Dramatic reduction of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in athletes participating in the ultradistance foot race "Spartathlon"

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a long-distance endurance exercise "Spartathlon" on erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G(6)PD) activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 15 male runners, median age 36.5 years. Blood samples were obtained in the 15 min before the race and again within 15 min after the end of the race. Erythrocyte glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and plasma malonyldialdehyde were measured with HPLC methods, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total hyperoxides and G(6)PD activity with commercial kits. Lipids, uric acid and total bilirubin were determined with a clinical chemistry analyser. RESULTS: Total hyperoxides were found statistically reduced, whereas total bilirubin was measured elevated post-race. Interestingly, GSSG levels were found increased (167.3+/-12.0 versus 219.5+/-20.3 micromol/L; p<0.005) as well as GSSG/GSH ratio (16.0+/-1.3 versus 20.60+/-1.65; p<0.05) post-race. In contrast, G(6)PD activity was found remarkably decreased (8.72+/-3.10 versus 3.8+/-2.5 U/g Hb; p<0.0001) pre versus post the event. CONCLUSION: Red blood cell G(6)PD activity in athletes may be reduced post-race as a consequence of the modulation of NADP/NADPH levels and elevation of the erythrocyte GSSG, and especially GSSG/GSH ratio, resulting in an impairment of the hexose monophosphate shunt.     

Severe aseptic inflammation caused by long distance running (246 km) does not increase procalcitonin

Background The Spartathlon ultra distance running race (246 kilometres) is an exhausting physical exercise leading to a state of systemic inflammation associated with dramatic elevation of interleukin‐6 and acute‐phase reactants to levels seen only in critically ill or patients near death. We sought to study the effect of this severe inflammatory response on the levels of serum procalcitonin. Materials and methods Fifteen healthy endurance‐trained runners who participated in the 2006 Spartathlon were studied. Blood samples were taken the day before the race, within 15min after the end of the race and 48 h after the end of the race. Serum interleukin‐6, serum amyloid A protein, C‐reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and procalcitonin concentrations were determined. Results Serum interleukin‐6, serum amyloid A protein and C‐reactive protein were dramatically increased after the end of the race (150‐, 116‐ and 10 470‐ fold increase of the mean values, respectively). Procalcitonin levels remained within normal range (mean ± standard error of mean, 0·27 ± 0·02 µg L^?1, 0·26 ± 0·02 µg L^?1 and 0·27 ± 0·02 µg L^?1 before, at the end, and 48 h after the race, respectively). Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha measurements revealed no significant changes. Conclusions This study provides strong evidence that Spartathlon, a prolonged endurance exercise resulting in severe stimulation of inflammatory mediators followed by muscle and liver damage, does not induce procalcitonin secretion. The findings cannot directly be applied to other causes of aseptic inflammation.     

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in the plasma of children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure

OBJECTIVES: To determine concentrations of circulating adhesion molecules endothelial (E)-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure (MOF), and to determine associations among increased concentrations of these circulating adhesion molecules and important outcome measures. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: A total of 77 consecutive children with sepsis and 14 acutely ill children without sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: Plasma E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 concentrations and organ failure index (indicating number of failed organ systems) were determined in 77 children on days 1 and 3 of sepsis, and in 14 control children on pediatric intensive care unit day 1. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between adhesion molecule concentrations and clinically relevant outcome measures. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were increased in children with sepsis vs. control on day 1 (p < .05). Plasma VCAM-1 (but not ICAM-1 or E-selectin) was increased in children with more than three organ failures vs. children with less than three organ failures (p < .05). Plasma ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (but not E-selectin) concentrations independently predicted number of organs failed and development of more than three organ failures. Plasma ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 also predicted mortality and development of sequential (pulmonary/hepatic/renal) MOF (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The pronounced and persistent increase in plasma VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 that occurs in children with sepsis and persistent MOF may indicate a phenotypic change in endothelium toward a more proinflammatory state. Alternatively, the source for these adhesion molecules may be activated leukocytes and other cell types. Future studies are required to determine the role of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced MOF.     

B lymphocyte binding to E- and P-selectins is mediated through the de novo expression of carbohydrates on in vitro and in vivo activated human B cells.

Cell adhesion to endothelium regulates the trafficking and recruitment of leukocytes towards lymphoid organs and sites of inflammation. This phenomenon is mediated by the expression of a number of adhesion molecules on both the endothelium and circulating cells. Activation of endothelial cells (EC) with different stimuli induces the expression of several adhesion molecules (E- and P-selectins, ICAM-1, VCAM-1), involved in their interaction with circulating cells. In this report, we have studied the binding of nonactivated and activated B cells to purified E- and P-selectins. Activated but not resting B cells were able to interact with both selectins. This binding capacity of activated B cells paralleled the induction of different carbohydrate epitopes (Lewisx, sialyl-Lewisx, CD57 and CDw65) as well as other molecules bearing these or related epitopes in myeloid cells (L-selectin, alpha L beta 2 and alpha X beta 2 integrins, and CD35) involved in the interaction of different cell types with selectins. B cells infiltrating inflamed tissues like in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also expressed these selectin-binding carbohydrates in parallel with the expression of E-selectin by surrounding follicular dendritic cells. Moreover, the crosslinking of these selectin-binding epitopes resulted in an increased binding of B cells to different integrin ligands. Thus, in addition to the involvement of integrins, E- and P-selectins could play an important role in the interaction of B lymphocytes with the endothelium during B cell extravasation into lymphoid tissues and inflammatory foci as well as in their organization into lymphoid organs.     

High-intensity exercise attenuates postprandial lipaemia and markers of oxidative stress

Regular exercise can reduce the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease). Although moderate-intensity exercise can attenuate postprandial TAG (triacylglycerol), high-intensity intermittent exercise might be a more effective method to improve health. We compared the effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise and 30?min of brisk walking on postprandial TAG, soluble adhesion molecules and markers of oxidative stress. Nine men each completed three 2-day trials. On day 1, subjects rested (control), walked briskly for 30?min (walking) or performed 5×30?s maximal sprints (high-intensity). On day 2, subjects consumed a high-fat meal for breakfast and 3?h later for lunch. Blood samples were taken at various times and analysed for TAG, glucose, insulin, ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule-1), VCAM-1 (vascular adhesion molecule-1), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances), protein carbonyls and β-hydroxybutyrate. On day 2 of the high-intensity trial, there was a lower (P<0.05) incremental TAG AUC (area under the curve; 6.42±2.24?mmol/l per 7?h) compared with the control trial (9.68±4.77?mmol/l per 7?h) with no differences during day 2 of the walking trial (8.98±2.84?mmol/l per 7?h). A trend (P=0.056) for a reduced total TAG AUC was also seen during the high-intensity trial (14.13±2.83?mmol/l per 7?h) compared with control (17.18±3.92?mmol/l per 7?h), walking showed no difference (16.33±3.51?mmol/l per 7?h). On day 2 of the high-intensity trial plasma TBARS and protein carbonyls were also reduced (P<0.05) when compared with the control and walking trials. In conclusion, high-intensity intermittent exercise attenuates postprandial TAG and markers of oxidative stress after the consumption of a high-fat meal.     

氟伐他汀单用及与安体舒通联用对兔ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9的影响

目的探讨他汀类药物单用及联用醛固酮拮抗剂安体舒通对兔颈动脉组织ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达的影响。方法高脂饲养兔建立动物模型。96只新西兰兔分为对照组、高脂饮食组、氟伐他汀处理组(氟伐他汀组)以及氟伐他汀与安体舒通联合处理组(联合处理组),每组24只。用免疫组织化学法检测ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MMP-9表达量。结果氟伐他汀组和联合处理组ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9的表达随时间的增加而逐渐降低(P0.05),且在治疗8周和12周时降低较为显著(P0.05)。结论随着高脂饲养时间的延长,动脉组织中ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达量增加;他汀类药物可降低ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达量,延缓动脉粥样硬化形成及易损组织产生,联合醛固酮拮抗剂时此作用增强。     

Early up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rats with hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

This study evaluated the effect of resuscitation fluids on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were subjected to a 27 mL/kg hemorrhage over 5 min followed by a 1 h shock and 1 h resuscitation. Animals groups included: 1) cannulation only (Sham); 2) hemorrhage only (NR); 3) resuscitation with 1:1 shed blood (Blood); 4) resuscitation with 3:1 lactated Ringer's (81 mL/kg, 3LR+); 5) no hemorrhage but infusion with 3:1 lactated Ringer's (3LR); and 6) resuscitation with .36:1 hypertonic saline (7.5%, 9.7 mL/kg, HTS). At the end of resuscitation, the spleen and lung were harvested for detection of adhesion molecule mRNA and protein by RT-PCR and immunostaining. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression exhibited the following pattern: 3LR+ > HTS approximate to 3LR > Blood approximate to NR approximate to Sham. VCAM-1 mRNA in the lung of the 3LR+ group was 2 or more times more than the groups of Sham, NR, Blood, and 3LR (p < .05). ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA in the spleen was significantly increased in the 3LR+ group compared with the groups of Sham, NR, and Blood (p < .05). Animals in the 3LR+ group showed enhanced staining for ICAM-1 in the pulmonary microvessels and in the marginal and trabecular areas of the spleen. Pulmonary edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed only in the 3LR+ group. In summary, resuscitation with LR following hemorrhagic shock induced immediate up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which was associated with tissue injury. Thus, the type of resuscitation fluid used affected resuscitation injury.     

不同溶液术前扩容对冠心病患者围术期ICAM-1、VCAM-1的影响

[目的]观察6%羟乙基淀粉(HES)130/0.4溶液和乳酸钠林格 (RL) 液术前扩容对冠心病患者围术期血清内皮细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1)的影响.[方法]40例择期行胆囊切除术的冠心病患者随机被分为HES组和RL组,每组20例.另选15例健康体查者为正常对照组(NC组)....     

Changes in free radical generation and antioxidant capacity during ultramarathon foot race

Background Exhaustive exercise has been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. We studied the effect of a long‐distance, endurance exercise on oxidative stress parameters in athletes who participated in the ultramarathon race Spartathlon (246 km). Materials and methods This study included 18 runners (16 men and 2 women) aged 42·8 ± 1·4 years. Blood samples were obtained 24 h before (prerace), at the end (postrace) and 48 h after the end of the race (48 h postrace). We measured oxidative stress indices, including red cell glutathione, malonyldialdehyde and 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F_2a, as well as the total antioxidant capacity. Results 8‐Iso‐prostaglandin F_2a level increased significantly at the end of the race, compared to prerace levels (up to 914·7 ± 61·4 pg mL^?1 from 197·6 ± 8·4 pg mL^?1), and remained 2·5‐fold increased over the baseline 48 h after the race (532·0 ± 54·2 pg mL^?1, P < 0·000). The total antioxidant capacity of the athletes increased from a baseline of 289·6 ± 9·0 µmol L^?1 to 358·7 ± 11·0 µmol L^?1 immediately after the race and remained elevated 48 h later (350·6 ± 7·6 µmol L^?1) (P < 0·001). Conclusions Prolonged exercise induces a marked response of oxidative stress biomarkers, which in part is compensated by serum ability to scavenge free radicals. Whether these changes have long‐term negative effects in the organism needs further investigation.     

通心络对大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型微血管细胞间黏附分子1和血管细胞黏附分子1表达的影响

背景:现代医学发现通心络制剂除了具有抗凝和抑制血小板聚集作用外,对血管内皮细胞有一定的保护作用。目的:观察中药复方制剂通心络是否影响脑缺血再灌注动物模型黏附分子的表达。设计:随机对照实验。单位:解放军第二军医大学长征医院神经内科。材料:实验于2002-10/2003-01在解放军第二军医大学长征医院神经内科实验室完成。选择雄性SD大鼠25只,随机分为假手术组5只、模型组10只和通心络组10只。方法:线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉脑局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,假手术组除将尼龙线插在颈外动脉接近颈内动脉分叉处外,其余同模型组。通心络组大鼠在缺血再灌注前给予通心络粉剂1.0g/(kg·d),溶在生理盐水中灌胃1周。模型组和假手术组灌胃等剂量生理盐水。各组大鼠麻醉后取脑制备切片,行常规苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组化及原位杂交染色。主要观察指标:①缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子1和血管细胞黏附分子1阳性微血管表达数目。②缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子1mRNA阳性微血管表达数目。结果:①假手术组手术侧大脑半球皮质和基底节区未见细胞间黏附分子1、血管细胞黏附分子1蛋白和细胞间黏附分子1mRNA阳性微血管表达。②模型组大鼠缺血2h再灌注6h后,缺血侧大脑细胞间黏附分子1、血管细胞黏附分子-1蛋白表达水平和细胞间黏附分子1mRNA表达水平显著升高。③通心络组缺血侧大脑半球皮质和基底节区蛋白和mRNA阳性微血管数较模型组显著降低犤(10.42±1.98),(12.42±2.14)/高倍视野;(8.54±2.00),(11.12±1.56)/高倍视野犦(P<0.05),血管细胞黏附分子1蛋白阳性微血管表达数目无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:通心络可以降低大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子1的转录和翻译过程,有助于减轻脑缺血后的炎症性损伤过程。     

老年脑缺血/再灌注大鼠炎症级联反应变化及其意义

目的观察老年脑缺血／再灌注（I／R）大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）、细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）和血管内皮黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）及ICAMmRNA表达的变化，探讨老年脑I／R损伤的病理生理机制。方法36只青年（5～6月龄）SD大鼠和36只老年（20～21月龄）SD大鼠，均为雄性，采用随机方法将其分别分为青年假手术组、老年假手术组、青年模型组和老年模型组。两个模型组又各随机分为缺血3h（13h）和I／R1、3、6、12d时间点，每个时间点6只大鼠。采用大脑中动脉栓塞（MCAO）方法复制脑I／R损伤动物模型，观察各组大鼠各时间点神经功能障碍评分，脑组织含水量，脑组织病理学，TNF—α、VCAM-1、ICAM-1及ICAMmRNA表达的变化。结果老年假手术组TNF—α表达高于青年假手术组；青年模型组和老年模型组脑组织含水量（I／R1～6d）、神经功能障碍评分（I3h及I／R1～12d）、TNF—α（I3h及I／R1～6d）、VCAM-1（I3h及I／R1～12d）、ICAM-1（I3h及I／R1～6d）及ICAM-1mRNA（I3h及I／R1～12d）表达均高于同龄假手术组；老年模型组神经功能障碍评分（I3h、I／R6d）、TNF—α（I／R1d、3d）、VcAM-1（I／R 3d、6d）、ICAM-1（I3h、I／R1d）及IcAM-1 mRNA（I／R1～6d）表达均高于青年模型组。结论脑I／R损伤与TNF—α、VCAM-1、ICAM-1表达增加有关，老年脑I／R损伤严重可能为随着增龄TNF—α和黏附分子表达增强所致。     

Analysis of T cell stimulation by superantigen plus major histocompatibility complex class II molecules or by CD3 monoclonal antibody: costimulation by purified adhesion ligands VCAM-1, ICAM-1, but not ELAM-1.

Many ligands of adhesion molecules mediate costimulation of T cell activation. The generality of this emerging concept is best determined by using model systems which exploit physiologically relevant ligands. We developed such an "antigen-specific" model system for stimulation of resting CD4+ human T cells using the following purified ligands: (a) major histocompatibility complex class II plus the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin A, to engage the T cell receptor (TCR); (b) adhesion proteins vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), to provide potential cell surface costimulatory signals; and (c) recombinant interleukin 1 beta (rIL-1 beta)/rIL-6 as costimulatory cytokines. In this biochemically defined system, we find that resting CD4+ T cells require costimulation in order to respond to TCR engagement. This costimulation can be provided by VCAM-1 or ICAM-1; however adhesion alone is not sufficient since ELAM-1 mediates adhesion but not costimulation. The cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-6 by themselves cannot mediate costimulation, but augment the adhesion ligand-mediated costimulation. Direct comparison with the model of TCR/CD3 engagement by CD3 monoclonal antibody demonstrated comparable costimulatory requirements in both systems, thereby authenticating the commonly used CD3 model. The costimulation mediated by the activation-dependent interaction of the VLA-4 and LFA-1 integrins with their respective ligands VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 leads to increased IL-2R alpha (CD25) expression and proliferation in both CD45RA+ CD4+ and CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells. The integrins also regulate the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In contrast the activation-independent adhesion of CD4+ T cell to ELAM-1 molecules does not lead to T cell stimulation as measured by proliferation, IL-2R alpha expression, or cytokine release. These findings imply that adhesion per se is not sufficient for costimulation, but rather that the costimulation conferred by the VLA-4/VCAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions reflects specialized accessory functions of these integrin pathways. The new finding that VLA-4/VCAM-1 mediates costimulation adds significance to observations that VCAM-1 is expressed on a unique set of potential antigen-presenting cells in vivo.     

Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as an early predictor of hepatic failure in patients with septic shock

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether endotoxin, interleukin-6, and circulating adhesion molecules, measured sequentially in blood, can predict mortality and organ dysfunction in sepsis. DESIGN: Inception cohort study with follow-up for 28 days. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit at a university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 14 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study within the first 24 hrs after onset of septic shock. Seven healthy subjects were studied as controls. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were analyzed for mortality and development of organ dysfunction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At the end of the 28-day follow-up period, seven of the patients were still alive (survivors) but the other seven (nonsurvivors) had died. At the time of enrollment in the study (day 0), the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 28.4 in survivors (n = 7) and 28.7 in nonsurvivors (n = 7). In contrast, circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Circulating ICAM-1 predicted mortality in patients with septic shock with a sensitivity and a specificity of 71.4% each. Endotoxin, interleukin-6, circulating L-selectin, P-selectin, E-selectin, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, however, did not distinguish between survivors and nonsurvivors. In addition, circulating ICAM-1 at day 0 showed a significant correlation with the highest serum bilirubin observed during the entire study period (r2 = 0.963). CONCLUSIONS: Because only circulating ICAM-1 was higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors at day 0, circulating ICAM-1 may serve as an early prognostic marker for outcome in septic shock. In addition, measurement of circulating ICAM-1 facilitates identification of those patients with the highest risk of developing liver dysfunction.     

A major role for VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1, in early atherosclerosis

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are endothelial adhesion molecules of the Ig gene superfamily that may participate in atherogenesis by promoting monocyte accumulation in the arterial intima. Both are expressed in regions predisposed to atherosclerosis and at the periphery of established lesions, while ICAM-1 is also expressed more broadly. To evaluate functions of VCAM-1 in chronic disease, we disrupted its fourth Ig domain, producing the murine Vcam1(D4D) allele. VCAM-1(D4D) mRNA and protein were reduced to 2-8% of wild-type allele (Vcam1(+)) levels but were sufficient to partially rescue the lethal phenotype of VCAM-1-null embryos. After crossing into the LDL receptor-null background, Vcam1(+/+) and Vcam1(D4D/D4D) paired littermates were generated from heterozygous intercrosses and fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 weeks. The area of early atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, quantified by en face oil red O staining, was reduced significantly in Vcam1(D4D/D4D) mice, although cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and numbers of circulating leukocytes were comparable to wild-type. In contrast, deficiency of ICAM-1 either alone or in combination with VCAM-1 deficiency did not alter nascent lesion formation. Therefore, although expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions, our data indicate that VCAM-1 plays a dominant role in the initiation of atherosclerosis.     

A two-step adhesion cascade for T cell/endothelial cell interactions under flow conditions.

Neutrophil adherence to endothelial cells (ECs) under conditions of flow occurs in successive steps, including selectin-dependent primary adhesion and CD18-dependent secondary adhesion. We used a parallel-plate flow chamber to assess the steps in T cell adherence in vitro. On monolayers of L cells transfected with the EC adhesion molecules E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin was capable of mediating only primary adhesion, ICAM-1 was capable of mediating only secondary adhesion, and VCAM-1 was capable of mediating both primary and secondary adhesion. Studies using human umbilical vein EC monolayers stimulated for 24 h with IL-1 also revealed distinct primary and secondary steps in T cell adhesion under flow, and the secondary adhesion was inhibited > 90% by blocking both VCAM-1/alpha 4 beta 1 integrin and ICAM-1/CD18 integrin pathways. However, the primary adhesion under conditions of flow could not be attributed to any of the mechanisms known to support adhesion of leukocytes to ECs. Alone, this pathway was shown to mediate T cell rolling and was a necessary prerequisite for engagement of the two integrin pathways in this system. Thus, T cell adherence to 24-h IL-1-stimulated human umbilical vein ECs at venular wall shear stresses involves at least two successive steps, with clear molecular distinctions from the mechanisms accounting for neutrophil/EC adhesion.     

氟伐他汀单用及与安体舒通联用对兔ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9的影响

目的探讨他汀类药物单用及联用醛固酮拮抗剂安体舒通对兔颈动脉组织ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达的影响。方法高脂饲养兔建立动物模型。96只新西兰兔分为对照组、高脂饮食组、氟伐他汀处理组（氟伐他汀组）以及氟伐他汀与安体舒通联合处理组（联合处理组）,每组24只。用免疫组织化学法检测ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MMP-9表达量。结果氟伐他汀组和联合处理组ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9的表达随时间的增加而逐渐降低（P〈0.05）,且在治疗8周和12周时降低较为显著（P〈0.05）。结论随着高脂饲养时间的延长,动脉组织中ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达量增加;他汀类药物可降低ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MMP-9表达量,延缓动脉粥样硬化形成及易损组织产生,联合醛固酮拮抗剂时此作用增强。     

Levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelin-1 in ischemic stroke: a longitudinal prospective study

OBJECTIVES: To determine levels of vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and endothelin (ET)-1 in patients with stroke. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients were prospectively studied. Plasma levels of VCAM-1 and ET-1 were measured by ELISA within 72 h of the event, at 7 and 90 days. RESULTS: Levels of VCAM-1 increased overtime, whereas ET-1 values were initially and persistently elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Increased circulating levels of VCAM-1 and ET-1 are present during stroke.     

Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/very late activation antigen 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 interactions in antigen-induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue

To determine the role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM- 1)/very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) interactions in causing antigen-induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue, we studied the effect of the in vivo blocking of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, and LFA-1 by pretreatment with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to these four adhesion molecules on the eosinophil and T cell infiltration of the trachea induced by antigen inhalation in mice. The in vivo blocking of VCAM-1 and VLA-4, but not of ICAM-1 and LFA-1, prevented antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the mouse trachea. On the contrary, the in vivo blocking of VCAM-1 and VLA-4, but not of ICAM-1 and LFA-1, increased blood eosinophil counts after antigen challenge, but did not affect blood eosinophil counts without antigen challenge in sensitized mice. Furthermore, the expression of VCAM-1 but not ICAM-1 was strongly induced on the endothelium of the trachea after antigen challenge. In addition, pretreatment with anti-IL-4 mAb decreased the antigen-induced VCAM-1 expression only by 27% and had no significant effect on antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the trachea. The in vivo blocking of VCAM- 1 and VLA-4 inhibited antigen-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the trachea more potently than that of ICAM-1 and LFA-1. In contrast, regardless of antigen challenge, the in vivo blocking of LFA- 1, but not of ICAM-1, increased blood lymphocyte counts more than that of VCAM-1 and VLA-4. These results indicate that VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction plays a predominant role in controlling antigen-induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue and that the induction of VCAM-1 expression on the endothelium at the site of allergic inflammation regulates this eosinophil and T cell recruitment.