盐酸吉西他滨的合成工艺研究

目的合成抗癌药盐酸吉西他滨并优化其合成工艺。方法以2-脱氧-2,2-二氟-D-赤式-呋喃戊糖-1-酮-3,5-二苯甲酸酯为起始原料,经还原、甲磺酰化、缩合、脱保护成盐、纯化得到目标化合物盐酸吉西他滨。结果与结论经四步反应和一步纯化过程制得盐酸吉西他滨,其结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR、MS和IR谱确证。改进后的工艺操作简单,总收率达到7.36%,产品纯度达到99.91%,适合于工业化生产。     

盐酸吉西他滨的处方前研究

目的测定盐酸吉西他滨在不同pH缓冲液中的平衡溶解度以及在正辛醇-水和正辛醇-缓冲液体系中的表观油水分配系数,并对其水溶液的稳定性进行研究。方法采用HPLC法测定盐酸吉西他滨的含量,摇床法测定该药物的表观溶解度和油水分配系数。结果 25℃条件下,盐酸吉西他滨在水中的平衡溶解度为58.82 g.L-1,在酸性介质中的平衡溶解度相对增加;盐酸吉西他滨的表观油水分配系数LgP为-1.22;60℃条件下,盐酸吉西他滨水溶液在pH3.84~10.37内较稳定,pH小于2或pH大于11时,降解反应加快,药物含量明显下降。结论盐酸吉西他滨的水溶性较强,其水溶液在强酸和强碱环境下不稳定。     

地西他滨合成工艺研究及其杂质的制备

目的对地西他滨合成工艺及其有关物质的制备进行研究,以确保地西他滨原料药和制剂产品的质量。方法以2-脱氧-D-核糖为原料,经羟甲基化反应、羟基保护、氯代、偶联、脱保护基、重结晶等操作得到地西他滨;以地西他滨为原料,经降解、制备型高效液相得到地西他滨的4个有关物质。结果与结论通过MS、~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR对地西他滨及4个有关物质进行了结构确证。明确了地西他滨4个杂质的来源和归属。该合成方法反应条件温和、反应原料易得、操作简单。利用该工艺路线成功实现对地西他滨的生产~[1],收率达到23.8%,产品纯度达到99.99%。     

抗肿瘤药物卡培他滨的合成工艺改进

目的改进抗肿瘤药物卡培他滨的合成工艺.方法经酰化保护的D-核糖与硅醚化的5-氟胞嘧啶反应,生成中间产物2′,3′,5′-O-三苯甲酰-5-氟胞苷(4),后者经皂化、形成酮缩、碘化、氢解及水解等反应合成了5-氟脱氧胞苷,最后与正戊基氯甲酸酯反应生成卡培他滨.结果以D-核糖为起始原料经8步反应合成卡培他滨.结论改进后的合成方法工艺简便、条件温和、原料易得,总收率由文献方法的12%提高为22%,适于工业制备.     

GC-MS/MS法测定注射用盐酸吉西他滨中五种甲磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质

目的：应用气质联用仪,建立一种注射用盐酸吉西他滨中五种甲磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质的测定方法。方法：采用多反应监测模式（MRM）监测,按标准曲线法定量。仪器的要求：离子源（EI）温度：230℃,EI源能量：70 eV;以流速为1.5 mL/min的高纯氮气（纯度≥99.999%）作为碰撞气;载气：氦气（纯度≥99.999%）,柱流速为1.0 mL/min。结果：五种甲磺酸酯类待测成分均在25～300 ng/mL的浓度区间内线性相关系数>0.999 5,线性关系良好;方法检出限为0.5μg/g（以盐酸吉西他滨计),定量限为1.0～1.1μg/g（以盐酸吉西他滨计),平均回收率为93.04%～100.41%,RSD均小于3.0%;重复性试验RSD在0.87%～2.32%;精密度试验RSD在0.30%～1.87%。结论：该方法适用于注射用盐酸吉西他滨中五种甲磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质的检测。     

盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其体外释药特性研究

目的:优化盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒的制备参数,考察纳米粒体外释药特性。方法:以壳聚糖为辅料,采用离子交联法制备盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒,以包封率、载药量、粒径为参考指标设计试验,确定优化制备参数,以透射电镜观察其表观特征,考察纳米粒体外释药程度。结果:以优化参数制备的盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒包封率为(78.93±1.52)%,载药量为(11.71±0.88)%,纳米粒的平均粒径为(169±24)nm,体外释放试验表明纳米粒中盐酸吉西他滨的释放过程符合Higuchi方程。结论:盐酸吉西他滨可以通过离子交联法制备壳聚糖纳米粒,其粒径、包封率、载药量可控,具有缓释效果。     

提高舒胸胶囊质量标准的研究

摘要目的：建立盐酸吉西他滨注射液的细菌内毒素检验方法。方法：按照《中国药典》2010年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法试验和结果判断。结果：盐酸吉西他滨注射液对鲎试剂与内毒素反应不产生干扰的最大浓度为2．5mg·mL－1,当限值设定为0．05EU·mg-1时．使用标示灵敏度为0．125EU·mL－1或灵敏度更高的鲎试剂均可对其进行细菌内毒素检查。结论：建立其细菌内毒素检查法是可行的,可用于其质量控制。     

高效毛细管电泳分离和测定注射用盐酸吉西他滨中有关物质

目的:建立高效毛细管电泳法分离盐酸吉西他滨差向异构体以及胞嘧啶,测定注射用盐酸吉西他滨的杂质盐酸吉西他滨α异构体及胞嘧啶含量。方法:采用熔融石英毛细管:总长60 cm,检测端38cm,内径50 μm;以pH 3.5的0.05 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液为运行缓冲液,运行电压为21 kV,柱温:25℃,检测波长为275 nm,真空进样5 s。结果:胞嘧啶及盐酸吉西他滨α异构体和β异构体分离完全,线性范围分别为7.0—140μg·mL-1(r=0.9994),5.0-100μg·mL-1(r=0.9996),5.8—117μg·mL-1(r=0.9996),n=5;精密度(RSD)分别为1.7％,1.9％,2.1％(n=5),最低检测浓度分别为0.5,1.0,1.2μg·mL～1。结论:方法快速、简便且准确,可用于盐酸吉西他滨的杂质盐酸吉西他滨α异构体及胞嘧啶含量的测定。     

注射用盐酸吉西他滨细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的:建立注射用盐酸吉西他滨的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:根据《中国药典》2010年版细菌内毒素检查法,采用2个不同厂家的鲎试剂对注射用盐酸吉西他滨通过调节pH值及稀释等方法进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果:样品溶液稀释为3.5mg/ml、pH值调节至7.0时对检查无干扰;细菌内毒素限值确定为0.10EU/mg。结论:注射用盐酸吉西他滨采用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法可行。     

卡培他滨的合成工艺研究

目的:改进抗肿瘤药物卡培他滨的合成工艺。方法:5-氟胞嘧啶经硅烷化保护后与1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖缩合反应,得到2,3-二-O-乙酰基-5′-脱氧-5-氟胞苷,后者与氯甲酸正戊酯酰胺化反应后经过甲醇钠/甲醇体系脱保护得到卡培他滨,重点考察了硅烷化保护剂以及不同碱性体系对脱保护反应的影响。结果:采用以上工艺,四步反应合成了卡培他滨并通过~1H-NMR和MS确认。结论:成功改进了卡培他滨的合成工艺,提高了收率,质量可控,适合工业化生产。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂致皮肤色素沉着1例分析

目的:提示临床重视注射用盐酸吉西他滨联合顺铂致皮肤色素沉着的不良反应。方法:报道注射用盐酸吉西他滨联合顺铂致罕见皮肤色素沉着1例,并搜集近年来国内、外医学文献,对本病例进行综合分析。结果与结论:注射用盐酸吉西他滨联合顺铂致色素沉着未见病例报道,有待于进一步观察研究。药源性皮肤色素沉着需引起足够重视,临床应加强对药源性皮肤色素沉着的了解,避免对患者身体和心理造成不良影响。     

Physical and chemical stability of gemcitabine hydrochloride solutions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of gemcitabine hydrochloride (Gemzar-Eli Lilly and Company) solutions in a variety of solution concentrations, packaging, and storage conditions. DESIGN: Controlled experimental trial. SETTING: Laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: Test conditions included (1) reconstituted gemcitabine at a concentration of 38 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in 0.9% sodium chloride or sterile water for injection in the original 200 mg and 1 gram vials; (2) reconstituted gemcitabine 38 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in 0.9% sodium chloride injection packaged in plastic syringes; (3) diluted gemcitabine at concentrations of 0.1 and 10 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) minibags of 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 5% dextrose injection; and (4) gemcitabine 0.1, 10, and 38 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in 5% dextrose in water and 0.9% sodium chloride injection as simulated ambulatory infusions at 32 degrees C. Test samples of gemcitabine hydrochloride were prepared in the concentrations, solutions, and packaging required. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical and chemical stability based on drug concentrations initially and after 1, 3, and 7 days of storage at 32 degrees C and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of storage at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C. RESULTS: The reconstituted solutions at a gemcitabine concentration of 38 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in the original vials occasionally exhibited large crystal formation when stored at 4 degrees C for 14 days or more. These crystals did not redissolve upon warming to room temperature. All other samples were physically stable throughout the study. Little or no change in particulate burden or the presence of haze were found. Gemcitabine as the hydrochloride salt in the solutions tested was found to be chemically stable at all concentrations and temperatures tested that did not exhibit crystallization. Little or no loss of gemcitabine occurred in any of the samples throughout the entire study period. However, refrigerated vials that developed crystals also exhibited losses of 20% to 35% in gemcitabine content. Exposure to or protection from light did not alter the stability of gemcitabine as the hydrochloride salt in the solutions tested. CONCLUSION: Reconstituted gemcitabine as the hydrochloride salt in the original vials is chemically stable at room temperature for 35 days but may develop crystals when stored at 4 degrees C. The crystals do not redissolve upon warming. Gemcitabine prepared as intravenous admixtures of 0.1 and 10 mg/mL as the hydrochloride salt in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC bags and as a solution of 38 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection packaged in plastic syringes is physically and chemically stable for at least 35 days at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C. Gemcitabine as the hydrochloride salt is stable for at least 7 days at concentrations of 0.1, 10, and 38 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection stored at 32 degrees C during simulated ambulatory infusion.     

Compatibility of gemcitabine hydrochloride with 107 selected drugs during simulated Y-site injection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical compatibility of gemcitabine hydrochloride (Gemzar-Eli Lilly and Company) with 107 selected drugs. DESIGN: Controlled experimental trial. SETTING: Laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: Samples of 5 mL gemcitabine (as the hydrochloride salt) 10 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were mixed with 5 mL samples of the selected drugs diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or, if necessary to avoid incompatibilities with the diluent, 5% dextrose injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual examinations of the samples were performed in normal fluorescent light with the unaided eye and using a Tyndall beam (high-intensity monodirectional light) to enhance visualization of small particles and low-level haze. The turbidity of each sample was measured as well. In selected samples, electronic particle content assessment was performed. All of the samples were assessed initially and at 1 and 4 hours. RESULTS: Most of the drugs were physically compatible with gemcitabine hydrochloride during the 4-hour observation period. However, 15 drug combinations had incompatibilities that included color change, increase in haze or turbidity, particulate formation, and gross precipitation: acyclovir sodium, amphotericin B, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, furosemide, ganciclovir sodium, imipenem-cilastatin sodium, irinotecan, methotrexate sodium, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, mezlocillin disodium, mitomycin, piperacillin sodium, piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium, and prochlorperazine edisylate. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine hydrochloride 10 mg/mL admixed in a compatible infusion solution is physically compatible for 4 hours at room temperature with 92 of 107 tested drugs. Simultaneous Y-site administration of gemcitabine hydrochloride with the 15 drugs resulting in incompatibilities should be avoided.     

盐酸吉西他滨脂质体包封率的测定

目的:建立盐酸吉西他滨脂质体包封率的测定方法。方法:采用超滤法分离脂质体与游离药物,高效液相色谱法测定游离药物含量,并计算包封率。结果:超滤方法中空白回收率为97.8%~100.1%,加样回收率为99.0%~100.1%;盐酸吉西他滨检测浓度的线性范围为1.0~80.0mg.L-1(r=0.999 3),平均回收率为98.7~101.2%,日内和日间RSD均小于3%,平均包封率为81.21%。结论:本方法简便、准确,可用于盐酸吉西他滨脂质体包封率的测定。     

Amino acid ester prodrugs of the anticancer agent gemcitabine: synthesis, bioconversion, metabolic bioevasion, and hPEPT1-mediated transport

Gemcitabine, a clinically effective nucleoside anticancer agent, is a polar drug with low membrane permeability and is administered intravenously. Further, extensive degradation of gemcitabine by cytidine deaminase to an inactive metabolite in the liver affects its activity adversely. Thus, strategies that provide both enhanced transport and high metabolic bioevasion would potentially lead to oral alternatives that may be clinically useful. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether amino acid ester prodrugs of gemcitabine would (a) facilitate transport across intestinal membranes or across cells that express hPEPT1 and (b) provide resistance to deamination by cytidine deaminase. 3'-Monoester, 5'-monoester, and 3',5'-diester prodrugs of gemcitabine utilizing aliphatic (L-valine, D-valine, and L-isoleucine) and aromatic (L-phenylalanine and D-phenylalanine) amino acids as promoieties were synthesized and evaluated for their affinity and direct hPEPT1-mediated transport in HeLa/hPEPT1 cells. All prodrugs exhibited enhanced affinity (IC(50): 0.14-0.16 mM) for the transporter. However, only the 5'-L-valyl and 5'-L-isoleucyl monoester prodrugs exhibited (a) increased uptake (11.25- and 5.64-fold, respectively) in HeLa/hPEPT1 cells compared to HeLa cells and (b) chemical stability in buffers, that were comparable to valacyclovir, a commercially marketed oral amino acid ester prodrug. The widely disparate enzymatic bioconversion profiles of the 5'-L-valyl and 5'-L-isoleucyl prodrugs in Caco-2 cell homogenates along with their significant resistance to deamination by cytidine deaminase suggest that the disposition of gemcitabine following oral administration would be controlled by the rate of bioconversion following transport across the intestinal epithelial membrane. The combined results also suggest that it may be possible to modulate these characteristics by the choice of the amino acid promoiety.     

Gemcitabine Hydrochloride-Loaded Functionalised Carbon Nanotubes as Potential Carriers for Tumour Targeting

The objective of the present work was to formulate gemcitabine hydrochloride loaded functionalised carbon nanotubes to achieve tumour targeted drug release and thereby reducing gemcitabine hydrochloride toxicity. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were functionalised using 1,2-distearoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine-methyl polyethylene glycol conjugate 2000. Optimised ratio 1:2 of carbon nanotubes:1,2-distearoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine-methyl polyethylene glycol conjugate 2000 was taken for loading of gemcitabine hydrochloride. The formulation was evaluated for different parameters. The results showed that maximum drug loading efficiency achieved was 41.59% with an average particle size of 188.7 nm and zeta potential of −10−1 mV. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the tubular structure of the formulation. The carbon nanotubes were able to release gemcitabine hydrochloride faster in acidic pH than at neutral pH indicating its potential for tumour targeting. Gemcitabine hydrochloride release from carbon nanotubes was found to follow Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model with non-Fickian diffusion pattern. Cytotoxic activity of formulation on A549 cells was found to be higher in comparison to free gemcitabine hydrochloride. Stability studies indicated that lyophilised samples of the formulation were more stable for 3 months under refrigerated condition than at room temperature. Thus carbon nanotubes can be promising carrier for the anticancer drug gemcitabine hydrochloride.     

Cellular and pharmacogenetics foundation of synergistic interaction of pemetrexed and gemcitabine in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells

Gemcitabine and pemetrexed are effective agents in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the present study investigates cellular and genetic aspects of their interaction against A549, Calu-1, and Calu-6 cells. Cells were treated with pemetrexed and gemcitabine, and their interaction was assessed using the combination index. The role of drug metabolism in gemcitabine cytotoxicity was examined with inhibitors of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), 5'-nucleotidase, and cytidine deaminase, whereas the role of pemetrexed targets, thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) in drug chemosensitivity was analyzed in cytotoxicity rescue studies. The effect of gemcitabine and pemetrexed on Akt phosphorylation was investigated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to study target gene-expression profiles and its modulation by each drug. Synergistic cytotoxicity was demonstrated, and pemetrexed significantly decreased the amount of phosphorylated Akt, enhanced apoptosis, and increased the expression of dCK in A549 and Calu-6 cells, as well as the expression of the human nucleoside equilibrative transporter 1 (hENT1) in all cell lines. PCR demonstrated a correlation between dCK expression and gemcitabine sensitivity, whereas expression of TS, DHFR, and GARFT was predictive of pemetrexed chemosensitivity. These data demonstrated that 1) gemcitabine and pemetrexed synergistically interact against NSCLC cells through the suppression of Akt phosphorylation and induction of apoptosis; 2) the gene expression profile of critical genes may predict for drug chemosensitivity; and 3) pemetrexed enhances dCK and hENT1 expression, thus suggesting the role of gene-expression modulation for rational development of chemotherapy combinations.     

(S)-和(R)-盐酸氟西汀的合成

目的:研究光学活性盐酸氟西汀的合成工艺。方法:以苯乙酮为起始原料,经Mannich反应、还原、醚化3步反应合成外消旋氟西汀游离碱。外消旋体用L-( )-扁桃酸和D-(-)-扁桃酸反复交替拆分,分别得到了(S)-和(R)-型的盐酸氟西汀。结果:合成外消旋氟西汀游离碱的总收率为26.4%。拆分收率为42%。结论:该方法缩短了反应路线,操作简便,收率提高,适于工业生产。