侵犯气管的分化型甲状腺癌气管袖状切除术

目的 寻找侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗的方法，探讨包括气管及喉部分切除在内的根治性手术可行性和有效性。方法 3例均为女性，2例为甲状腺乳头状癌，1例滤泡状癌，均侵入气管。一例采取右侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及声门下喉部分切除术，术后因喉切缘肿瘤残留补充放疗总量55Gy；另一例采取左侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及左改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术；第三例采取全甲状腺切除、气管袖状和喉部分切除术、双侧改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和上纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果 术后均无声音嘶哑，呼吸平稳，无需气管切开，均无吻合口漏。随访近2年均未见吻合口狭窄和肿瘤复发。结论 对侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌患者进行包括气管袖状切除术在内的根治性手术治疗是可行和有效的。     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的外科处理方法。方法　2000年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗晚期分化型甲状腺癌24例,根据肿瘤侵犯喉、颈段气管的范围及程度分别行肿瘤削除术和气管袖状切除端端吻合术;喉部分切除胸锁乳突肌或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术。结果　24例患者均接受根治性手术切除,喉、气管缺损修复重建。术式：肿瘤削除术8例,气管袖状切除8例,喉部分切除术8例。吻合方式：气管端端吻合8例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复4例,颈阔肌皮瓣修复4例。本组患者肿瘤复发率为8.3%,5年累积生存率为91.6%。结论　对侵犯喉、气管的分化型甲状腺癌患者应采取更为积极的外科治疗,以减少术后复发,提高生存率。     

颈段气管袖状切除术的临床分析

目的：总结颈段气管袖状切除术的经验,以提高颈段气管肿瘤的治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析1985-01～2006—12颈段气管袖状切除术治疗的12例患者,其中腺样囊性癌6例,鳞状细胞癌4例,腺癌1例,颈段气管软化塌陷1例。气管切除长度3～6cm,其中气管切除长度≥5cm5例,喉体松解术7例,甲状腺次全切除术3例。用正常甲状腺组织包绕气管及吻合口9例,未包绕3例。结果：所有患者喉功能均得以保留,发声正常,吻合口生长良好,受到分离的气管段色泽红润。3年生存率为85．37％,5年生存率为56．61％。结论：颈段气管袖状切除术符合气管肿瘤的治疗原则。改进的术式有利于气管吻合口的愈合,有利于更干净、彻底地切除气管肿瘤。     

分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗的术式选择

目的 :探讨分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗术式的选择。方法 :对 6 6例分化型甲状腺癌病例行患侧腺叶、峡部加对侧次全切除术 49例 ,患侧腺叶及峡部切除术 7例 ,一侧腺叶次全切除及对侧部分切除术 6例 ,全甲状腺切除术 4例。行患侧功能性颈清扫术加对侧功能性颈清扫术 43例 ,双侧功能性颈清扫术 1例及患侧传统性颈清扫术 10例 ,患侧传统性颈清扫术 5例。结果 :3年生存率 96 % (2 5 /2 6 ) ,5年生存率 94% (17/18) ,1例死于白血病 ,1例失访。 4例行全甲状腺切除术的病例术后均出现甲状腺功能减退 ,其中 2例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(5 0 % ) ,其他病例均未发生甲状腺功能和甲状旁腺功能减退。无一例发生喉返神经麻痹。结论 :对分化型甲状腺癌 ,主张行患侧腺叶切除加对侧次全切除或大部切除 ;如术前发现颈淋巴结肿大 ,应同时行患侧淋巴结清扫术。而N0 患者 ,除了对高危组 (男 >41岁 ,女 >5 1岁 )患者腺体外乳头状瘤或明显侵犯包膜的滤泡型腺癌者应行功能性颈清扫术 ,其他随访容易的N0 患者可以不必常规行颈清扫术 ,并提倡长期密切随访。     

气管袖状切除术治疗侵入气管的甲状腺癌

甲状腺癌侵入气管不常见。手术切除侵入气管的癌后如何修复常令医生感到棘手。新近，我们对1例本病患者，以不做气管切开的气管袖状切除术治疗，效果满意，报告如下。1资料与方法患者，男，48岁。因颈前肿物3月，声音嘶哑2周，于1993年1月10日入院。体检：全身一般状况好。右颈根部有4cm×4cm肿块，质硬，表面凹凸不平，随吞咽上下活动。颈部两们未触及肿大淋巴结。甲状腺同位素扫描显示甲状腺右叶有“冷结节”。纤维气管镜见右声带固定，气管上段前壁及有侧壁有肿物突入，大小约4cm×1cm。陶片未见异常。拟诊：甲状腺癌侵入气管。经口腔气…     

颈段气管肿瘤的诊治经验

目的 总结原发性颈段气管肿瘤的诊治经验，提高治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析1981年1月—2002年12月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科治疗的38例原发性颈段气管肿瘤患者的临床资料。手术治疗26例，单纯放疗12例。气管袖状切除11例；气管壁部分切除13例，其中Ⅰ期气管修复6例；全喉、部分气管和甲状腺腺叶切除2例。结果 恶性肿瘤34例，其中腺样囊性癌19例，鳞状细胞癌10例，非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例，低分化癌1例，中分化腺癌1例，小细胞未分化癌1例。颈段气管腺样囊性癌患者3年和5年生存率分别为79．80％和48．36％，鳞状细胞癌分别为80．00％和20．00％。良性肿瘤患者均无瘤生存。治疗后并发症的发生率为18．4％（7／38），其中气管狭窄的发生率11．5％（3／26）。结论 原发性气管肿瘤多数为恶性，其中以腺样囊性癌和鳞状细胞癌居多。手术治疗为气管肿瘤首选治疗措施，气管袖状切除为手术方式之一。     

甲状腺癌局部切除术后再手术268例临床经验总结

目的分析甲状腺癌再手术临床资料，探讨其更合理术式。方法总结1984—2000年间高分化型甲状腺癌局部切除术后，进行再次手术治疗268例患者临床资料，其中男59例，女209例；首次在其他医院行甲状腺肿块切除术或甲状腺癌患侧腺叶部分切除术256例患者，在辽宁省肿瘤医院甲状腺癌患侧腺叶次全切除12例患者。第二次手术甲状腺全切除6例，均为双侧癌；峡部扩大切除1例，为峡部癌；一侧残叶及峡部切除261例。同期行颈清扫术196例，其中颈经典性清扫术94例，改良性颈清扫术102例。结果病理结果证实残叶有癌残留78例，无癌残留190例，癌残留率29．1％（78／268）。术后病理淋巴结转移癌95例，淋巴转移率48．5％（95／196）。喉返神经损伤发生率1．1％（3／268）。应用直接法计算生存率，甲状腺癌再手术5年生存率94．0％（251／267），10年生存率85．2％（127／149）。结论甲状腺癌局切术后癌残留率较高，有选择的手术治疗是必要的。正确选择适应证和术式，可以减少癌残留复发。     

甲状腺肿瘤10年1862例临床分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿瘤的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1995年2004年十年间1862例甲状腺肿瘤(1524例甲状腺良性肿瘤,338例的甲状腺癌)的临床资料及随访结果。结果:外科手术操作技术一律采用包膜解剖技术(除峡部外),即常规显露喉返神经及逐一结扎进人甲状腺的三级血管分支,既避免损伤喉返神经,又保留了甲状旁腺血供。局限于一侧的良性肿瘤以甲状腺腺叶切除,双侧甲状腺良性肿瘤,以较大一侧的甲状腺腺叶切除加对侧肿块切除术;T1-T3期分化性甲状腺癌,行一侧的甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除,对T4期分化性甲状腺癌,则进行全甲状腺切除或近全甲状腺切除术;对甲状腺髓样癌行全甲切除+功能性颈清术;临床NO分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术。手术并发症包括术后出血2例(0.1%),乳糜漏1例(0.05%)2例暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,无喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状腺功能低下。结论:严格掌握甲状腺肿瘤外科的治疗原则及熟悉包膜解剖技术是甲状腺外科手术的关键。     

原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌

目的 探讨原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌的临床特征和综合治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院1993～2003年收治甲状腺鳞状细胞癌患者3例,介绍其临床特点和诊疗方法,结合文献进行分析.结果 3例原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌主要临床表现为颈部肿块伴呼吸困难、吞咽困难和声音嘶哑等症状,就诊时病程1个月～1年.检查发现甲状腺区域肿瘤质硬,活动度差,边界不清.辅助检查提示病变侵犯食管及喉、气管等周围组织.均行扩大甲状腺癌根治及颈清扫术,其中食管部分切除直接修补1例;开胸后喉、喉咽、食管全部切除加胃咽吻合术1例;颈段气管袖状切除端端吻合,复发后给予喉全及喉咽全切,气管、食管部分切除游离空肠修复1例.术后2例予以放疗及化疗,分别存活8个月和带瘤生存5年2个月,术后未放疗的1例存活2个月.结论 甲状腺鳞状细胞癌是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,病情发展迅速,预后极差.如能尽早发现并进行扩大根治性手术,并辅以足量放疗及化疗,能最大限度提高患者生存率.     

甲状腺癌再次手术的探讨

目的 探讨甲状腺癌再手术的必要性和方式.方法 总结1991年1月～2006年1月检查甲状腺癌局部切除术后再次手术治疗的126例患者临床资料.第1次对原发灶只进行单纯肿瘤切除或腺叶部分切除者,再手术时切除残叶及峡部,或加对侧叶部分或近全切除;颈淋巴结转移者,行经典性或改良性颈清扫术.结果 术后病理检查残叶有癌残留52例,无癌残留74例,癌残留率41.3%,术后病理检查证实淋巴结转移癌67例,颈淋巴结转移率72.8%.喉返神经损伤发生率3.2%.5年、10年累积生存率分别为93.2%、82.4%.结论 由于误诊等原因致甲状腺癌术后残留率高,积极合理的再手术是必要的.     

Carcinomas of the thyroid gland invading larynx and trachea

Twenty-nine patients with a thyroid carcinoma invading the larynx and trachea were treated over a 25-yr period. Eight patients had invasion of the walls of the trachea or larynx and 21 had invasion into the lumen. Of the 15 patients who underwent limited surgery, i.e. total thyroidectomy, tracheostomy and neck dissection, 8 had intraluminal invasion and 7 suffered from bleeding into the trachea or airway obstruction. In contrast, none of the 13 who underwent extensive surgery, i.e. thyroidectomy, laryngectomy, partial resection of the trachea and one resection of the pharynx, (12 of whom had intraluminal invasion) showed either bleeding into the trachea or airway obstruction. Although the prognosis was no better in the group undergoing extensive operation there is the feeling that in cases with intraluminal invasion extensive surgery is indicated to prevent the severe airway difficulties which often develop in such patients.     

Cricotracheal resection for laryngeal invasion by thyroid carcinoma: our experience

Invasion of the laryngeal framework by thyroid carcinoma requires specific surgical techniques and carries a higher rate of complications that deserve to be highlighted. We reviewed our data from 1995 to 2012 and found six patients with laryngotracheal invasion by thyroid carcinoma. All underwent total thyroidectomy and single-stage cricotracheal resection, plus anterolateral neck dissection. Three had airway obstruction that necessitated prior endoscopic debulking. None of the patients needed a tracheotomy. There were four cases of papillary carcinoma, and two cases of undifferentiated carcinoma. One patient died of complications of the procedure (anastomotic dehiscence and tracheo-innominate artery fistula). Another died 2 months after the procedure from local recurrence and aspiration pneumonia. One case presented recurrence at 15 months, which was managed by re-excision and adjuvant radiotherapy; after 26 months of follow-up, he has no evidence of locoregional recurrence. The three other patients are alive without evidence of disease at 6, 18 and 41 months, respectively. Cricotracheal resection for subglottic invasion by thyroid carcinoma is an effective procedure, but carries significant risks of complications. This could be attributed to the devascularisation of the tracheal wall due to the simultaneous neck dissection, sacrifice of the strap muscles or of a patch of oesophageal muscle layer. We advocate a sternocleidomastoid flap to cover the anastomosis. Cricotracheal resection for subglottic invasion can be curative with good functional outcomes, even for the advanced stages of thyroid cancer. Endoscopic debulking of the airway prior to the procedure avoids tracheotomy.     

有周围侵袭的高分化甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的分析有周围侵犯的高分化甲状腺癌的外科治疗,总结其临床经验.方法回顾性分析1984-2000年在辽宁省肿瘤医院进行手术治疗,周围有侵犯的高分化甲状腺癌患者201例的临床资料.生存统计采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间比较采用Log-Rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型.结果喉全切和颈段部分气管切除3例,气管部分切除6例,喉、气管表面剔除67例,喉返神经切除9例,喉返神经表面剔除26例,包括带状肌、胸锁乳突肌、颈内静脉、迷走神经等周围软组织切除90例.201例中合并食管受累肌层切除19例,局部拉拢缝合,其中4例用胸锁乳突肌、2例用胸大肌瓣局部加固修补.甲状腺一侧叶及峡部切除189例,一侧腺叶及对侧次全切除5例,甲状腺全切除7例.颈清扫术129例（双颈清扫5例）,共134侧,其中经典性颈清扫75侧,改良性颈清扫59侧.5年生存率为85.6%,10年生存率为77.3%,15年生存率为69.4%.经Cox模型分析显示年龄、肿瘤侵犯部位是影响预后的独立因素.结论有周围侵袭的高分化甲状腺癌经过恰当的外科治疗,可以取得较好的疗效.     

颈段气管袖状切除的临床应用

目的探讨有关颈段气管病变行气管袖状切除的治疗经验。方法介绍1995年1月~2000年12月5例涉及颈部气管病变的治疗方法和临床效果,5例中2例气管原发肿瘤;2例甲状腺肿瘤侵犯气管;1例颈部挤压伤气管闭锁。分别采用了颈段气管袖状切除,端端吻合手术。结果5例病例术后未发生气道狭窄和通气困难。结论颈段气管肿瘤或外源性肿瘤侵犯气管、外伤性气管闭锁,行气管袖状切除,端端吻合手术是重建和恢复气道最好的方法。     

Conservative surgical management of invasive differentiated thyroid cancer

The majority of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma are tumours of low grade malignancy. Laryngotracheal invasion by well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon occurrence. The surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer invading the upper airway has primarily been by total laryngectomy. Other surgeons recommend in selected cases partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. A total of 122 patients with thyroid carcinoma were treated in our department between 1967 and 1982. Only seven patients with well differentiated tumours had airway invasion. In these seven patients we used a partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. In three of the patients with tracheal invasion a myoperichondrial flap was used for closing the tracheal defect. A partial resection of the larynx and trachea, and end to end anastomosis between the trachea and the remaining part of the larynx was performed in another four patients. The techniques used and a long-term follow-up are presented (Table I).     

Treatment of a thyroid neoplasm infiltrating the respiratory-digestive tracts

From 1992 to 1999, 58 thyroid gland operations (41 female and 17 male) were performed in ENT Department of the District Hospital in Rzeszów. In 14 (21.4%) cases (9 female and 5 male) thyroid surgery was done for malignant disorders: papillary carcinoma in 11 (79%) patients, follicular carcinoma in 2 patients and medullary carcinoma in 1 patient. There were neck metastases in 9/14 (64.4%) patients. In 3 cases with papillary carcinoma (all with neck metastases) aerodigestive tract was invaded. One patient had neoplasmatic invasion of the larynx and trachea, one patient had invasion of larynx et pharynx and in one patient tumour invaded the esophageal wall. In those patients radical surgery was done: total thyroidectomy with total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection (2 patients) and subtotal thyroidectomy with conservative neck dissection (1 patient). External beam irradiation and radioactive iodine 131 treatment followed surgery. Two patients are still alive 6 years after the treatment free of disease, and 1 patient died of unrelated causes 3 months after the surgery. Symptoms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of thyroid papillary carcinoma invading the aerodigestive tract are detailed in paper.     

舌骨咽切开术治疗舌根癌

目的 探讨舌根癌外科治疗的最佳进路和方法。方法通过舌骨咽切开术治疗11例舌根癌,同期行会厌切除者4例,喉水平部分切除者1例。选择性颈清扫术1例,单侧功能性颈清扫术2例,双侧功能性颈清扫术1例,单侧根治性颈清扫术6例,一侧根治性和另一侧功能性颈清扫术1例。结果鳞状细胞癌10例,胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤1例;术后出现咽漏1例,进食流质轻度呛咳1例,上切缘阳性者1例,淋巴结转移者7例;术后拔管率100％;2、3、5年生存率分别为81.8％,77.8％,33.3％。结论 舌骨咽切开进路可清晰暴露舌根、会厌、下咽及喉部,适用于这些部位的肿瘤切除,并发症少。     

分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与Ⅱ-Ⅴ区淋巴转移的关系及预后

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ）区颈淋巴转移的特点，为临床选择正确术式提供依据。方法回顾性分析1984年3月至2000年12月，99例甲状腺癌患者在辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科进行初次手术，同期行颈清扫术，进行病理检查，术后随访，并对结果进行统计分析。结果99例分化型甲状腺癌中，乳头状甲状腺癌61例（双侧乳头状甲状腺癌1例），乳头滤泡混合型13例，滤泡状甲状腺癌25例。根据2002年UICCTNM分期：Ⅰ期60例，Ⅱ期1例，Ⅲ期5例，Ⅳ期33例。一侧腺叶及峡部切除80例，一侧腺叶及对侧大部或次全切除15例，全甲状腺切除术4例。全部患者同期颈清扫术104侧（双颈清扫5例），其中经典性清扫66例（68侧），改良性清扫33例（36侧）。术后病理检查淋巴结阳性83例（86侧），其中3例双侧淋巴结阳性，颈淋巴转移率为83．8％（83／99）。VI区阳性率37．5％（39／104），颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）阳性率76．9％（80／104），VI区和颈侧区淋巴结阳性率比较，差异有统计学意义（配对X^2检验，X^2=33．01，P〈0．01）。统计分析表明颈侧区淋巴转移和Ⅵ区淋巴转移无相关性（独立X。检验，X^2=2．08，Pearson列联系数C=0．14，P〉0．05）。10年、15年生存率分别为88．3％和84．5％。结论分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）淋巴转移率不同。不能仅从Ⅵ区转移判断颈侧区是否有转移。发生Ⅵ区淋巴转移的患者不比颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）淋巴转移的预后差，经过正确的外科治疗，预后较好。     

Basaloid squamous carcinoma of the larynx: Report of a case

Basaloid squamous carcinoma (BSC) is a rare neoplasm. We present a case of basaloid squamous carcinoma of the larynx in a 57-year-old male patient. The diagnosis before treatment was supraglottic carcinoma (T3N1MO) and biopsy of the larynx revealed a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Total laryngectomy and right radical neck dissection were performed, and pathological studies of a specimen removed from the larynx revealed BSC of the larynx. The patient's postoperative progress was uneventful, however, 12 months later he developed lung metastasis of the left side. The patient underwent partial resection of the lung. He developed recurrence of lung metastasis 6 months later. Chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) and vindesine sulfate (VSD) was administered in two courses, but the efficacy was evaluated as no change (NC). At present, 26 months after the first visit, he has been asymptomatic with lung metastasis, and there was no evidence of recurrence in the neck.