股骨粗隆下骨折的手术治疗进展

股骨粗隆下骨折是一类比较特殊的骨折,可导致患者髋部畸形、功能障碍、肢体残疾、生活质量降低甚至死亡^[1]。Boyd等^[2]最先将股骨粗隆下骨折描述为骨折线在股骨小粗隆下5 cm范围内的骨折,也有学者认为股骨小粗隆到股骨中上1/3处均是该骨折的定位范围^[3]。高能量损伤引起的复杂股骨粗隆下骨折常见于年轻患者,老年患者常因基础病较多且骨质量较差,低能量便可导致骨折^[4]。     

超声引导下持续髋关节囊周围神经阻滞在老年患者髋部骨折术前镇痛的效果

<正>髋部骨折是老年人常见的骨创伤疾病,98%的老年髋部骨折患者需要早期手术治疗,这类患者骨折后24～48 h内实施手术已成共识^[1]。老年患者往往合并多种慢性基础疾病,髋部骨折创伤及疼痛刺激,可加重基础疾病的症状,影响术前身体状况的调整。手术时机的延后可增加该类患者术后并发症的发生率和死亡率^[2]。     

肱骨近端骨折手术治疗的进展与思考

<正>肱骨近端骨折约占全身骨折的4%～5%,大多数肱骨近端骨折是老年人低能量的骨质疏松性骨折,在老年患者中,可达到全身骨折的10%^[1-2],成为继髋部骨折和桡骨远端骨折之后的老年人第三大常见骨折类型。随着全球人口老龄化的增长,肱骨近端骨折的发生率正在上升^[3]。     

乙肝感染与肾脏疾病防治现状及研究进展

<正>乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染呈世界性流行,我国当前乙肝病毒的流行率为7%左右^[1]。据WHO报道,2019年全球有2.96亿慢性HBV感染者^[2]。2006年我国慢性HBV感染者约9 300万^[3],至2016年慢性HBV感染者达8 600万^[4]。     

基于“肾络瘀损”理论探讨风药在慢性肾脏病中的应用

<正>慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是一种进展性疾病,据统计数据表明,我国成人CKD患病率为13.39%,60岁及以上老年人群患病率19.25%^[1]。CKD已严重威胁我国居民生命健康,给我国造成了巨大的社会和经济损失。CKD发展到晚期时可考虑逐步过渡到透析^[2],通常患者生活质量大幅降低且死亡率明显增高^[3],因此寻找有效的非透析治疗是研究的重点^[4]。中医药在稳定CKD患者的肾功能,延缓CKD的进展具有一定意义[5-7]。     

移位跟骨关节内骨折手术方法的进展与选择

<正>跟骨骨折是临床较为常见的后足损伤,多为高处坠落所致,占全身骨折的1%～2%^[1],占足踝部骨折的60%,分为关节内骨折和关节外骨折,其中75%为关节内骨折^[2]。目前研究表明,移位的关节内骨折手术治疗是适当的,虽然文献中关于跟骨骨折的最佳治疗方法存在许多争议,但毫无疑问的是,成功的关节复位和重建正常的跟骨结构对良好的临床疗效至关重要^[3]。     

髋臼骨折治疗的选择和对策

<正>髋臼骨折是髋部常见的损伤类型,分为简单和复杂两个大的类别,简单的髋臼骨折类型如后壁骨折、前柱骨折,其治疗措施相对单一,容易;复杂的髋臼骨折如完全双柱骨折,“T”形骨折的手术治疗非常具有挑战性,不仅手术难度高,而且在与骨折治疗有关的诸如分类、手术入路和内固定选择等方面存在较多的争议^[1]。此外,近年来逐渐增多的老年髋臼骨折的治疗也是研究的热点之一^[2]。     

超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流治疗腹主动脉瘤支架植入后感染1例报告

<正>腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)是腹主动脉内膜、中膜及外膜三层结构向外周的局限性扩张,且扩张段内径超过正常腹主动脉内径的50%^[1,2],最常见的好发部位是肾动脉下型AAA^[3],主要威胁在于瘤体破裂,若发生破裂死亡率高达90%^[4,5]。腔内修复术(endovascular aneurysm repair,EVAR)是通过介入的方法将带膜支架置于AAA腔内,将瘤体和血流隔开,瘤腔内血栓形成并逐渐机化,避免血管发生破裂^[6,7]。EVAR由于微创、围手术期病死率低、术后恢复快等优点,容易被临床医生及患者接受,近年来已成为AAA患者的一线治疗方案^[8,9]。但EVAR并发症较多,包括内漏、移位、破裂、感染等^[10],1993年Chalmers等^[11]首先报道支架植入后感染,发生率0.5%～5%,但死亡率高达75%。本文对我院血管外科2021年6月收治的1例EVAR术后支架移植物...     

陈旧性肩关节后脱位伴反Hill-Sachs损伤1例报道

<正>肩关节后脱位是一种罕见的损伤,仅占所有肩关节脱位的2%～5%^[1]。根据Neer的报道,肩关节后脱位造成的骨折占肩部骨折的0.9%^[2]。2012年Jacobson等^[3]在综述中报道了肩关节后脱位造成的骨折类型,反Hill-sachs损伤最常见,占29.3%,肱骨解剖颈骨折占18.5%,大结节骨折占7.8%,小结节骨折占14.3%,肱骨干、肩胛骨、锁骨等其他骨折占6%。     

老年髋部骨折围术期心力衰竭的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者围手术期发生心力衰竭的相关危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2017年1月因髋部骨折于秦皇岛市第一医院住院治疗的225例患者,其中心衰组64例、非心衰组161例,记录并比较两组患者的基本情况、相关检查结果及术中、术后管理因素等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析老年髋部骨折围手术期发生心力衰竭的相关危险因素。 结果心衰组与非心衰组在年龄、收缩压、入院至手术时间、ASA分级、系统疾病数超过4种、合并心血管疾病、低血红蛋白量、手术方式、输血量≥400 ml、术中补液量大、每日液体出入量差值大、输注血白蛋白、术后电解质紊乱等方面具有统计学差异（χ²=19.861,χ²=7.075,χ²=8.732,χ²=25.504,χ²=29.226,χ²=45.825,χ²=14.362,χ²=6.662,χ²=8.190,χ²=7.216,χ²=30.086,χ²=10.122,χ²=12.079,均P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析示系统疾病数超过4种、合并心血管疾病、低血红蛋白量、电解质紊乱、围手术期液体"正平衡"、ASA分级Ⅱ级以上为老年髋部骨折患者围手术期发生心力衰竭的独立危险因素（OR：5.769,95% CI：1.212~36.243;OR：9.576,95% CI：2.118~45.387;OR：3.686,95% CI：1.313~10.349;OR：6.584,95% CI：1.217~26.744;OR：14.114,95% CI：5.021~42.342;OR：6.012,95% CI：3.245~11.329）。 结论老年髋部骨折围手术期发生心力衰竭是由多种因素共同作用的结果,围手术期准确的风险评估、早期治疗合并症、减少手术创伤以及完善术后补液是减少此类患者发生心力衰竭的关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.