Asymptomatic cerebral calcification--a previously unrecognized feature

While investigating the radiological appearances of globus pallidus calcification in an autopsy case, cortical-pia mater calcification was detected. There was no documentation of its existence in the literature of radiology, neurology and neuropathology. To establish its incidence and clinical significance, 20 consecutive autopsy brains (15 males, 5 females, age 32-73 years, mean age 56.7) were studied with high resolution radiography and histology. Clinical records, autopsy findings, in-life plain skull films and computed tomography of the brain (if available) were reviewed. Radiologically, the calcifications appeared as 1-2 mm irregular spots or tiny pin-point opacities in the pia mater and subcortical regions, either unilaterally or bilaterally in the frontal (15 cases), temporal (15), parietal (3) and occipital lobes (1). Similar calcification was detected in 1 of the 3 in-life computed tomographic scans available. Histologically, these cortical-pia mater calcifications were extracellular amorphous calcified masses of various sizes in necrotic neural tissue, frequently associated with microscopic haemorrhage and hypoxic neuronal changes in the adjacent brain tissue. Blood vessels in the region were not hyalinized or calcified. The occurrence was not related to age. Hospital stay was less than 7 days in 14 and less than 30 days in 2; 50% of patients died within 48 hours after admission. None of the patients had records of long term cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy or central nervous system infection. Two had stroke, one had cerebellar atrophy and one mild hypercalcaemia. The high incidence of calcifications in the temporal lobes, while asymptomatic, suggests that cortical calcification may be a pointer to the aetiology of idiopathic epilepsies in the elderly.     

Pineal neoplasms and third-ventricular teratomas in Niigata (Japan) and Western Australia. A comparative study of their incidence and clinicopathological features

It is claimed that Japan has the highest incidence of pineal neoplasms in the world. To test this hypothesis, we reviewed all pineal neoplasms and third-ventricular teratomas that were diagnosed histopathologically and treated neurosurgically over 10 years (1975-1984) in Niigata City, Japan (12 patients) and in Perth, Western Australia (9 patients). The age-standardized incidence rates per million person-years were 0.61 for Niigata and 0.70 for Western Australia; thus, the contention that Japan has the highest incidence in the world of pineal neoplasms is not confirmed.     

颅内生殖细胞瘤的临床及影像学分析

目的 分析颅内生殖细胞瘤的临床表现及影像特征.方法 收集经手术和病理证实的、影像资料完整的颅内生殖细胞瘤患者112例的临床资料,并进行影像学分析.结果 112例中,松果体区生殖细胞瘤57例,占颅内生殖细胞瘤的50.9%,鞍区38例,丘脑和基底节区17例.松果体区生殖细胞瘤为等T1,等或稍长T2信号,均匀、明显强化;鞍区生殖细胞瘤囊根据具体部位不同,将其分为三类.丘脑和基底节区多表现为混杂T1和混杂长T2信号,斑片样、囊壁环形强化,或环形分隔样增强.结论 颅内生殖细胞瘤的发病性别、年龄、好发部位及MRI具有一定特殊性,多数情况下可做出正确诊断.     

Pineal gland calcification and defective sense of direction

Calcification of the pineal gland is shown to be closely related to defective sense of direction. In a tricentre prospective study of 750 patients lateral skull radiographs showed that 394 had calcified pineal glands. Sense of direction was assessed by subjective questioning and objective testing and the results noted on a scale of 0-10 (where 10 equals perfect sense of direction). The average score for the 394 patients with pineal gland calcification was 3.7 (range 0-8), whereas the 356 patients without pineal gland calcification had an average score of 7.6 (range 2-10). This difference was highly significant (p less than 0.01). A smaller parallel study in pigeons showed that pineal calcification also leads to a reduction in homing abilities. The findings suggested that the pineal gland plays an important part in directional sense and that damage to the gland, as indicated by calcification, causes defective sense of direction - perhaps by altering the intrinsic intracranial electromagnetic environment and thus affecting the magnetite response mechanism.     

Widespread tuberculous calcification

We are reporting an unusual case of widespread abdominal calcifications, in the peri-colic mesentery, liver and spleen. The diagnostic laparoscopy showed multiple encapsulated calcified hard rounded masses of varying size and shape, with marked adhesions in and around the bowel and mesentery. Histopathology identified them as calcified lymph nodes, but was unable to highlight the pathogenesis of these calcifications. The diagnosis of post tuberculous calcification of lymph nodes is made on the basis of exclusion. The subject was reviewed, to the best of our knowledge, there is no similar case, with such an extent of abdominal calcifications reported in the literature.     

乳腺癌微小钙化灶与C-erbB-2、ER、PR表达的相关性

目的 探讨微小钙化灶的临床价值,评估乳腺癌人类上皮生长因子受体-2(C-erbB-2)、雌激素受体(ER)及孕激素受体(PR)异常表达与微小钙化的相关性.方法 回顾性分析经X线检查、手术病理证实的91例乳腺癌患者,评估乳腺微小钙化灶诊断乳腺癌的准确率,按照ACR创立并推荐的BI-RADS,将X线所见钙化征象分为微小钙化组,中间型钙化组,无钙化组进行描述,并与C-erbB-2、ER及PR表达进行对照,分析其相关性.结果 乳腺癌微小钙化灶与C-erbB-2的异常表达有显著相关性(P＜0.05),而与ER、PR表达无明显相关性.结论 乳腺癌微小钙化是其特征性表现,与C-erbB-2表达有一定关联性,可粗略预测C-erbB-2表达情况,并为判断肿瘤生物学行为及患者预后提供一定参考价值.     

颅内生殖细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

本文报告经病理证实颅内生殖细胞瘤３２例，其中松果体区１０例，鞍上１１例，基底节区８例，其它５例。年龄１０岁￣５８岁，２０岁以下２２例。病程１月至７年，平均２．５年。主要临床表现为头痛、尿崩、偏瘫。手术切除肿瘤２９例，立体定向活检３例。术后症状改善２４例，不变５例，加重３例。作者认为颅内生殖细胞瘤诊断主要依据临床表现、肿瘤标记物（ＰＬＡＰ等）检测及ＣＴ扫描；治疗为手术加放疗。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断老年性主动脉瓣钙化的临床分析

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声(彩超)诊断老年性主动脉瓣钙化的价值。方法:回顾性研究106例50岁以上患者的彩超检查结果,观察老年性主动脉瓣钙化表现与年龄、性别的关系。结果:老年性主动脉瓣钙化发病率为21.8%,男女发病率比约为1.8∶1(P>0.05)。结论:主动脉瓣钙化与高龄、男性等因素关系密切,彩超对老年性主动脉瓣钙化的检出及功能评价有重要价值。     

CT和MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值

目的观察视网膜母细胞瘤的CT及MRI表现，探讨CT及MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的视网膜母细胞瘤的CT与MRI表现，15例均行CT扫描，其中10例同期行MRI扫描。结果15例CT表现均可见眼球后部软组织肿块，其中13例肿块显示有钙化，大团块状钙化10眼，砂粒状钙化3眼，伴有视网膜脱离形成积液5例5眼，3例伴视神经增粗。MRI检查显示：10眼中有5眼肿块内可见钙化，6例伴有视网膜下积液，视神经增粗3例，肿瘤沿视神经向颅内发展2例。结论CT和MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断具有重要的价值。在显示肿瘤内钙化这一特征性改变方面CT优于MRI，而在观察视神经及颅内侵犯方面，MRI优于CT。     

13例原发性颅内畸胎瘤的临床病理和免疫组化研究

目的：探讨原发性颅内畸胎瘤的临床病理特点及肿瘤标记物的表达情况。方法：复习并总结１３例颅内畸胎瘤的临床病理资料和随访结果，其中１０例的存档蜡块切片作了免疫组化标记。结果：男性９例，女性４例，年龄５～３７岁，平均１６岁。临床表现无特征性，主要为颅内高压、脑积水等。肿瘤部位以松果体区最多见（７例）。６例病理诊断为成熟性囊性畸胎瘤，除１例再发颅内恶性生殖细胞肿瘤死亡外，余均存活。７例诊断为恶性畸胎瘤，除１例术后６年仍存活外，余均在术后４～２３个月内死亡。免疫组化检查证实，畸胎瘤内的恶性上皮性成分均可表达胎盘碱性磷酸酶（ＰＬＡＰ）和癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）。结论：颅内囊性成熟性畸胎瘤手术摘除效果好，而恶性畸胎瘤预后差。ＰＬＡＰ和ＣＥＡ可作为颅内恶性畸胎瘤的肿瘤标记物。     

松果体钙化对首发精神分裂症患者的临床诊断价值

目的 研究松果体钙化(PC)对首发精神分裂症(FES)患者的临床诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析220例经临床确诊的FES患者的脑部CT图像,观察FES患者的松果体有无钙化,同时测量其钙化大小,并与对照组(n=200)进行对照研究。按照临床分型患者组分两亚组:偏执型组和非偏执型组。经统计学处理后分析:①PC在患者组与对照组之间的差异。②PC在偏执型组与非偏执型组中的差异。③PC在患者组与对照组男女之间的差异。④患者组中PC发生率及钙化大小与年龄相关性。 结果 ①患者组PC 139例,其中男性71例,女性68例,发生率为63.18%(139/220);对照组PC 90例,其中男性41例,女性49例,发生率45%(90/200)。FES患者PC发生率明显高于对照组(χ2=13.97,P=0.001)。②偏执型组与非偏执型组PC发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.28,P=0.60)。③PC在患者组与对照组男女性别之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.88,P=0.35;χ2=0.25,P=0.62)。④患者组钙化大小在18岁之前随患者年龄增加而增大,呈正相关(r=0.96,P＜0.001),与对照组相比,松果体在FES患者中存在过早钙化。 结论 FES患者PC的发生率高于对照组,PC对FES早期临床诊断具有一定参考价值。      

甲状旁腺机能减退症的神经系统及脑CT表现

24 cases with hypoparathyroidism were reported, of them,10 cases were idiopathic hypoparathyroidism,2 post-thyroidectomy complicated with hypoparathyroidism,10 cases pseudohypoparathyroidism and 2 cases pseudo-hypoparathyroidism.An analysis on their clinical and blood biochemical changes and brain CT scans was carried out. The results show that the clinical manifestations of the disease are varied. The characteristics of brain CT scans are multiple symmetrical intracranial calcifications and the numbers of calcification are related to the course of the disease.The differential diagnosis of four types depends on the clinical and blood biochemical examination.     

甲状腺结节钙化模式诊断甲状腺癌的价值

目的评价超声探测甲状腺结节钙化对鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床意义。方法选取2009年1月至2011年11月在天津人民医院就诊的812例甲状腺病患者,所有患者均进行甲状腺彩超检查,观察结节内有无钙化,并与病理结果对照分析。结果 96例结节内伴钙化,34例为良性结节,62例为恶性结节。良性结节钙化超声图像表现为弧形强回声带,后方伴声影,直径≥2.0 mm。恶性结节钙化超声图像表现为斑点状强回声,直径<2.0 mm,后方声影可有可无。甲状腺恶性结节的总钙化率及微钙化率分别为83.78%、96.0%,粗钙化组中癌的发生率为30.43%。结论甲状腺结节内微钙化是诊断甲状腺癌的特异性指标,其他每种钙化都有恶性风险,特别对粗钙化不能简单除外恶性可能。     

老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病临床观察

对186例病人常规进行心脏超声检查,确诊老年退行性心脏瓣膜病(DCVD)病人46例,检出率为24.7%,50岁以上、60岁以上和70岁以上检出率分别为28.6%,43.0%和60.5%,随着年龄增加,检出率亦增加,统计学处理,P<0.005,瓣膜钙化主动脉瓣多于二尖瓣(P<0.005),亦有联合瓣膜病变。受累瓣膜近半数发生启闭异常,多为主动脉瓣关闭不全。超声检查可显示瓣膜钙化的特征性改变。并对DCVD的发病情况、病理特点、临床表现及诊断进行初步探讨。     

98例颅内生殖细胞瘤临床分析

目的分析颅内生殖细胞瘤的临床表现、实验室检查及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析我院1993年1月-2009年8月所收治的颅内生殖细胞瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特点和实验室检查等。结果98例颅内生殖细胞瘤分布在内分泌科26例、神经内科17例、神经外科46例、其他科室9例,男女比例为1.88：1,年龄2-56（17.4±8.31）岁。肿瘤位于鞍区者主要表现为尿崩症、垂体前叶功能减退、视力下降等;位于基底节区表现为偏侧肢体活动受限,言语不利等;位于松果体区表现为梗阻性脑积水所致颅高压表现及复视等。头颅MRI表现为单一或多发病灶,呈长T1、T2或等T1、T2异常结节影,均匀或不均匀强化。其中31例（31.63%）测定脑脊液HCG,HCG水平0.17-5316.98IU/L（中位数3.44IU/L）。此组患者90%以上脑脊液HCG〉0.5IU/L,90%以上脑脊液与血清HCG比值〉1.78。松果体区生殖细胞瘤脑脊液HCG水平最高,其次为基底节区,鞍区最低,但不同病变区域的脑脊液与血清HCG比值差别不大,分别为5.46、4.15和3.67,接近总体比值4.97。结论颅内生殖细胞瘤因病变的部位不同临床表现差异很大,充分认识其临床表现结合MRI以及脑脊液HCG水平有助于准确诊断。     

MRI在颅内生殖细胞瘤诊断中的作用

目的探讨MRI对颅内生殖细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法对19例经手术和病理证实的颅内生殖细胞瘤患者的MR表现进行分析。结果19例中,10例位于鞍区,其中男性5例、女性5例;6例位于松果体区,3例位于丘脑基底节区,均男性。其MR表现为(1)T1WI等或稍低信号,T2WI等或稍高信号,鞍区和松果体区肿瘤无水肿,丘脑基底节区肿瘤轻至中度水肿和占位效应;(2)Gd-DTPA增强扫描肿瘤呈不均匀或均匀明显强化。结论MRI的多轴位成像及Gd-DTPA应用有助于颅内生殖细胞瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断;病人性别、发病年龄和肿瘤部位、大小、形态及信号强度具有一定特点,在多数情况下是可以做出术前诊断的。     

气管支气管淀粉样变MSCT表现及文献复习（附4例病例）

目的：总结气管支气管淀粉样变MSCT征象,提高对该病CT表现的认识,减少误诊。方法报道4例经支气管纤维镜病理确诊为气管支气管淀粉样变的临床及CT图片,并复习相关文献。结果4例病例男女比例为2：2,年龄49-65岁,中位年龄51岁,胸片主要显示气管支气管管腔狭窄,CT横断位及多平面重建工作站重建后可见特征性表现,气管支气管淀粉样变显示病变主要以管壁增厚钙化为主,病变范围长,呈连续性及围管性增厚,管壁钙化以支气管明显,钙化呈块状或长条状,管腔明显狭窄;继发肺部阻塞性炎症3例。结论气管支气管淀粉样变临床比较少见,但在CT图像上有一定的特征表现,抓住其CT特征,可提高诊断的准确性。     

应用高频超声探查甲状腺结节内钙化灶的临床研究

[目的]探讨应用高频超声探查甲状腺结节内钙化灶的临床意义。[方法]对93例共121个伴有钙化灶的甲状腺结节的超声声像图进行分析,并与病理结果进行对照。[结果]按照钙化分型,伴微钙化结节40个,粗钙化结节72个,周边钙化结节5个,孤立性钙化结节4个。其中伴微钙化结节的恶性率为87.50%（35/40）,伴粗钙化结节的恶性率为13.89%（10/72）,微钙化及粗钙化结节的良恶性比率之间差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。周边钙化及孤立性钙化结节均为良性。[结论]高频超声可以清晰地显示甲状腺结节内不同类型的钙化灶,对于结节性质的判定具有重要的临床意义。     

腹盆部外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤的影像学评价

目的 分析腹盆部外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤(pPNET)的CT和MRI表现,提高对此病影像学诊断能力.方法 回顾性分析中山大学肿瘤防治中心13例经病理证实的腹盆部pPNET的CT和MRI表现.结果 13例患者,发病年龄2～72岁,中位年龄30岁.13例病灶中,腹盆腔内9例,腹膜后间隙软组织2例,右侧肾脏1例,肝脏1例.病变均表现为大小不一的软组织肿块,发生于腹盆腔、右肾脏的病灶边界清楚,而发生于腹膜后软组织、肝脏的病灶呈浸润性生长,边界不清.所有病灶内密度/信号均不均匀,8例伴坏死、囊变,增强后均呈不均匀强化.4例病灶内可见点状、斑片状或不规则形钙化,其中1例为治疗后出现.治疗后5例死亡,好转8例.结论 腹盆部pPNET的CT和MRI表现缺乏特异性征象,CT和MRI检查可显示肿瘤的范围、发现远处转移,对确定手术的可切除性及评价治疗效果有重要参考价值.     

MRI在颅内生殖细胞瘤诊断中的作用

目的：探讨MRI对颅内生殖细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法：对19例经手术和病理证实的颅内生殖细胞瘤患者的MR表现进行分析。结果：19例中，10例位于鞍区，其中男性5例，女性5例，6例位于松果体区，3例位于丘脑基底节区，均男性，其MR表现为（1）T2WI等或稍低信号，T2WI等或销高信号，鞍区和松果体区肿瘤无水肿，丘脑基底节区肿瘤轻至中度水肿和占位效应；（2）Gd-DTPA增强扫描肿瘤呈不均匀或均匀明显强化。结论：MRI的多轴位成像及Gd-DTPA应用有助于颅内生殖细胞瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断；病人性别，发病年龄和肿瘤部位，大小、形态及信号强度具有一定的特点，在多数情况下是可以做出术前诊断的。