Multivisceral resection for locally advanced gastric cancer: A retrospective study

BackgroundMultivisceral resection may be the exclusive radical procedure for cT4b gastric cancer patients. However, most surgeons refuse to select surgery because of the theoretical higher mortality, morbidity and poorer prognosis.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed cT4b gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery from January 1,1997 to December 31,2018. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Short-term results and prognostic values of clinical and pathologic factors were also analyzed.ResultsPatients underwent multivisceral resection had an acceptable mortality and morbidity. The overall 5-year survival rate of multivisceral resection was higher than that of palliative surgery (P < 0.05). And independent prognostic factors of multivisceral resection were R+ resection, extensive lymph node involved (>15), vascular cancer emboli, and postoperative chemotherapy.Conclusions: cT4b gastric cancer patients underwent multivisceral resection experience acceptable mortality and morbidity. The independent prognostic factors for multivisceral resection were completeness of resection, extensive lymph node involvement (>15), vascular cancer emboli, and postoperative chemotherapy.     

幽门狭窄对行D2根治术的进展期远端胃癌患者预后的影响

目的 探讨幽门狭窄对行D2根治术的进展期远端胃癌患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2004年12月期间施行D2根治术的284例进展期远端胃癌患者的临床资料,比较分析伴有幽门狭窄（狭窄组,69例）与无伴幽门狭窄（无狭窄组,215例）两组患者的5年生存率、手术并发症发生率及手术死亡率.结果 狭窄组和无狭窄组患者术后5年生存率分别为38.8%和62.4%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.单因素及多因素预后分析显示,幽门狭窄、肿瘤大小、浸润深度及淋巴结转移是影响本组胃癌患者预后的独立因素（均P＜0.05）.两组患者手术并发症发生率分别为13.0%和10.2%,手术死亡率分别为2.9%和1.4%,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.结论 幽门狭窄是影响进展期远端胃癌患者预后的独立因素,伴幽门狭窄者预后较差,但幽门狭窄并不会增加D2根治术并发症发生率和死亡率.     

Stomach cancer: have changes in surgical strategy influenced the results? 20-year retrospective study

STUDY AIM: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare a group of patients who underwent resection for gastric adenocarcinoma (cancer of cardia excluded) and to assess the influence of radical lymphadenectomy on postoperative mortality and morbidity and 5-year survival rate. PATIENTS AND METHOD: One hundred and six patients were operated on from 1975 to 1985 and 99 from 1986 to 1995 for gastric adenocarcinoma located in the distal portion of the stomach in 56% and 61% respectively and, undifferenciated in 56%. Gastric resection was a subtotal gastrectomy for cancers of the lower third and total gastrectomy for cancers of the middle and superior thirds. In the first group (1975-1985), a D1 lymphadenectomy was performed in all patients. In the second group (1986-1995) a D1.5 lymphadenectomy without systematic splenectomy and pancreatectomy was applied to 49 patients. RESULTS: In the second group, the proportion of curative resection was higher (85% versus 75%) along with a higher rate of total gastrectomy (42% versus 17%). The postoperative mortality rate was 2% in the first group and 1% in the second group. The morbidity rate was 33% in the first group and 15% in the second group with a rate of anastomotic leak of 11% and 2% respectively. Among the second group, the morbidity rate was 20% after D1,5 lymphadenectomy versus 10% after D1 lymphadenectomy. The overall 5-year survival rate was 29% in the first group versus 38% in the second group. In this latter group, the overall 5-year survival was 32% after D1 lymphadenectomy and 46% after D1,5 (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Radical lymphadenectomy without associated splenic or pancreatic resection in good general status patients may provide a better staging of resected gastric cancer without increase of the postoperative mortality. However, the influence of radical lymphadenectomy on long-term survival remains to be proven.     

The radical treatment of gastric carcinoma

AIM: The aim of this paper is to review and assess the selective principles for a radical treatment of gastric carcinoma with respect to resection type as well as the role of lymphadenectomy. METHODS: From 1994 to 1999, we operated 222 patients affected by gastric adenocarcinoma at the 1st Surgical Clinic Institute in Padua. Out of the whole group, 138 patients (62.1%) underwent radical surgical treatment (75 patients with total gastrectomy, extended in 30 cases, and 63 patients by means of gastric resection). RESULTS: The overall survival rate at a median follow-up of 4 years was 58% for the patients treated with total gastrectomy, and 77% in case of distal gastric resection; 97% of patients with early gastric cancer are alive at a median follow-up of 3 years. CONCLUSION: Whenever it is feasible, subtotal gastrectomy could ensure a radical treatment of gastric carcinoma with low morbidity and mortality rate. The survival rate of such patients was 77%. Prognosis of early gastric cancer is excellent. Patients with IV stage tumors surgically treated had a poor outcome, and they should be susceptible of a multidisciplinary palliative approach.     

Significance of Long-Term Follow-Up of Early Gastric Cancer

Background Therapeutic outcomes for most patients with early gastric cancer are favorable. However, mortality among these patients remains a concern. Improvements in therapeutic outcomes are being sought by studying the timing and causes of death. Here, the results of surgery were evaluated to assess the appropriate treatment and follow-up schedule for early gastric cancer. Methods A total of 1169 patients with early gastric cancer underwent curative gastrectomy between 1992 and 1999. Survival time, prognostic factors, cause of death, and time of death were evaluated retrospectively. Results Multivariate analysis of disease-specific survival identified lymph node metastasis as an independent prognostic factor. The anatomical extent of lymph node metastasis and the number of metastatic lymph nodes influenced the rate of recurrence. Multivariate analysis of overall survival identified age as a prognostic factor. A total of 91 patients (7.8%) from the study group died: 56 from comorbid diseases, 21 from gastric cancer, and 14 from other second primary cancers. Death from gastric cancer was frequently observed within 5 years of surgical resection, whereas death from other diseases usually occurred after 5 years. Patients who died as a result of diseases other than gastric cancer tended to be older. Conclusions Appropriate lymph node dissection is necessary for patients with early gastric cancer, particularly those with risk factors associated with lymph node metastasis. Meticulous follow-up protocols that can detect second primary cancers, together with the development of treatments for comorbid diseases, are required to improve survival.     

Results of an aggressive surgical approach to gastric carcinoma during a twenty-three-year period

The early work of Dr. William Longmire with total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma prompted us to initiate an aggressive surgical approach to gastric carcinoma in 1960: in curative resections radical total gastrectomy with hepaticoceliac-left gastric arterial node dissection was to be performed for tumors involving the entire stomach or upper two thirds and radical 80% to 90% subtotal gastrectomy with similar node dissection for tumors located in the antrum. During a 23-year period 213 patients with confirmed gastric carcinoma were studied. Celiotomy was performed in 192: advanced gastric cancer was found in 185 and seven had early gastric cancer. In only 80 patients could resections for "cure" be done. In 31 patients who underwent total or extended total gastrectomy the operative mortality rate was 9.6%, and life table survival curves show a better survival rate than in 49 patients treated by subtotal gastrectomy, with an operative mortality rate of 16.3%. The study shows the urgent need for diagnosis of early gastric cancer by gastroscopic screening of adults at risk and the meager salvage by radical resection in advanced disease.     

Surgical treatment of radiation enteritis.

Radiation enteritis is a progressive, disease process that causes intestinal fibrosis and obliterative endarteritis, which results in significant morbidity and mortality. The authors' clinical experience involving 20 patients over a 22-year period from 1967 through 1989 who underwent various surgical procedures to alleviate chronic symptoms secondary to radiation enteritis is described. Eight men and 12 women with a mean age of 52 years (24 to 81 years) underwent a total of 27 procedures for complications of radiation enteritis. Radiation therapy was delivered for treatment of gynecologic malignancies (55%), colorectal cancer (20%), prostate malignancies (10%), and others (15%). The mean average dose of radiation delivered was 5,514 rads with a range of 2,613 to 7,000 rads. The interval from radiation treatment to time of surgery averaged 9 years. Operative procedures consisted of 12 resection and primary anastomosis procedures and 15 resections with stoma creation. Formation of a stoma was used in patients with more severe disease. The 30-day operative mortality was 0% and morbidity was 55%. There were no anastomotic leaks or intra-abdominal abscesses. The authors conclude that resection and primary anastomosis can safely be performed in selected patients but that judicious use of stoma formation can avoid major mortality and morbidity associated with surgery in this setting.     

老年人胃癌49例手术治疗分析

目的 探讨老年人胃癌围手术期处理的有关问题及适当的手术治疗方式。方法 回顾性分析1993-1998年我院收治70岁以上老年人胃癌53例,其中施行手术49例的临床资料和手术疗效。结果老年人胃癌起病隐匿,症状多无特异性。术前多数合并有其它疾病;手术证实多数为中晚期胃癌,癌肿多见于幽门窦（77.5％）。大于5cm并累及胃浆膜层（81.6％）。病理检查多分分化型腺癌（73.4％）。49例中30例行胃癌切除术,切除率为61.2％;其中根治性切除8例（17％）,姑息性切除22例（45％）。其它手术19例（胃-空肠吻合术13例,手术探查取活检6例）。围手术期死亡率2.7％。手术后并发症27例（55％）。根治性切除术后5年生存率2.5％,姑息性切除术后五年生存率为零。结论 老年人胃癌有其特殊性,其围手术期处理至关重要,手术根治性切除率低。手术方式应根据病情而定,对早期或中期胃癌争取行D2以内的胃癌根治术。术前充分准备,提高病人手术耐受能力,手术时间以不超过2h为好,术毕常规残留或空肠造瘘,以期减少术后并发症。术后加强管理,并辅以腹腔灌注化疗,对提高病人生活质量,延长生存期有明显帮助。     

Adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: treatment via a left thoracoabdominal approach

We examined the outcome of adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia treated by total or proximal gastrectomy, lower esophagectomy, and D2 lymphadenectomy via a left thoracoabdominal approach. We compare these results with those of other methods as well as review the literature. During a 10-year period (1991-2000) 180 patients with primary gastric cancer were admitted to our department. Thirty-six of the patients had adenocarcinoma of the cardia. Twenty-four patients underwent total gastrectomy, D2 lymphadenectomy, and esophagectomy, and four others underwent proximal gastrectomy and esophagectomy with esophagogastric anastomosis via a left thoracoabdominal approach. These latter 28 patients compose our study group. We had no operative mortality, the morbidity varied, and the quality of life and the loss of body weight ranged within satisfactory levels, but the survival rate was rather poor. The median survival time was 19 +/- 1.2 months. Survival was significantly longer in patients with less than 40 per cent positive resected lymph nodes (P = 0.035). From the resulting data and our experience we believe that the left thoracoabdominal approach gives excellent exposure for radical resection of cancer of the gastric cardia and should be the procedure of choice for curative resection of such tumors. This approach combined with total gastrectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy can be performed with an acceptably low mortality rate; it provides good palliation but not encouraging survival rates. Although it is less radical proximal gastrectomy gives the same results and a better quality of life but may be performed only in the early stages of the disease.     

Predictors of operative morbidity and mortality in gastric cancer surgery

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify factors that predict morbidity and mortality in gastric cancer surgery. METHODS: Data on 719 consecutive patients who underwent operations for gastric cancer at Seoul National University Hospital between January and December 2002 were reviewed. RESULTS: Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 17.4 per cent (125 patients) and 0.6 per cent (four patients) respectively, and the rates of surgical and non-surgical complications were 14.7 per cent (106 patients) and 3.3 per cent (24 patients). Morbidity rates were higher in patients aged over 50 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.04 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1.02 to 1.06)), when the gastric tumour was resected with another organ (36 per cent for combined resection versus 15.4 per cent for gastrectomy only; OR 3.25 (95 per cent c.i. 1.76 to 6.03)) and when gastrojejunostomy was used for reconstruction after subtotal gastrectomy (17.0 per cent for Billroth II versus 9.5 per cent for Billroth I; OR 2.00 (95 per cent c.i. 1.05 to 3.79)). Only three patients (2.8 per cent) with a surgical complication underwent reoperation, two for adhesive obstruction and one for intra-abdominal bleeding. CONCLUSION: Age, combined resection and Billroth II reconstruction after radical subtotal gastrectomy were independently associated with the development of complications after gastric cancer surgery.     

胃癌并局限型肝转移同步切除九例报告

目的探讨同步切除治疗胃癌并局限型肝转移的临床效果。方法回顾性分析胃癌并局限型肝转移行同步切除的9例患者的临床资料。结果行根治性远端胃大部分切除术7例,根治性近端胃大部分切除术1例,根治性全胃切除1例;局部肝切除8例,左半肝切除1例。无手术死亡病例。术后生存期分别为9、12、12、13、21、24、30、37和62个月,平均生存24.3个月。术后6例再发残肝转移。死亡原因中,3例死于残肝转移,3例死于腹膜转移。结论对胃癌并局限型肝转移患者施行原发灶根治性切除和肝转移灶同步切除可有效地延长生命。     

早期胃癌的诊断与外科治疗

目的总结14例早期胃癌临床特点及诊治经验，并探讨最佳诊治方法。方法对14例早期胃癌患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例全部接受纤维胃镜或电子胃镜检查，确诊率96．8％；本组2例采用内镜粘膜切除术：2例采用保留迷走神经胃段切除术；其余10例采用D2根治术8例，Dt根治术2例。结论早期胃癌缺乏特异症状、早期误诊率高，胃镜检查是诊断早期胃癌的首选方法。D2根治术应做为根治早期胃癌的标准术式．内镜下粘膜切除术、保留迷走神经胃段切除术有利于保持患者术后生存质量。     

肿瘤切除联合肝移植治疗消化道原发性肿瘤伴肝转移

目的探讨在根治性切除原发性肿瘤的前提条件下，联合应用肝移植治疗肝转移癌是否为一种合理性的策略。方法借鉴国外的相关经验，实施结、直肠癌Dixon术联合原位肝移植2例次，胃癌D4根治术联合原位肝移植1例次。结果3例患者中，有2例分别于术后4个月和8个月死于肿瘤复发；1例结、直肠癌患者无瘤存活16个月余。结论对部分具有较好生物学特性的消化道肿瘤伴肝转移，原发性肿瘤切除联合肝移植可作为少数患者获得治疗机会的一种选择。     

Association of Splenectomy With Postoperative Complications in Patients With Proximal Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer

Background: Splenectomy has been associated with increased morbidity after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Resection of proximal versus distal tumors is associated with a higher morbidity. Because splenectomy is more commonly performed in resection of proximal tumors, these analyses may be biased. The aim of this study was to describe the association of splenectomy with complications in patients undergoing resection of proximal gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers.Methods: From July 1985 to August 2001, 335 patients underwent resection of proximal gastric or GEJ (type II and III) cancers. Clinical and pathologic factors were retrieved from a prospective database.Results: Overall morbidity was 59% (infectious complications, 41%; noninfectious complications, 36%), and mortality was 4.5%. Splenectomy was associated with a higher rate of infectious complications (57% vs. 33%; P < .01) but not of noninfectious complications (39% vs. 34%; not significant) or mortality (4% vs. 5%; not significant). Splenectomy was also associated with a higher rate of infectious complications on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 2.4; P < .01).Conclusions: Morbidity after resection of proximal gastric and GEJ cancer is significant; splenectomy is associated with increased morbidity, but not mortality, in these patients. Because these complications can be managed without an increase in mortality, splenectomy should be performed when indicated by the extent of the tumor.     

Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer has been proposed to remove lymph nodes along the upper border of the pancreas without performing a distal pancreatic resection. However, the original technique includes the ligation of the splenic artery at its origin and thus carries the risk of pancreatic necrosis. HYPOTHESIS: A technique of pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy that includes ligation of the splenic artery approximately 5 cm distally from the root may reduce the risk of postoperative pancreatic necrosis. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Both primary and referral hospital care. PATIENTS: Hospital records of 228 consecutive patients who, according to a personal technique, underwent D3 pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer from 1981 to 1997 were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgical complications, postoperative deaths, and survival. RESULTS: Hospital morbidity and mortality were 33.3% and 3.9%, respectively. No patients experienced pancreatic necrosis. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection was 53.6%: 96.9% for stage IA, 76.3% for stage IB, 63.0% for stage II, 35.6% for stage IIIA, 27.0% for stage IIIB, and 20.3% for stage IV (N3-positive patients) disease. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study show the efficacy of this method of radical resection for gastric cancer as demonstrated by the low incidence of postoperative complications and high survival rates.     

Survival after surgery for gastric cancer in patients over 70 years of age

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The increase of the elderly population in western societies will result in a considerable increase of gastric cancer patients older than 70 years requiring surgery. However, higher postoperative morbidity and mortality rates after major surgery in the elderly are well recognized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors of mortality and predictors of survival in elderly patients with gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY: We reviewed the data of the 165 patients evaluated for gastric cancer surgery in the Oulu University Hospital from January 1985 till December 1994 and made a computer analysis. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality was 12% both after all laparotomies and after all resections, and 6% after radical resections. Mortality after radical resection did not associate significantly with any clinical variable but morbidity was associated with the number of coexistent diseases. The median and cumulative 5-year survivals after radical resections were 40 months and 38%. Survival was closely related to diagnostic delay, preoperative loss of weight, two or more coexistent disease, location of tumor, and recurrence in univariate analysis, but multivariate analysis showed only preoperative weight loss and recurrent disease to be independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Age alone is not a risk factor for postoperative mortality or a predictor of survival among elderly patients with gastric cancer. Early detection of malignancy and careful preoperative evaluation of the patients referred for resection are needed to improve survival.     

淋巴结清扫在胃癌外科治疗中的地位评价

胃癌是最常见、病死率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。当前,外科手术治疗是胃癌最主要的治疗方法,根治性的切除是胃癌病人获得治愈的唯一手段。据报道,D2淋巴结清扫术将使胃癌病人在生存时间上获益,对于进展期胃癌,D2手术被广泛地接受和应用。淋巴结清扫是胃癌根治性手术中最重要的部分,同时连同淋巴一起整块的切除是胃癌手术的难点所在。     

Surgical outcomes and survival after multiorgan resection for locally advanced gastric cancer

Background

Multiple organ resection for locally advanced (assumed T4) gastric cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of these surgeries with regard to surgical morbidity, mortality, and survival.

Methods

Fifty-six patients underwent potentially radical gastrectomy combined with invaded organ resection. Early and late results of multiorgan resection and clinicopathologic factors influencing these results were evaluated.

Results

Forty patients (71.4%) received 1 additional organ resection and 16 patients (28.6%) received 2 or more additional organ resections. Postoperative morbidity and mortality was 37.5% and 12.5%, respectively. Resection of 2 or more additional organs increased postoperative morbidity and advanced age increased mortality. The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 53.3% and 28.1%, respectively. Advanced age, lymph node metastasis, and resection of more than 1 additional organ were significant prognostic factors for survival.

Conclusions

For patients with locally advanced gastric carcinoma, multiple organ resection is worthwhile with careful patient selection.     

1142例胃癌切除术围手术期死亡因素分析

目的研究影响胃癌围手术期死亡的主要因素,为指导选择合理的切除范围和手术方式提供依据。方法回顾1989年1月至2004年3月胃癌手术后1142例患者的临床资料,按照不同年代分为3组,第1组:1989年1月至1994年1月,405例;第2组:1994年2月至1999年1月,377例;第3组:1999年2月至2004年3月,360例。比较3组间的围手术期死亡率,采用Logistic多因素回归分析研究影响手术死亡率的危险因素。结果全组患者术后并发症发生率和死亡率分别为11.2%(128/1142)和3.6%(41/1142)。第1、2、3组的术后并发症发生率依次为13.1%、10.1%和10.3%;3组比较,P>0.05。3组手术死亡率依次为4.7%、3.4%和2.5%,3组比较,P>0.05。术后最常见的并发症是吻合口瘘(24.2%,31/128),影响手术死亡的主要因素为临床Ⅳ期、姑息性切除术、联合脏器切除及术前合并症的存在(P<0.05)。Logistic多元回归分析显示淋巴结的清除范围和手术方式不是影响手术死亡的主要因素(P>0.05)。结论胃癌晚期患者手术死亡率高,对胃癌Ⅳ期患者行姑息性切除手术时应避免施行不必要的淋巴结清除及联合脏器切除术。     

Surgical outcomes and survival after extended multiorgan resection for T4 gastric cancer

BackgroundExtended multiorgan resection (EMR) for locally advanced (T4) gastric cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach with regard to morbidity, mortality, and survival.MethodsBetween 2005 and 2009, 41 patients underwent aggressive surgery for clinical T4 gastric cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for surgical outcomes and survival in these patients.ResultsCurative resection was performed in 29 patients (70.7%); postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 17.1% and 4.9%, respectively. The survival rate in R0 resection patients was significantly longer than that in patients undergoing R1 or R2 resection. Multivariate analysis identified resectability and tumor size (≥10 cm) as independent prognostic factor for patients with T4 gastric cancer undergoing combined resection.ConclusionsEMR should be performed for patients with T4 gastric cancer in whom curative resection can be used.