Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 2. Screening strategies for colorectal cancer. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination.

OBJECTIVE: To make recommendations on the effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in asymptomatic patients over 40 years of age. OPTIONS: Multiphase screening that begins with test for fecal occult blood, uniphase screening with sigmoidoscopy and uniphase screening with colonoscopy. Options included screening repeated at different intervals and different procedures for patients with selected risk factors. OUTCOMES: Rates of death, death from cancer and cancer detection; compliance, feasibility and accuracy of each manoeuvre. EVIDENCE: A MEDLINE search for articles published between January 1966 and June 1993 with the use of MeSH terms "screening" and "colorectal neoplasia," a check with the reference sections of review articles published before June 1993 and a survey of content experts. Articles were weighted according to the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination levels of evidence. VALUES: The highest value was assigned to manoeuvres that lowered the rate of death from cancer and had a low rate of false-positive results and acceptable cost and compliance. Recommendations were determined by consensus of the authors, members of the task force and colorectal cancer experts. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: There is evidence that annual fecal occult blood testing with the use of the rehydrated Hemoccult test has a small but significant benefit in lowering the rate of death from cancer after more than 10 years of screening; however, the high rate of false-positive results (9.8%) and the poor sensitivity of annual (49%) and biennial (38%) screening make this a poor method for detecting colorectal cancer. There is fair evidence that screening with sigmoidoscopy may improve survival rates; however, this may be due to volunteer bias. The high cost of and poor compliance with colonoscopic screening make this an unfeasible strategy.     

Australian general practitioners' views and use of colorectal cancer screening tests

OBJECTIVES: To determine general practitioners' (GPs) current beliefs, knowledge and self-reported practices of screening for colorectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: Postal survey of national random sample of 1271 GPs in 1996. OUTCOME MEASURES: GP views on effectiveness of faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy in reducing premature death from colorectal cancer in "average-risk" patients (asymptomatic with no family history); views on frequency of tests and target group; use of these tests; and independent predictors of views and use. RESULTS: Response rate was 67%. FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy were said to be effective as screening tests by 38% and 61% of GPs, respectively, but 30% and 25% were unsure. Independent predictors of belief in screening effectiveness were State of practice (for FOBT), male sex and awareness of Gut Foundation guidelines (for flexible sigmoidoscopy) and increasing age (for both). Most often chosen screening frequencies were every year for FOBT (29%), and five-yearly for flexible sigmoidoscopy (24%), although 19% and 26%, respectively, were unsure of the appropriate screening interval. Most often cited target group was people aged over 40 years with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer: 63% of GPs would offer FOBT and 74%, flexible sigmoidoscopy. Fewer than 3% of GPs were likely to adopt an opportunistic approach to screening, yet 15% would be highly likely to recommend FOBT during a dedicated health check-up for a 58-year-old male patient, and 9% for a female patient. CONCLUSION: The absence to date of a coherent national policy on colorectal cancer screening is associated with wide variations in views and practice that are inconsistent with the available evidence. If GPs are to be involved in implementing population screening, national policy must be widely and effectively promulgated.     

Women's health issues in haemodialysis patients

In Western countries, including Australia, colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in nonsmokers. Development of most colorectal cancers can be prevented by adenoma removal. The current screening strategies of faecal occult blood testing (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy combined with FOBT and colonoscopy are all cost effective. In clinical practice, a range of options should be offered to allow for individual patients' preferences. A public education program is essential to the success of any screening strategy.     

2015—2017年上海市松江区中山街道社区大肠癌筛查情况和肠镜检查顺应性及其异常病变的影响因素研究

目的　描述2015—2017年上海市松江区中山街道社区大肠癌筛查情况,探索影响肠镜检查顺应性及其异常病变的影响因素。方法　根据上海市社区居民大肠癌筛查工作规范,于2015—2017年纳入50~74岁上海市松江区中山街道社区常住居民。第1年纳入全部符合标准的居民,后2年分别纳入前1年初筛阳性者和当年新入50岁人群。对社区居民进行危险度评估问卷和便隐血试验（FOBT）相结合的大肠癌初筛,任意阳性者即为初筛阳性。建议初筛阳性者进一步至定点医院进行肠镜检查以确诊。结果　2015—2017年,松江区中山街道社区共计筛查6 994例次,2015年筛查4 132例次、2016年筛查1 604例次、2017年筛查1 258例次。总体初筛阳性率为25.25%（1 766/6 994）,FOBT阳性率为5.96%（417/6 994）,问卷阳性率为21.12%（1 477/6 994）,FOBT与问卷双阳性率为1.83%（128/6 994）。接受肠镜检查者239例次（13.53%）,肠镜检查结果异常者124例次（51.88%）,肠镜检查异常病变中,腺瘤检出率较高,肠炎次之。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,单一FOBT阳性〔OR=42.967,95%CI（22.019,83.844）〕、FOBT与问卷双阳性〔OR=30.059,95%CI（11.723,77.074）〕是首次初筛阳性者肠镜检查顺应性的影响因素（P<0.001）;年龄〔OR=3.104,95%CI（1.177,8.189）〕是首次肠镜筛查者肠镜检查异常病变的影响因素（P=0.022）。结论　2015—2017年松江区中山街道社区大肠癌筛查初筛阳性率与上海市其他社区相仿,但是高危人群肠镜检查顺应性明显低于上海市其他地区。初筛阳性和年龄是影响社区居民肠镜检查顺应性及其异常病变的影响因素。     

大肠癌高危人群筛查研究

目的 了解社区自然人群中大肠癌高危人群和大肠癌的检出率,探讨大肠癌的筛查成本,为大肠癌普查和高危人群筛查制定方案提供科学依据.方法 对广东省惠州地区自然人群用"高危问卷联合免疫法粪便隐血试验(FOBT)方案"进行普查,以符合高危条件人群和FOBT阳性人群为大肠癌高危人群.对高危人群行全结肠镜检查,对发现病变者取活组织行病理学检查以筛出大肠癌.按直接花费计算筛查成本并进行比较.结果 社区自然人群接受调查者68 953人,问卷调查符合高危条件者940人(1.36%),FOBT阳性者3118人(4.52%),二者合并筛出大肠癌高危人群3870人(5.61%).符合高危条件人群、FOBT阳性人群、大肠癌高危人群和社区自然人群大肠癌检出率分别为506.3/10万、314.3/10万、315.9/10万和17.7/10万."高危问卷一肠镜筛查方案"和"FOBT-肠镜筛查方案"检出大肠癌的阳性预测值分别为0.43%和0.22%,每筛查出1例大肠癌的直接成本分别为47 834.5元和82 303.6元,后者是前者的1.7倍.结论 "高危问卷联合FOBT方案"用于大肠癌普查效果较好,"高危问卷-肠镜筛查方案"比"FOBT-肠镜筛查方案"具有更好的效价关系,可作为大肠癌高危人群机会性筛查的首选方法.     

北京云岗地区体检人群结直肠癌机会性筛查结果分析

目的 探索与单位年度体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查的有效性及可行性。方法 选择2013年4月至2013年7月北京云岗地区某集团40~74岁的于中国航天科工集团七三一医院体检的5 270人进行危险因素问卷调查和便潜血实验(faecal occult blood test,FOBT)相结合的初筛,高危人群进行结肠镜检查为复筛。结果 初筛的参与率100%,完成率62.87%。复筛完成率为30.33%。腺瘤性息肉检出率为22.28%。非腺瘤性息肉检出率为24.75%。结论 与单位体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查具有较高的初筛及复筛完成率,可以有效检出结直肠癌的癌前病变。     

结直肠癌常用筛查方法综述

结直肠癌是北美地区最常见的恶性肿瘤之一.由于大部分未发生转移的结直肠癌都可以通过手术切除的方式实施预防或治疗,因此结直肠癌高危个体的识别和早期诊断显得尤其重要.常用的筛查措施主要包括粪便隐血试验、钡灌肠检查、纤维乙状结肠镜与结肠镜检查等.目前适用于人群筛查的最佳方法尚不确定,分子筛查及其他新的技术有望应用于人群结直肠癌筛查,将有助于减少结直肠癌的发病率和病死率.本文讨论了几种结直肠癌的筛查方法以及其他潜在的筛查试验.并概述了结直肠癌筛查项目的 发展趋势.     

Outcomes after 10 years of a community-based flexible sigmoidoscopy screening program for colorectal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes 10 years after a flexible sigmoidoscopy colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program in asymptomatic average-risk individuals. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: In 1995, a program of flexible sigmoidoscopy-based screening of asymptomatic average-risk individuals aged 55-64 years was established at Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia. Insertion depths, pathological findings and subject-rated pain scores have been prospectively recorded. A follow-up flexible sigmoidoscopy examination was offered to attendees 5 years after the initial screening. Post-screening malignancies were determined by linkage with the Western Australian Cancer Registry in September 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Yield of neoplasia at initial and follow-up sigmoidoscopy, and the incidence of CRC detected after screening. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2005, 3402 people underwent an initial flexible sigmoidoscopy screening examination (mean age, 60 years; women, 41%) and 1025 had a 5-year recall examination. Mean insertion depth was greater in men than women (60 cm v 52 cm, P<0.001). The insertion depth in women was more likely to be <40 cm (17% v 6%, P<0.001). Mean pain score was 2.9 for men and 4.0 for women (P<0.001). Fourteen per cent of initial screenings detected at least one adenoma. Over a mean follow-up time of 8 years, invasive CRC was detected by flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in 0.4% of participants; 0.7% of those with a normal result of screening later developed CRC, with 75% of these found proximal to the splenic flexure. CONCLUSIONS: Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a viable screening method, with well defined utility and limitations, for CRC screening of asymptomatic people with average risk.     

上海某社区人群大肠癌伺机性筛查结果分析

目的了解社区人群大肠癌危险因素现况,验证分析序贯模式的伺机性筛查效率。方法上海欧阳社区50～85岁常住居民问卷调查和粪便潜血试验（FOBT）初筛,阳性者行肛指、血清肿瘤标记物和结肠镜精筛。结果1206人完成初筛,FOBT总阳性率4％（45／1206）,评估为高危176人,阳性率15％,均接受后续精筛,结肠镜顺应率100％。结肠息肉检出率9％（15／176）,大肠癌检出率5％（8／176）,其中结肠癌5例（63％）,直肠癌3例（37％）。结论社区人群大肠癌高危因素聚焦在遗传背景、腹型肥胖和体力活动缺乏。序贯模式的伺机性筛查顺应性好、效率高、成本低,适合社区人群大肠癌筛查应用。     

三种粪隐血试验在结直肠癌筛检中的效率与费用分析

目的评价3种粪隐血试验筛检结直肠癌的效率与费用。方法5个医院按统一方案,对324例患者连续进行3次化学法粪隐血试验(CFOBT)、免疫法粪隐血试验(IFOBT)和结肠镜检查。计算CFOBT、IFOBT和序贯粪隐血试验[CFOBT阳性者进行IFOBT,再阳性者,行结肠镜检查,称序贯粪隐血试验(SFOBT)]的筛检效率和费用。结果323例合格病例中,49例结直肠癌;60例结肠腺瘤;60例结肠炎;15例痔疮和139例正常结肠。(1)连续3次粪隐血检查CFOBT、IFOBT和SFOBT的敏感性分别为95.9%、95.9%和93.9%,三种隐血试验间差异无统计学意义。IFOBT和SFOBT的特异性分别为89.2%和94.2%均显著高于CFOBT(75.5%),SFOBT又显著高于IFOBT。调整癌检出例数到同一水平后,在3个粪隐血方案中,每检出1例癌的花费SFOBT最低。(2)连续2次粪隐血检查CFOBT、IFOBT和SFOBT的敏感性分别为77.8%、87.8%和75.5%,IFOBT的敏感性明显高于CFOBT和SFOBT。特异性分别为88.5%、96.4%和98.6%,SFOBT与IFOBT的特异性显著高于CFOBT,但SFOBT与IFOBT间差异无统计学意义。调整癌检出例数后,每检出1例癌的费用IFOBT最低。(3)3种粪隐血试验筛检方案的早期癌检出率均为60%。(4)结直肠腺瘤的检出率为41.6%～48.3%;随腺瘤直径的增大检出率亦有所增加,>2cm的腺瘤检出率可达到87.5%。结论依从性     

Benefits and costs of using HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer

CONTEXT: Despite quality assurance standards, Papanicolaou (Pap) test characteristics remain less than optimal. OBJECTIVE: To compare the societal costs and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, Pap testing, and their combination to screen for cervical cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION: A simulation model of neoplasia natural history was used to estimate the societal costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy associated with 18 different general population screening strategies: Pap plus HPV testing, Pap testing alone, and HPV testing alone every 2 or 3 years among hypothetical longitudinal cohorts of US women beginning at age 20 years and continuing to 65 years, 75 years, or death. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Discounted costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved of each screening strategy. RESULTS: Maximal savings in lives were achieved by screening every 2 years until death with combined HPV and Pap testing at an incremental cost of $76 183 per QALY compared with Pap testing alone every 2 years. Stopping biennial screening with HPV and Pap testing at age 75 years captures 97.8% of the benefits of lifetime screening at a cost of $70 347 per QALY. Combined biennial HPV and Pap testing to age 65 years captures 86.6% of the benefits achievable by continuing to screen until age 75 years. Human papillomavirus screening alone was equally effective as Pap testing alone at any given screening interval or age of screening cessation but was more costly and therefore was dominated. In sensitivity analyses, HPV testing would be more effective and less costly than Pap testing at a cost threshold of $5 for an HPV test. CONCLUSIONS: Screening with HPV plus Pap tests every 2 years appears to save additional years of life at reasonable costs compared with Pap testing alone. Applying age limits to screening is a viable option to maintain benefits while reducing costs.     

Predicting advanced proximal colonic neoplasia with screening sigmoidoscopy

CONTEXT: Indications are not well defined for follow-up colonoscopy for all patients with distal colonic tubular adenomas (TAs) found at screening sigmoidoscopy. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether distal adenoma size, number, and villous histology, along with family history and age, are predictors of advanced proximal colonic neoplasia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis conducted between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995. SETTING: Large group-model health maintenance organization in northern California. PATIENTS: A total of 2972 asymptomatic subjects aged 50 years or older undergoing colonoscopy as follow-up to a screening sigmoidoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Based on sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and pathology reports, occurrence of advanced proximal neoplasia, defined as adenocarcinoma or TAs 1 cm or larger or with villous features or severe dysplasia located beyond sigmoidoscopic view. RESULTS: The prevalence of advanced proximal neoplasia was similar among patients with no TAs at sigmoidoscopy, those with TAs less than 1 cm in diameter, and those with TAs 1 cm in diameter or larger (prevalence, 5.3%, 5.5%, and 5.6%, respectively). Of patients with a distal tubulovillous or villous adenoma, 12.1% had advanced proximal neoplasia. In multivariate analyses, having a distal tubulovillous adenoma or villous adenoma was the strongest predictor of advanced proximal neoplasia (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-3.14). Age of 65 years or older, having more than 1 adenoma, and a positive family history of colorectal cancer were also significant predictors. Distal adenoma size was not a significant predictor in any multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced proximal neoplasia is not uncommon in subjects with or without distal TAs, but subjects with advanced distal histology and those older than 65 years are at increased risk. Age-specific screening using sigmoidoscopy starting at ages 50 to 55 years and colonoscopy after age 65 years may be justified.     

联合检测粪便ECAD基因甲基化和隐血在结直肠癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨粪便ECAD甲基化联合隐血在结直肠癌(CRC)中的诊断价值.方法 收集50例健康体检者、50例结直肠良性病变者、50例CRC患者的粪便标本.利用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)的方法 检测粪便中ECAD基因的甲基化情况,根据肠镜病理诊断进行验证,比较粪便ECAD甲基化率、粪便潜血实验(FOBT)及两者联合对CRC诊断的敏感性及特异性,并进行统计学分析.结果 CRC患者粪便ECAD甲基化率(78%)明显高于健康体检者(16%)和结直肠良性病变者(26%);同时,CRC患者FOBT阳性率(64%)亦明显高于健康体检者(2%)和结直肠良性病变者(26%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001).粪便ECAD甲基化率与CRC患者肿瘤数目(P=0.048)、病理分级(P=0.006)、TNM分级(P=0.002)及淋巴结转移(P=0.002)密切相关.CRC患者粪便FOBT敏感度为64%(95%CI:49.1%~76.7%),特异度为86%(95%CI:77.3%~91.9%);而ECAD敏感度为78%(95%CI:63.7%~88.0%),特异度为79%(95%CI:69.5%~86.2%).ROC曲线分析提示ECAD的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.795(95%CI为0.716~0.874),略高于FOBT的AUC(0.750,95%CI:0.661~0.839),而两种联合的AUC为0.806(95%CI:0.728~0.884),诊断效能最高.结论 粪便ECAD基因甲基化的检测是早期诊断CRC的有效方法 ,其联合FOBT能有效提高诊断效能.     

Self-reported bowel screening rates in older Australians and the implications for public health screening programs

Background

This paper sought to determine the status of older Australians with regard to Bowel Cancer screening practices occurring outside of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program.

Method

A random sample of N=25,511 urban Australians aged 50 to 74 years received a questionnaire via mail asking questions relating to bowel screening. N=8,762 (34.3%) returned a completed questionnaire.

Results

Approximately 33% (N=2863) of respondents indicated they had undergone colonoscopy in the preceding five years and 21% (N=1840) had used a Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) in the preceding 12 months. Furthermore, 27% (N=497) of those who had completed an FOBT had also undergone colonoscopy.

Conclusion

A significant proportion of older Australians might be participating in bowel screening practices outside of the national program (NBCSP). Moreover, the proportion of individuals reporting use of both FOBT and endoscopic services is much higher than the positivity rate of FOBT. Large population FOBT screening programs, such as the NBCSP, that do not consider participation in screening external to the program may underestimate true population screening rates.     

Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer in average-risk people: update of a community-based project

OBJECTIVES: To analyse results of a screening program for colorectal cancer using flexible sigmoidoscopy. DESIGN: Survey of results of screening program and follow-up colonoscopies and identification of missed cases from State cancer registry data. PARTICIPANTS: Asymptomatic, average-risk people aged 55-64 years who were either mailed invitations after random selection from the electoral roll or volunteered after hearing about the program. SETTING: Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia (a public teaching hospital), July 1995 to November 1999 (first 4.5 years of the screening program). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participation rates; lesions detected; stage of colorectal cancers diagnosed at the hospital before and after the screening program began (1989-1995 versus 1996-1999); and diagnoses of colorectal cancer in previously screened individuals (from State cancer registry data). RESULTS: 6446 people were mailed invitations, and 1483 were screened (23% participation rate). Another 1122 people volunteered, giving 2605 people screened overall. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed adenomatous polyps in 352 people (14%), and colonoscopy was recommended in 399 (15%) on the basis of clinically suspicious lesions. Colonoscopy was performed in 302 (76% participation rate). Screening and follow-up colonoscopy detected 14 colorectal cancers (10 invasive, with eight of these Dukes stage A). One participant was diagnosed with colorectal cancer 12 months after sigmoidoscopy gave normal results. Incidence of colorectal cancer was 119 per 100000 per year, and prevalence was 0.5%. Before the screening program, 12% of cancers diagnosed at our hospital were Dukes stage A, compared with 28% after (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening is an acceptable strategy in asymptomatic, average-risk people which detects colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Screening has been associated with a trend to earlier presentation of cancer in our institution.     

上海某社区结合体质辨识的大肠癌筛查危险因素分析

目的 研究社区人群大肠癌危险因素现况与高危人群的中医体质类型的分布规律。 方法 以2016年1—12月上海浦兴社区50~74岁常住居民为调查对象,进行问卷调查和粪便潜血试验(FOBT)初筛,判定为高危人群者进行中医体质辨识分析并随访肠镜检查结果。 结果 4 136人完成初筛,1 102人判定为高危人群,阳性率为26.64%(95%CI:25.30%~27.99%),1 006人FOBT结果为阳性,占24.90%(95%CI:23.57%~26.23%)。接受后续精筛228人,结肠镜顺应率为20.69%(228/1 102),结肠息肉检出率为24.56%(56/228),大肠癌检出率为1.31%(3/228)。中医体质辨识结果最高为平和质,占37.9%(418/1 102),偏颇体质以痰湿质[28.9%(319/1 102)]、气虚质[12.8%(142/1 102)]、阳虚质[9.6%(106/1 102)]为主。 结论 中老年人群中大肠癌高危人群占比较高,肠镜结果以息肉多见,值得引起重视。中医体质辨识平和质最高,提示中老年人大肠癌高危人群具有较高隐匿性,开展大肠癌筛查具有必要性。偏颇体质以痰湿、气虚、阳虚为主,提示中老年人群应高度重视大肠癌早期防治,通过中医干预进行防治有一定研究价值,治疗原则可以从健脾、益气、温阳入手。      

Policy analysis of cervical cancer screening strategies in low-resource settings: clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness.

CONTEXT: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries. In such low-resource settings, cytology-based screening is difficult to implement, and less complex strategies may offer additional options. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of several cervical cancer screening strategies using population-specific data. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cost-effectiveness analysis using a mathematical model and a hypothetical cohort of previously unscreened 30-year-old black South African women. Screening tests included direct visual inspection (DVI) of the cervix, cytologic methods, and testing for high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Strategies differed by number of clinical visits, screening frequency, and response to a positive test result. Data sources included a South African screening study, national surveys and fee schedules, and published literature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Years of life saved (YLS), lifetime costs in US dollars, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (cost per YLS). RESULTS: When analyzing all strategies performed as a single lifetime screen at age 35 years compared with no screening, HPV testing followed by treatment of screen-positive women at a second visit, cost $39/YLS (27% cancer incidence reduction); DVI, coupled with immediate treatment of screen-positive women at the first visit was next most effective (26% cancer incidence reduction) and was cost saving; cytology, followed by treatment of screen-positive women at a second visit was least effective (19% cancer incidence reduction) at a cost of $81/YLS. For any given screening frequency, when strategies were compared incrementally, HPV DNA testing generally was more effective but also more costly than DVI, and always was more effective and less costly than cytology. When comparing all strategies simultaneously across screening frequencies, DVI was the nondominated strategy up to a frequency of every 3 years (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $460/YLS), and HPV testing every 3 years (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $11 500/YLS) was the most effective strategy. CONCLUSION: Cervical cancer screening strategies that incorporate DVI or HPV DNA testing and eliminate colposcopy may offer attractive alternatives to cytology-based screening programs in low-resource settings.     

Cancer screening for the primary care physician

Cancer screening guidelines are developed by numerous agencies. These guidelines are often conflicting leaving the primary care physician in a difficult position. He (she) is requested to choose the best test for his or her patients taking into consideration the principles of screening, the test cost and most importantly the patient's emotional and physical well-being. Screening for some cancers, like lung cancer, has been considered of no benefit. Other cancers, like breast, colon, cervix and prostate, have been the subject of numerous recommendations: For breast cancer, clinical examination and mammography are recommended every 1-2 years for women between 50 to 70 years. For cervical cancer, PAP smear is suggested every 1-3 years and for colorectal cancer, a yearly fecal occult blood, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy every 5-10 years. Annual serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination screening for prostate cancer are still controversial.     

联合检测肿瘤M2-PK与CEA和FOBT对结直肠癌早期发现的意义

目的 探讨联合检测肿瘤M2型丙酮酸激酶(tumor M2-PK)与癌胚抗原(carcino-embryonic antigen,CEA)和粪便潜血试验(faecal occult blood testing,FOBT)对结直肠癌早期诊断的意义.方法 以44例结直肠癌患者和22名健康人群为研究对象,用酶联免疫吸附剂测定...     

Expert panel vs decision-analysis recommendations for postdischarge coronary angiography after myocardial infarction

CONTEXT: Expert panels and decision-analytic techniques are increasingly used to determine the appropriateness of medical interventions, but these 2 approaches use different methods to process evidence. OBJECTIVE: To compare expert panel appropriateness ratings of coronary angiography after myocardial infarction (from the time of hospital discharge to 12 weeks after infarction) with the health gains and cost-effectiveness predicted by a decision-analytic model. DESIGN: Comparison of the degree of importance of the clinical variables considered in expert panel appropriateness ratings vs a previously published decision-analytic model. Identification of 36 clinical scenarios from the expert panel that could be simulated by the decision-analytic model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Appropriateness score and appropriateness classification (expert panel) vs gain in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (decision-analytic model). RESULTS: The most important clinical variables were similar in the 2 approaches, with the exercise tolerance test result exerting the greatest leverage on strength of recommendation for angiography. Among the expert panel clinical scenarios considered to be appropriate for coronary angiography that could be simulated in the decision-analysis model, the median (interquartile range) health gain and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were 0.59 (0.41-0.76) QALYs and $27000 ($23000-$35000) per QALY gained, respectively. Among the clinical scenarios that expert panels considered inappropriate, the corresponding medians (interquartile ranges) were 0.24 (0.19-0.34) QALYs and $54000 ($36000-$58000) per QALY gained. The Spearman rank correlation between appropriateness score and QALY gain was 0.58 (P<.001) and between appropriateness score and estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios was -0.66 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: For the 36 expert panel scenarios that could be simulated by the decision-analytic model, there was moderate to good agreement between the appropriateness score and both the health gain and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of coronary angiography compared with no angiography in the convalescent phase of acute myocardial infarction, but several scenarios judged as inappropriate by the expert panel approach had cost-effectiveness ratios comparable with many generally recommended medical interventions. Formal synthesis of expert judgment and decision modeling is warranted in future efforts at guideline development.