交锁扩髓髓内钉治疗胫骨干C型骨折

目的探讨交锁扩髓髓内钉治疗胫骨干C型骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法对29例胫骨干C型骨折患者行交锁扩髓髓内钉治疗。术前积极处理合并伤,行患肢跟骨牵引,术后长石膏托固定8周,并早期进行功能锻炼。结果患者伤口均愈合良好,无感染发生。29例均获随访,时间13～22个月。5例患者术后6个月摄片示胫骨骨折延迟愈合,予髓内钉一端锁钉取出动力化3个月后骨性愈合;末次随访时9例出现膝前痛。患者患肢膝关节及踝关节功能均恢复良好。骨折无畸形愈合,无髓内钉弯曲及断裂、肢体短缩和胫骨成角畸形等并发症。按Johner-Wruhs评分标准进行临床功能评分:优23例,良6例。结论交锁扩髓髓内钉治疗胫骨干C型骨折可提供多向稳定性,结合术后合理的外固定及康复锻炼,疗效确切。     

可膨胀自锁髓内钉治疗长骨干骨折24例体会

目的探讨可膨胀自锁髓内钉治疗长骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法2004年10月～2006年7月对24例长骨干骨折行可膨胀自锁髓内钉固定。固定材料:以色列DISC-O-TECH公司提供的可膨胀自锁髓内钉。结果平均手术时间60min,平均出血量为120ml,均未输血。全部患者骨折均愈合,关节活动度均满意。无血管神经损伤、术后感染、脂肪栓塞、肢体短缩、旋转移位等并发症。结论可膨胀自锁髓内钉固定可靠、疗效满意、并发症少,是治疗长骨干骨折安全有效的方法之一。     

带锁髓内钉治疗下肢骨折的并发症及防治

目的：探讨带锁髓内钉治疗下肢长管状骨骨折的并发症原因，提出防治措施。方法：回顾性分析1998年3月-2004年5月用带锁髓内钉治疗的下肢长管状骨骨折101例，发生并发症共19例。锁钉放置失败3例，正确连接或更新瞄准器；术中新骨折2例，更换或辅以其他内固定；感染2例，足量应用敏感抗生素，创口引流、冲洗；延迟愈合2例，变静力为动力固定；骨不连1例，行拔钉、扩髓、换钉、植骨；再骨折4例，二次手术或制动；锁钉断裂、退出4例，未处置；肢体短缩1例，未处置。结果：锁钉放置失败、术中新骨折、延迟愈合、骨不连、术后再骨折、感染，共14例，均骨愈合。锁钉的断裂、退出4例，未影响骨愈合。肢体短缩1例，未影响骨愈合及正常生活。结论：运用带锁髓内钉治疗下肢长管状骨骨折严格掌握适应证及遵循静力和动力固定原则、彻底清创，是减少并发症的有效措施。     

胫骨带锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫腓骨骨干骨折

目的:观察胫骨带锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫腓骨骨干骨折的临床效果。方法:本组36例(38侧)胫腓骨骨干骨折采用带有远、近端瞄准器的胫骨带锁髓内钉内固定治疗。结果:随访32例(33侧),平均愈合时间28周,1例踝关节伸屈轻度受限外,余膝、踝关节伸屈正常,2例膝部疼痛,可忍受,12例已于术后1年取出髓内钉。结论:胫骨带锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫腓骨骨干骨折既能满足早期肢体锻炼的要术,避免关节僵硬及肌肉萎缩,又解决了生活上穿衣的不便,是治疗胫腓骨骨干骨折先进的有效方法。     

带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折

[目的]总结胫骨C2型骨折的临床特点,探讨带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折的手术方法及疗效。[方法]自2000年5月～2006年3月采用带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折30例,男21例,女9例;年龄20～63岁,平均41.5岁。闭合骨折14例采用有限扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗;开放骨折16例(包括GustiloⅠ和Ⅱ型)采用非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗,均静力性固定。受伤距手术时间2h～12d,平均4.5d。[结果]平均随访时间为16.5个月(7～21个月)。30例均达骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为4～9个月,平均6.2个月。按Johner-Wruch功能评价标准,优24例,良6例。无小腿骨筋膜间隔综合征、深部感染、膝前疼痛、主钉和锁钉断裂及畸形愈合发生。2例延迟愈合。[结论]胫骨C2型骨折多由高能量损伤引起,多发生于骨干区。带锁髓内钉微创内固定是治疗胫骨C2型骨折的一种较好的方法,其操作简单、手术创伤小、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高,并发症少、疗效满意。规范和微创的手术操作应予以高度重视。     

交锁髓内钉治疗多发伤中下肢长骨干骨折

目的探讨使用交锁髓内钉治疗多发伤中下肢长骨干骨折的时机和方法。方法196例多发伤中下肢长骨干骨折255处,患者损伤严重程度评分(ISS)平均为24.1分,伴休克者57例(29.1%),85.2%的伤员在48h内,92.7%在72h内手术,255处下肢长骨干骨折(包括62处开放骨折)均采用交锁髓内钉内固定。结果伤口一期愈合率为96.9%,骨折愈合率为92.3%,未发生脂肪栓塞、ARDS、MODS、深静脉炎等并发症。本组173例患者获得随访,随访6～27个月,平均20个月。按Karlatrom评价标准,肢体关节功能恢复优良率为91.3%。结论对于多发伤中下肢长骨干骨折施行早期解剖复位交锁髓内钉内固定术是目前治疗多发伤中长骨干骨折的有效方法,早期(伤后72h以内)内固定有利于稳定伤员病情,减少并发症,提高治愈率,降低死亡率。     

交锁髓内钉在四肢长管状骨骨折中的失误与处理

目的:探讨交锁髓内钉技术的临床疗效及并发症的主要原因和治疗效果。方法:1999年6月-2004年6月采用交锁髓内钉技术治疗四肢长管状骨骨折420例,男310例,女110例;其中股骨干骨折180例,胫腓骨双骨折160例,肱骨干骨折10例,股骨粗隆间骨折60例,股骨髁上骨折10例。年龄20~87岁,平均56岁。发生并发症30例,术中骨折端劈裂2例,钢丝捆扎后完成交锁;异位再骨折2例和术后再骨折2例,更换较长的髓内钉;髓内钉卡在髓腔内进退困难1例,捶击髓内钉尾端拔出髓腔;横向交锁失误12例,其中10例在术中发现退出锁钉重新完成交锁,2例在术后发现应用石膏外固定6周;术后发生主钉断裂2例,二次手术更换较粗的主钉;骨折端不稳定出现反常活动3例,应用石膏外固定6~8周;导针与钻头相嵌顿2例,通过捶击拔出钻头退出导针;腹壁软组织损伤4例进行理疗。结果:本组400例得到6~12个月的随访,骨折全部愈合。膝关节屈曲受限(<90°)4例,肩关节外展上举受限(<90°)1例。结论:交锁髓内钉技术治疗四肢长管状骨骨折临床疗效良好;粗劣的操作技术是发生并发症的主要原因;积极处理并发症可避免功能障碍的发生。     

开放性股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉治疗

目的：探讨开放性股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉治疗的效果和并发症。方法：29例33侧开放性骨折,急诊清创后分别按直接行带锁髓内钉固定和择期行带锁髓内钉固定治疗。结果：随访6－38个月,骨折全部愈合,髋、膝关节活动良好。1例发生皮肤窦道不愈合,取钉后愈合,无其它影响 功能的并发症出现。结论：开放性肌骨干骨折在彻底清创下行带锁髓内钉治疗,有较好的效果,感染率不高。     

改良闭合穿钉法在带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折中的应用

目的 探讨改良闭合穿钉法在带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折中的应用效果及优越性.方法 采用中医手法复位小夹板固定及自制三角架辅助下闭合穿钉法,28例胫骨骨折应用闭合性带锁髓内钉内固定治疗.结果 本组随访10～24个月,平均18个月;骨折全部愈合.疗效优27例,良1例.无髓内钉断裂、松动、变形等并发症.结论 带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折术中采用手法复位小夹板固定及自制三角架辅助下闭合穿钉法,闭合穿钉成功率高,手术快捷,是基层医院一种简易、实用的手术操作方法.     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折(附76例报告)

目的 总结带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的经验。方法 采用带锁髓内钉内固定的不同类型的胫骨骨折76例。其中闭合骨折55例，开放骨折21例。76例平均随访时间17．9个月(4～31个月)。疗效评定采用Johner-wruh评分标准。结果 在55例闭合骨折中，优49例，良5例，中1例；21例开放骨折，优17例，良3例。差1例。术后均无继发性骨筋膜室综合征，无神经损伤、钉体断裂和感染。结论 带锁髓内钉适用于治疗胫骨骨折，非扩髓带锁髓内钉适于开放骨折和多发伤；早期手术并不影响预后。且可减少并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.