功能性神经肌肉刺激对犬喉环杓后肌形态学的影响

目的：建立犬喉功能性神经肌肉刺激的模型，模拟临床喉损伤，在功能性神经肌肉刺激作用下，观察环杓后肌的组织学变化。方法：实验于2002—02／2003-03在郑州大学耳鼻咽喉研究所进行，选用成年健康杂种犬6只，建立左侧喉返神经损伤模型，于左侧环杓后肌外侧植入两根刺激电极，上下电极之间相距0．5cm。第1只犬在喉返神经切断后，仅立即行喉返神经吻合术；第2只犬在行喉返神经切断吻合后，作喉返神经的间断性功能性神经肌肉刺激处理，4h／d；第3只犬在喉返神经吻合后，作喉返神经和环杓后肌的间断性功能性神经肌肉刺激处理，4h／d；第4只犬在作喉返神经吻合后，作喉返神经的间断性功能性神经肌肉刺激处理（4h／d）和环杓后肌的连续性功能性神经肌肉刺激处理；第5只犬在作喉返神经吻合后，作喉返神经和环杓后肌的连续性功能性神经肌肉刺激处理，第6只犬在喉返神经切断后。不做吻合及功能性神经肌肉刺激处理。刺激参数采用单相方波，刺激频率为30Hz，波宽为2ms，幅度为5～10V。2个月后，麻醉下处死犬。取每一只犬的左侧环杓后肌和第6只犬的右侧环杓后肌标本应用图像分析软件进行组织化学分析。结果：①犬环杓后肌背面大体观察：第1，2，3只犬左侧肌肉厚度比右侧略薄；第4，5只犬两侧肌肉比较基本一致；第6只犬左侧环杓后肌明显萎缩，厚度明显变薄。②犬环杓后肌组织化学分析结果：第1只犬左侧环杓后肌横截面积、肌纤维周径与第6只犬右侧环杓后肌相比较明显减少[（9975．33&;#177;2067．74）比（17038．00&;#177;3870．87）平方象素。P=0．00：（389．51&;#177;53．512）比（505．87&;#177;67．58）象素，P=0．00]．第4只犬左侧环杓后肌横截面积和肌纤维周径与第6只犬右侧环杓后肌相比无明显差异[（15427．70&;#177;6985．83）平方象素，P〉0．05；（458．49&;#177;105．64）象素，P〉0．05]。第5只犬的左侧环杓后肌横截面积、肌纤维周径与第6只犬右侧环杓后肌相比无明显差异[（13974．75&;#177;5488．02）平方象素。P〉0．05；（452．33&;#177;89．39）象素，P〉0．05]。结论：对环杓后肌的持续功能性神经肌肉刺激，可以有效的维持环杓后肌的形状和正常的结构，减少环杓后肌的纤维化和萎缩。     

功能性神经肌肉刺激对犬神经再支配后环杓后肌纤维类型的影响

目的:建立犬喉返神经损伤模型,应用功能性神经肌肉刺激作为喉功能恢复的治疗手段,观察犬环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链成分变化。方法:实验于2002-02/2003-03在郑州大学耳鼻咽喉研究所进行。取健康成年杂种犬6只,第1～5只犬在喉返神经切断后通过直接缝合法吻合神经,其中第1只犬不干预;第2只仅给予喉返神经间断性的功能性神经肌肉刺激,4h/d;第3只给予喉返神经和环杓后肌间断性的功能性神经肌肉刺激,4h/d;第4只接受功能性神经肌肉刺激,喉返神经为间断性处理,4h/d,环杓后肌为持续性处理,24h/d;第5只犬喉返神经和环杓后肌功能性神经肌肉刺激均为持续性,24h/d。总的时间为2个月。第6只动物在喉返神经切断后,不做吻合及神经肌肉刺激。功能性神经肌肉刺激参数为波宽1ms、刺激频率30Hz,刺激强度5～10V。2个月后第1～5只动物取左侧环杓后肌,第6只动物取左右两侧环杓后肌,ATPase染色观察Ⅰ,Ⅱ型纤维比例,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及凝胶染色比较犬环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链各成分。结果:①Ⅰ/Ⅱ比例:环杓后肌ATPase染色提示第4,5只犬左侧与第6只犬的右侧接近(0.89,0.96,0.82)。第6只犬的左侧环杓后肌中Ⅰ/Ⅱ为1.5。②S十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶图像分析结果:第6只犬左侧环杓后肌中ⅡB型纤维所占比例明显低于ⅡA;第1只犬左侧环杓后肌表现为ⅡA比例增高,ⅡB比例减低;第2只犬左侧环杓后肌ⅡB降低更明显;第4只犬的左侧环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链成分的比例几乎与正常右侧的环杓后肌相同。结论:对失神经支配或支配神经损伤的环杓后肌应用功能性神经肌肉刺激可以有效地维持肌肉中Ⅰ和Ⅱ两种类型纤维的比例,持续应用优于间断应用。     

功能性神经肌肉刺激对犬神经再支配后环杓后肌纤维类型的影响

目的：建立犬喉返神经损伤模型，应用功能性神经肌肉刺激作为喉功能恢复的治疗手段，观察犬环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链成分变化。方法：实验于2002-02／2003—03在郑州大学耳鼻咽喉研究所进行。取健康成年杂种犬6只，第1-5只犬在喉返神经切断后通过直接缝合法吻合神经，其中第1只犬不干预；第2只仅给予喉返神经间断性的功能性神经肌肉刺激，4h／d；第3只给予喉返神经和环杓后肌间断性的功能性神经肌肉刺激，4h／d；第4只接受功能性神经肌肉刺激，喉返神经为间断性处理，4h／d，环杓后肌为持续性处理，24h／d；第5只犬喉返神经和环杓后肌功能性神经肌肉刺激均为持续性，24h／d。总的时间为2个月。第6只动物在喉返神经切断后，不做吻合及神经肌肉刺激。功能性神经肌肉刺激参数为波宽1ms、刺激频率30Hz，刺激强度5-10V。2个月后第1-5只动物取左侧环杓后肌，第6只动物取左右两侧环杓后肌，ATPase染色观察Ⅰ，Ⅱ型纤维比例，十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及凝胶染色比较犬环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链各成分。结果：①Ⅰ／Ⅱ比例：环杓后肌ATPase染色提示第4，5只犬左侧与第6只犬的右侧接近（0．89，0．96，0．82）。第6只犬的左侧环杓后肌中Ⅰ／Ⅱ为1．5②S十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶图像分析结果：第6只犬左侧环杓后肌中ⅡB型纤维所占比例明显低于ⅡA；第1只犬左侧环杓后肌表现为ⅡA比例增高，ⅡB比例减低；第2只犬左侧环杓后肌ⅡB降低更明显；第4只犬的左侧环杓后肌肌球蛋白重链成分的比例几乎与正常右侧的环杓后肌相同。结论：对失神经支配或支配神经损伤的环杓后肌应用功能性神经肌肉刺激可以有效地维持肌肉中Ⅰ和Ⅱ两种类型纤维的比例，持续应用优于间断应用。     

功能性神经肌肉刺激对犬神经再支配喉功能恢复的作用

目的：在功能性神经肌肉刺激应用时间不同的情况下，观察实验动物模型喉功能的恢复情况。方法：实验于2002—02／2003—03在郑州大学耳鼻咽喉研究所进行，选用成年杂种犬6只，喉返神经切断后通过直接缝合法吻合神经，分别给于喉返神经和环杓后肌不同时程的功能性神经肌肉刺激处理，通过采集肌电图和声门图像，并予及喉返神经Mallory神经组织染色，观察声门活动恢复情况和神经再生情况。结果：实验动物6只均进入结果分析。①肌电图提示进行神经肌肉刺激处理的动物，双侧环杓后肌的电活动基本上是同步的．声门活动恢复．没有出现喉的联带运动。②进行喉返神经肌肉刺激处理的动物，再生数量（≥759）明显多于未进行处理的动物（580），而且随神经肌肉刺激应用时间的延长而增多。结论：将神经肌肉刺激间断性应用于喉返神经，持续性应用于环杓后肌可以获得最佳的声门恢复效果。     

功能性神经肌肉刺激对犬神经再支配喉功能恢复的作用

目的:在功能性神经肌肉刺激应用时间不同的情况下,观察实验动物模型喉功能的恢复情况。方法:实验于2002-02/2003-03在郑州大学耳鼻咽喉研究所进行,选用成年杂种犬6只,喉返神经切断后通过直接缝合法吻合神经,分别给于喉返神经和环杓后肌不同时程的功能性神经肌肉刺激处理,通过采集肌电图和声门图像,并予及喉返神经Mallory神经组织染色,观察声门活动恢复情况和神经再生情况。结果:实验动物6只均进入结果分析。①肌电图提示进行神经肌肉刺激处理的动物,双侧环杓后肌的电活动基本上是同步的,声门活动恢复,没有出现喉的联带运动。②进行喉返神经肌肉刺激处理的动物,再生数量(≥759)明显多于未进行处理的动物(580),而且随神经肌肉刺激应用时间的延长而增多。结论:将神经肌肉刺激间断性应用于喉返神经,持续性应用于环杓后肌可以获得最佳的声门恢复效果。     

鼠喉返神经切断吻合术后的电生理检测

目的：利用鼠喉返神经电生理检测技术，对该神经端端吻合及喉返神经与迷走神经中的喉返神经束端侧吻合进行了检测对比。方法：取SD大鼠60只。随机分为正常对照组、端端吻合组及端侧吻合组，术后1个月，分别对比观测两组甲杓肌神经诱发电位潜伏时及波幅。观测系统为国产NDI－200P型肌电诱发电位仪。结果：各组间潜伏时及波幅值差异均呈显性（P＜0．05）。切断后诱发电位缺失。结论：端侧缝合法确定是一种能使失神经支配的远端神经重新获得再支配的手术方法。端端吻合较端侧吻合效果更佳。     

功能性电刺激过程中神经内分泌改变

<正> 急性脊髓损伤(SCI)可引起下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA)分泌功能紊乱β-内啡肽。由受下丘脑控制的垂体前叶释放入周围血中。急性SCI所致血中β-内啡肽浓度迅速增加被设想可表示脊髓损伤的程度,这与体循环低血压和脊髓血流灌注减少有关,并为脊髓无损伤动物许多生理性应激模型所证实。在SCI恢复期的不同阶段,假设情绪障碍,体力应激,损伤平面及躯体传入的丧失均是HPA轴紊乱的决定因素。Claus Walker等研究得出:慢性SCI病人继续释放ACTH,但日周期活动紊乱,上、下午血浓度没有差别。Donna研究指出,血中β-内啡肽含量减少,日周期活动受抑制且对地塞米松抑制的反应很小。在任何治疗干预前,血浆β-内啡肽含量和抑郁的主观估价指数相关。SCI后急性期,50％病人发生抑郁。     

喉返神经损伤13例分析

对我院1994-03～2004-01喉返神经损伤13例分析如下. 1临床资料 本组男5例,女8例,中位年龄45岁.其中结节性甲状腺肿1例(双侧大部切除),甲状腺腺瘤1例(腺叶切除),原发性甲状腺机能亢进2例(双侧大部切除)及甲状腺癌9例(一期部分腺体切除,二期甲状腺癌根治术5例).所有患者术前均请专科医生会诊检查,观察声带活动情况;术后发生声音嘶哑者均复查声带活动情况,并随诊.本组暂时性声带麻痹9例,其中5例在1个月内恢复正常,3例于2～6个月内恢复正常,1例于1 a左右恢复.4例永久性声带麻痹,均因肿瘤浸润压迫或2次手术,使神经移位变形,为达根治目的清扫淋巴结而损伤喉返神经.     

神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响

目的探讨最适合神经肌肉电刺激治疗的脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的类型及神经肌肉电刺激的作用方式。 方法60例经电视透视吞咽检查确诊的脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,疗程10 d,比较2组的误吸、喉上升、食物残留、进食量评分,将2组患者按电视透视吞咽检查评分标准分为轻、中、重3个亚组,比较各亚组间的疗效。 结果治疗前电视透视吞咽检查评分、误吸、喉上升、食物残留、进食量评分比较差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05);治疗第10天,治疗组误吸、喉上升的评分明显低于对照组,电视透视吞咽检查评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05),进食量、食物残留量评分2组差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。治疗第10天,治疗组中度吞咽障碍患者电视透视吞咽检查评分明显高于对照组(P=0.013),2组轻、重度吞咽障碍患者的电视透视吞咽检查评分比较差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05)。 结论神经肌肉电刺激疗效肯定,主要通过改善喉上升减弱、误吸程度起作用。中度吞咽障碍的患者最适合采用神经肌肉电刺激治疗,轻度患者无优势,重度患者具有疗效较好的趋势。     

电刺激对家兔失神经肌肉的影响：形态学测量和超微结构观察

本文通过形态学测量和电镜观察,观察了在完全失去神经支配的情况下,家兔骨骼肌的变化以及电刺激对该变化的影响。结果表明:失神经后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维均发生了萎缩,其中Ⅱ型纤维萎缩较甚;电刺激使得两型肌纤维的萎缩进程明显延缓,但未能使之完全停止;电刺激抑制了失神经肌肉中线粒体和肌浆网的空泡变性,并使之保留了较多的糖原颗粒。本文对上述结果进行了初步探讨.     

Influence of continuous positive airway pressure on EMG activities of the cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles of the canine larynx

Objectives We investigated the effect of different levels of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the cricothyroid (CT; a tensor muscle of the vocal folds) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA; sole abductor muscle of the vocal folds) muscles in dogs.Design Prospective, controlled animal study.Subjects Nine mongrel dogs of both sexes.Setting University research laboratory.Interventions After insertion of a cuffed tracheotomy tube low in the neck the compound EMG responses of the CT and PCA muscles during spontaneous respiration were measured simultaneously under different levels (2, 4, 6, and 8 cmH₂O) of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).Measurements and results The CT showed a progressive increase in phasic expiratory EMG activity with the application of graded levels of PEEP. Application of PEEP over 4 cmH₂O produced significant increases in the phasic CT activity (P<0.05). In contrast to the CT, the PCA failed to increase phasic inspiratory EMG activity statistically until a 8 cmH₂O of PEEP was applied (P<0.05). The phasic experatory CT and inspiratory PCA activities were 297.9±77.6 and 124.5±22.9, respectively, at the application of 6 cmH₂O of PEEP (percentage of control, mean±SD).Conclusion This study confirms the difference in sensitivity between adductor and abductor laryngeal muscles, demonstrating that the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do not all behave similarly after the application of CPAP.     

Lower extremity applications of functional neuromuscular stimulation

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications in the lower extremity are common in research laboratories, but clinical applications are minimal. This review summarizes current knowledge with respect to clinical application. When electrical stimulation is used in clinical applications for functional movement such as standing and walking, it is typically applied in an open-loop manner; a predetermined stimulus pattern is delivered regardless of the consequences of the actual movement. Few clinical applications of FES involve closed-loop control because of the numerous difficulties involved in its application. As with any volitional muscle contraction, electrically stimulated muscle contractions will exhibit fatigue. Although the dynamics of fatigue may differ, electrically stimulated muscle contractions cannot be continuously sustained, and if the duty cycle is too severe, even alternating periods of rest and contraction cannot be sustained at a constant force level. The exact nature of fatigue is highly specific to the past history of the individual muscle and to the individual subject. Despite their intricate detail, quantitative modeling studies have not yet been applied extensively to clinical applications. Present implantable systems are not yet a viable option for clinical application. It is not clear whether more success with surface or percutaneous systems must first be achieved to justify implantation or whether greater improvements in implantable technology and surgical protocols are needed before implantable systems will become practical. It is clear that almost any reasonably designed stimulation protocol will increase muscle bulk. The existence of other therapeutic benefits and their cost/benefit ratios remain to be fully established. It is possible to stand through bilateral stimulation of the quadriceps. Using surface electrodes, this technique is achievable in any physical therapy clinic having minimal expertise in neuromuscular stimulation. FES-aided standing must be conducted as a research project with a protocol approved by the local institutional review board, as there are currently no FDA-approved stimulation devices for standing. Multichannel FES systems are not currently available for clinical application in the United States. This may change if the "Parastep" system receives FDA approval. Percutaneous and implanted systems are years away from commercialization and clinical availability. Hybrid systems, based primarily on the reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO), are presently the only clinically available form of walking that includes some form of FES assistance. The costs and benefits of adding FES to the RGO and the long-term user acceptance rate for these systems remain to be determined.     

Upper extremity applications of functional neuromuscular stimulation

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been used for increasing muscle strength, decreasing spasticity, and controlling movement of limbs for many years. Most of this work, however, has been done in a research setting. Over the past decade, FES has moved slowly from the laboratory to the clinical world through feasibility studies in groups of patients with spinal cord injuries and strokes. Electrical stimulation has been shown to decrease spastic tone both during and after the stimulation, allowing for better limb positioning, decrease in contracture formation, and in some cases, improvement of voluntary movement. Electrical stimulation as a motor prosthesis is now being provided to small groups of spinal cord-injured patients (primarily C4, C5 and C6 levels) to assist with hand positioning and to produce hand grasp. In these settings, patients have attained greater independence in activities of daily living and in work-related tasks. Distribution of this technology to multiple centers is continuing through a technology transfer program.     

双侧颈袢神经再支配环杓后肌电生理特性研究

目的:将颈袢神经同喉返神经远心端吻合常常使用在重建喉肌功能的手术中,吻合后环杓后肌的电生理特性可能发生改变,我们为研究环杓后肌的电生理变化而做此研究.方法:14只混种狗被随机分为两组,一组动物暴露双侧喉返神经后,将其切断,立即将颈袢神经同其相吻合,为实验组.另一组动物为正常对照组.9周后,暴露吻合处,采用功能性电刺激刺激环杓后肌,并记录对应的声门开最大电刺激电压阈值和声门开大声带移动阈值.正常对照组同样测量这两个值.结果:实验组的声门开最大电刺激电压阈值是(4.864±1.46)V,声门开大声带移动阈值是(0.46±0.15)V,而正常对照组的两个值分别是(3.36±1.25)V和(0.39±0.21)V,两组间差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:使用颈袢神经吻合喉返神经重建9周后,环杓后肌电生理特性较正常动物没有明显改变.提示使用较小的电刺激就能够促使颈袢神经重建的环杓后肌发生收缩,从而达到开大声门的作用.     

Effects of involuntary eccentric contraction training by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the enhancement of muscle strength

Background

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is well-known as a modality to improve the performance of neuromuscular system, but its clinical value on muscle strengthening remains equivocal. In this study, we designed a system for an involuntary eccentric contraction of biceps brachii muscles using continuous passive movement and commercial neuromuscular electrical stimulation devices.

Methods

To investigate the effects of involuntary eccentric contraction training by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the enhancement of muscle strength, seven healthy men between the ages of 24 and 29 years participated in this study. Participants were trained two times per week for 12 weeks. Each exercise session was performed for 30 min with no rest intervals. Isometric elbow flexion torque and biceps brachii muscle thickness were chosen as evaluation indices, and were measured at pre-/post-training.

Findings

After the 12-week training, the isometric elbow flexion torque of the trained side significantly increased by approximately 23% compared to the initial performance (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the torque of the untrained side showed no significant change (P = 0.862). During the 12-week training period, the biceps brachii muscle thickness of the trained side significantly increased by around 8% at rest and 16% at maximum voluntary contraction (P < 0.01).

Interpretation

The developed system and the technique show promising results, suggesting that it has the potential to be used to increase the muscle strength in patients with neuromuscular disease and to be implemented in design rehabilitative protocols.