, which indicates poor prognosis. Once PSM occurs after surgery, laparoscopic exploration is recommended to rule out abdominal metastasis to avoid unnecessary surgery.     

Clinical experience with a simple retraction device in single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Technical description and initial results

Abstract

Background: Performing single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) is challenging as triangulation is limited and the critical view is difficult to obtain. We present our initial experience using a simple retraction device to reduce these problems. Material and methods: In January 2012 a novel lifter was introduced at our department and subsequently used in SPLC for suspension of the gallbladder. Perioperative data were collected prospectively. In addition, all videos were reviewed to assess any adverse events caused by the lifter. Results: Thirty (20 female and 10 male) patients at a median age of 48.4 years (range: 23–83) were operated using this novel retraction device. Median BMI accounted for 26.0 kg/m² (median; range: 14.0–36.9). Retraction of the gallbladder using the lifter was possible in all patients. In four cases (13.3 %) spillage of bile caused by the lifter was recorded. In addition, perforation of the gallbladder was seen once (3.3 %), caused by electrocautery. No inflammation, induration or visible scars were seen in the right upper quadrant at six weeks postoperatively in any patient. Conclusions: Gallbladder retraction in SPLC using this novel device is feasible and safe without leaving any apparent scar. Rate of bile spillage is (at least) comparable to that reported for conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

The role of ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in gallstone-related pancreatitis

Summary

Laparoscopic surgery has become the routine for elective cholecystectomy, but its place in the management of gallstone-related pancreatitis has not yet been identified. We prospectively assessed a minimally invasive treatment regime for gallstone pancreatitis combining endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, over a 24 month period. Twenty-two patients were found to have gallstone pancreatitis. The mean age was 52 ± 18 years. All patients presented with abdominal pain. Five were jaundiced. The Ranson score severity of pancreatitis averaged 1.6 (range 0–6). Our management protocol was to perform ERCP when clinical and biochemical markers had settled, followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same admission. The time interval between presentation and ERCP was 8.9d (range 2–15d), ERCP to surgery was 4.5d (range 2–35d) and surgery to discharge was 4d (range 1–21 d). The median hospital stay was 16d. ERCP showed stones in the common bile duct in five patients, four of whom had them removed at ERCP. Twenty patients underwent laparoscopy. The gallbladder was removed in 18 and two required conversion (one pseudocyst, one cystic artery bleed). Two patients had elective open cholecystectomy (one pseudocyst, one previous surgery). Only one patient developed a post-operative complication (pseudocyst). The majority of patients had multiple small stones in their gallbladder and it was not possible to predict the presence of common bile duct stones prior to ERCP. No patient developed post-operative pancreatitis. There was no mortality. This study shows that combined ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an efficient and safe minimally invasive management for gallstone pancreatitis.     

Enlargement of umbilical incision in standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy is frequently necessary: An argument for the single incision approach?

Objective: Cosmetic result after cholecystectomy is up for debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and extent of enlargement of initial skin and fascia incision in standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to detect predictive factors for such an enlargement. Material and methods: The size of the umbilical incision was measured before and after standard laparoscopic gallbladder removal in 391 patients from August 2009 to October 2012. Predisposing factors for the need of enlargement of the umbilical incision were analysed. Results: Additional enlargement of the umbilical incision for gallbladder removal was required in 35.8% of the patients at skin level, and in 40.4% at fascia level. The median enlargement of the umbilical skin incision was 11 mm, from 25 mm to 36 mm. Gallbladder weight, total stone weight, maximum diameter of largest stone and shorter initial length of incision were independent predisposing factors for enlargement of the incision. Conclusions: In standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy the umbilical incision frequently requires secondary enlargement, especially if a large stone mass is involved. Therefore, the cosmetic result after laparoscopic cholecystectomy depends on more than only the technique used for access and the surgical technique for cholecystectomy should be chosen individually for each patient according to the stone mass.     

Internal retraction in single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Initial experience and learning curve

Abstract

Introduction: We report our experience and learning curve in single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) using an internal anchored retraction system. Methods: Usefulness of the retraction system was analysed in 18 SPLC. The first eight, the following ten SPLC and 20 consecutive four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomies (4PLC) were compared. Duration of operation, burns on nontarget tissue and gallbladder perforations were assessed by reviewing videotapes recorded during the procedures. Results: Use of the retraction system failed in three out of five patients (60%) with intraoperative signs of chronic inflammation and in one out of 13 (7.1%) without such signs (p = 0.0441). Median operation time was 90 (45–120) in the first eight and 55 (40–180) minutes in the following ten SPLC (p = 0.0361). Whereas the first eight SPLC lasted longer compared to 4PLC (70 (40–140) minutes, p = 0.0435) the difference disappeared after eight procedures (p = 0.2076). Median number of burns to nontarget tissue was seven (1–16) in the first eight and one (0–8) in the following ten SPLC (p = 0.0049). There was no difference in perforation of the gallbladder. Discussion: Internal retraction enables a safe exposure of the Calot triangle avoiding bile spillage in cholecystectomies without intraoperative signs of inflammation. Familiarisation with SPLC was rapidly achieved. Operation time and dexterity were equal to 4PLC after eight SPLC.     

Novel approach of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for cholecystectomy

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) techniques, such as generating an artificial space between digestive tract layers for safer dissection, were thought to be safer for the resection of organs in cholecystectomy. We investigated whether combinations of endoscopic techniques and laparoscopic techniques could be performed more safely and rapidly.

Material and methods: Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative-cholecystectomy (LEC-chole) and conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lapa-chole) were performed in six dogs. Operation time was defined as the time from the creation of the first port to the retrieval of the resected gallbladder (GB); and GB bed dissection time was the time from local injection of natural saline to the clipping of the cystic duct. The main roles of the endoscope in LEC-chole were to obtain a sufficient cutting space via local injection of natural saline to the GB bed and to monitor the operative view without laparoscopic camera, thus omitting the umbilical port.

Results: The operation times were 60?±?18.3?minutes for LEC-chole and 95?±?7.0 for Lapa-chole (p?=?.036). The GB bed dissection times were 31?±?8.54?minutes in LEC-chole and 50.6?±?7.37?minutes in Lapa-chole (p?=?0.048). There were significant differences in liver damage and bleeding (p?=?0.116), but there were no significant differences in one-month survival.

Conclusions: The application of LEC-chole may be expanded to cholecystectomy.     

Laparoscopic surgery in the elderly

Summary

Patients over the age of 65, undergoing either laparoscopic cholecystectomy or laparoscopic groin hernia repair in two centres, were retrospectively reviewed. 114 patients (median age 73) case-notes were reviewed. 94 patients had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 20 laparoscopic hernia repair. 81 % were American society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I or II, with 17% Grade III and 2% Grade IV. 8% of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients had unsuspected common bile duct stones detected on cholangiography. There was a 5% conversion to open procedure in the cholecystectomy group and 0% in the hernia group. Median hospital stay was 2 days. Mortality was 0% in both groups. Major post-operative morbidity occurred in 4% of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients, delaying their discharge. We conclude that laparoscopic surgery is a safe procedure in the elderly patient when accompanied by good patient selection and anaesthetic care.     

Laparoendoscopic single-site cholecystectomy: A randomized controlled study

Abstract

This study reports the initial experience with laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) cholecystectomy and compares it with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) through a randomized controlled trial. Sixty selective patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis or polyp lesion of the gallbladder (PLG) were randomly divided into two groups undergoing either LESS cholecystectomy or LC separately. The clinical data about operations and recovery of the two groups were compared. In the LESS group 28 of 30 patients underwent LESS cholecystectomy successfully and the remaining two (6.7%) were converted to standard laparoscopic surgery. LC was successfully performed in all patients in the control group. Mean operative time of LESS cholecystectomy group and LC group was 55.6 ± 25.7 versus 42.7 ± 18.6 (p < 0.05). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.7 ± 1.3 versus 3.8 ± 0.8 days (p < 0.05). Mean pain index was 2.8 ± 0.6 versus 3.7 ± 1.1 (p < 0.05). A questionnaire revealed that the mean scores of satisfaction with the operation were 8.9 ± 0.7 versus 8.1 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05). LESS cholecystectomy is safe, feasible, minimally invasive, and cosmetic. It is a reasonable alternative to selective patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis and PLG. But larger controlled studies are still needed.     

纳米碳淋巴结示踪技术结合腹腔镜微创手术在结直肠癌患者中的应用

目的 分析纳米碳淋巴结示踪技术结合腹腔镜微创手术在结直肠癌患者中的应用.方法 选取2015年4月-2020年10月该院确诊的结直肠癌患者76例,采用随机分组法分为观察组和对照组,各38例.观察组在肿瘤周围黏膜下层注射纳米碳淋巴结示踪剂后,行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治手术;对照组直接行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治手术.记录两组患者淋巴结检...     

胆囊癌根治术后复发因素分析及放疗靶区指导

目的:探讨胆囊癌根治术后复发因素及复发模式,为术后辅助放疗靶区提供依据。方法:回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院2008—2018年收治的102例胆囊癌并接受根治术患者病例资料,明确复发因素及复发模式(包括瘤床/腹腔淋巴结复发)。其中术后辅助化疗37例,未化疗65例。结果:根治术后中位区域复发时间为12.4个月。单因素分析显示,pT、pN、黏液成分、分化与区域复发相关(P0.05)。pT、pN、分化与瘤床复发相关(P0.05);pT、pN、神经脉管侵犯与腹腔淋巴结复发相关(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,pT、pN是胆囊癌根治术后区域复发的独立预测因子(P0.05)。中位瘤床复发时间为12.5个月(95%CI 8.4～16.5个月)。中位腹腔淋巴结复发时间为10.9个月(95%CI 8.1～13.7个月)。pT/pN是瘤床复发和腹腔淋巴结复发的独立预测因子(P0.05)。术后腹腔淋巴结复发分布:8、12a、16b1高复发(40%);9、12p、13、16a2次之(20%～30%);3、5、6、7、14、16b2、17、18组较少(10%)。结论:胆囊癌根治术后复发率高,pT/pN是影响复发独立因素。即使D1淋巴结清扫,腹腔淋巴结复发仍多见。建议放疗靶区包括瘤床及部分腹腔淋巴结(8、9、12a、12p、13、16a2、16b1)。     

The diagnostic performance and interrater agreement of seven CT findings in the diagnosis of internal hernia after gastric bypass operation

Purpose

A reliable and immediate diagnosis of internal hernia is important for optimal and timely management of patients with a history of gastric bypass surgery. The aims of this study were to evaluate the interrater agreement and diagnostic performance characteristics of seven predefined CT findings of internal herniation in patients admitted on clinical suspicion of internal herniation after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).

Methods

Abdominal CT scans of 117 patients performed on clinical suspicion of internal hernia after LRYGB surgery were evaluated by three radiologists (two experts and one resident) for the following: (1) Swirl sign, (2) strangulation of superior mesenteric vein (SMV), (3) engorged mesenteric vessels and edema, (4) engorged lymph nodes, (5) ascites, (6) mushroom sign, (7) hurricane eye sign, and finally the overall conclusion. The CT findings were compared to the laparoscopic explorative findings.

Results

The highest interrater agreements were seen for the swirl sign, SMV strangulation, ascites, and overall conclusion (all Kappa 0.82–0.83). The presence of internal hernia was significantly and independently associated with SMV strangulation (OR 18.3; 95% CI 4.3–78.1; p < 0.001) and mesenteric edema (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.4–19.6; p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis, while the other CT findings were not independently associated with herniation. The highest sensitivity was observed for mesenteric edema (85.0%), while SMV strangulation had the highest specificity (94.8%).

Conclusion

CT is an accurate diagnostic tool for detection of internal hernia after LRYGB. SMV strangulation and mesenteric edema are highly predictive and easily identified features of internal herniation.

     

食管鳞癌新辅助化疗前后淋巴结CT表现及其预测术后pN分期的价值

目的 观察新辅助化疗（NACT）前后食管鳞癌淋巴结CT表现，并分析其预测术后pN分期的效能。方法 回顾性分析124例经胃镜活检病理确诊食管鳞癌并接受NACT患者化疗前后CT资料。比较NACT前后淋巴结总数、最大长/短径、长/短径均值、长/短径变异系数（CV），绘制NACT前后不同大小淋巴结所占比例分布图。应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线方法分析不同淋巴结径线标准下阳性淋巴结数目预测食管鳞癌术后pN分期的效能。结果 食管鳞癌NACT前后淋巴结总数、最大长/短径、长/短径均值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01），而淋巴结长/短径CV差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。NACT前后不同大小淋巴结分布比例无明显变化。ROC曲线结果显示，以NACT前后不同径线为标准判断阳性淋巴结数目预测术后pN分期的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.65~0.71。结论 NACT前后食管鳞癌患者淋巴结CT表现存在一定差异；针对不同径线淋巴结采用相应标准判断的阳性淋巴结数目有助于预测术后pN分期。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术取石失败后即行腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床观察

目的对于胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者,探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗肝外胆管结石不成功时如何选择治疗方式及时机。方法 12例胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石拟分期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)+ERCP患者,行常规ERCP治疗失败,立即静吸复合全麻下完成LC+胆管探查取石术(LCBDE)。结果12例患者均顺利完成LC+LCBDE,并取净结石。术后3例出现高淀粉血症,全组无胆漏、肠漏、胆管炎、胰腺炎和胆道出血等并发症发生。结论对于ERCP治疗不成功的患者,急诊行LCBDE是安全、可行的补救措施。     

Log odds of positive lymph nodes is a better prognostic factor for oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma than N stage

BACKGROUNDSignet ring cell carcinoma is a rare type of oesophageal cancer, and we hypothesized that log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) is a better prognostic factor for oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma.AIMTo explore a novel prognostic factor for oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma by comparing two lymph node-related prognostic factors, log odds of positive LODDS and N stage.METHODSA total of 259 cases of oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma after oesopha-gectomy were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2006 and 2016. The prognostic value of LODDS and N stage for oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The Akaike information criterion and Harrell’s C-index were used to assess the value of two prediction models based on lymph nodes. External validation was performed to further confirm the conclusion.RESULTSThe 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of all the cases were 41.3% and 27.0%, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method showed that LODDS had a higher score of log rank chi-squared (OS: 46.162, CSS: 41.178) than N stage (OS: 36.215, CSS: 31.583). Univariate analyses showed that insurance, race, T stage, M stage, TNM stage, radiation therapy, N stage, and LODDS were potential prognostic factors for OS (P < 0.1). The multivariate Cox regression model showed that LODDS was an significant independent prognostic factor for oesophageal signet ring carcinoma patients after surgical resection (P < 0.05), while N stage was not considered to be a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.122). Model 2 (LODDS) had a higher degree of discrimination and fit than Model 1 (N stage) (LODDS vs N stage, Harell’s C-index 0.673 vs 0.656, P < 0.001; Akaike information criterion 1688.824 vs 1697.519, P < 0.001). The results of external validation were consistent with those in the study cohort.CONCLUSIONLODDS is a superior prognostic factor to N stage for patients with oesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma after oesophagectomy.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with two incisions: an improved, feasible and safe technique with superior cosmetic outcomes

ObjectiveConventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC) is usually performed with four incisions. Minimally invasive surgery for gallbladder disease with less pain and smaller scars has become increasingly popular. This study reported a new, two-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (TILC) using conventional instruments.MethodsIn this prospective study, 43 patients were recruited to undergo TILC and were compared with 43 historical cases undergoing CLC. We evaluated operative time, postoperative pain, cosmesis and complications.ResultsThere was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, bile duct damage, blood loss and postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. The mean operation time was longer with TILC than with CLC, but the difference was not statistically different. Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower with TILC than with CLC. The mean cosmetic satisfaction score was significantly higher with TILC than that with CLC. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups.ConclusionOur work demonstrates that TILC generates less postoperative pain and significantly improved cosmesis for patients. TILC is a safe and feasible alternative to CLC.     

超声检查在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术前的应用价值

目的 评价术前超声检查对预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性胆囊炎难度的价值。方法 对180例因急性胆囊炎接受LC的患者,术前超声检查综合分析胆囊轮廓、胆囊颈部、囊壁厚度、囊壁回声、囊内回声情况,评估胆囊周围、Calot三角区的粘连程度,并与手术病理进行对照。结果 超声检查综合性评估胆囊与周围组织粘连程度的敏感度为92.78%(90/97),特异度为93.98%(78/83),准确率为93.33%(168/180)。结论 术前超声检查对预测LC治疗急性胆囊炎的难度有重要价值。     

Confocal laser endomicroscopy distinguishing benign and malignant gallbladder polyps during choledochoscopic gallbladder-preserving polypectomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDIn the last decade, confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has emerged as a new endoscopic imaging modality for real-time in vivo histological examination at the microscopic level. CLE has been shown to be useful for distinguishing benign and malignant lesions and has been widely used in many digestive diseases. In our study, we used CLE for the first time to examine the morphology of cholesterol polyps as well as the different parts of normal gallbladder mucosa.CASE SUMMARYA 57-year-old woman was diagnosed by ultrasound with a polyp of 21 mm in the gallbladder wall. She consented to polyp removal by laparoscopic choledo-choscopy. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with choledochoscopic polyp resection, CLE was used to observe the morphology of the polyp surface cells. The appearance of the mucosa and microvessels in various parts of the gallbladder were also observed under CLE. Through comparison between postoperative pathology and intraoperative CLE diagnosis, the reliability of intraoperative CLE diagnosis was confirmed. CLE is a reliable method to examine living cell pathology during cholecystectomy. Based on our practice, CLE should be prioritized in the diagnosis of gallbladder polyps.CONCLUSIONCompared with traditional histological examination, CLE has several advantages. We believe that CLE has great potential in this field.     

Feasibility and diagnostic performance of hybrid PET/MRI compared with PET/CT for gynecological malignancies: a prospective pilot study

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility and diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/MR imaging compared to PET/CT for staging of patients with a gynecological malignancy.

Methods

25 patients with a gynecological malignancy were prospectively enrolled into this pilot study. Patients underwent sequential full-body PET/CT and PET/MR of the abdomen and pelvis after administration of a single dose of F-18 FDG. PET/MRI and PET/CT images were independently reviewed by two expert radiologists. Readers were blinded to the results of the other imaging procedures. Clinical and pathologic information was abstracted from medical charts.

Results

18 patients were included in the final analysis with a median age of 62 years (range 31–88). 61% of patients (11/18) had cervical cancer, while the remaining patients had endometrial cancer. PET/MRI as compared to PET/CT detected all primary tumors, 7/7 patients with regional lymph nodes, and 1/1 patient with an abdominal metastasis. Two patients had additional lymph nodes outside of the abdominopelvic cavity detected on PET/CT that were not seen on PET/MRI, whereas 6 patients had parametrial invasion and one patient had invasion of the bladder seen on PET/MRI not detected on PET/CT. Five cervical cancer patients had discordant clinical vs. radiographic staging based on PET/MRI detection of soft tissue involvement. Management changed for two patients who had clinical stage IB1 and radiographic stage IIB cervical cancer.

Conclusions

PET/MRI is feasible and has at least comparable diagnostic ability to PET/CT for identification of primary cervical and endometrial tumors and regional metastases. PET/MRI may be superior to PET/CT for initial radiographic assessment of cervical cancers.

     

Late‐type port‐site recurrence of unexpected gallbladder carcinoma 11 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A 55‐year‐old man had laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and unexpected gallbladder cancer, followed by a liver bed resection and lymph node dissection. Eleven years later, he had a port‐site recurrence of gallbladder cancer requiring resection; at that time, no other site of recurrence was observed. The patient has survived for 20 months without another recurrence. Although a rare finding, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of such a recurrence even 11 years after complete cure of the primary tumor, particularly in patients who have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for unexpected gallbladder cancer.