Nod样受体与Toll受体介导炎症的研究进展

固有免疫系统是抵御微生物入侵的第一道防线,它依赖模式识别受体识别外源病原微生物然后将其清除。Toll样受体（TLR）和Nod样受体（NLR）是介导免疫识别的重要受体,其通过识别病原体相关分子模式不仅启动了固有免疫应答,而且激活了适应性免疫应答,是连接固有免疫和适应性免疫的桥梁。中性粒细胞是机体早期炎症反应中最重要的炎症细胞,其粘附、活化及凋亡的整个过程可受TLR的调节,促成炎症反应的无损伤性收敛,使机体维持内环境的稳态。     

Toll样受体与抗真菌免疫

Toll样受体（TLR）是固有免疫系统中特异的I型跨膜蛋白,能广泛识别细菌、真菌及病毒等表面保守的病原相关分子模式（PAMP）,传导炎症信号,介导多种生物学效应,是联系固有免疫和适应性免疫的桥梁。已证实TLR能够通过识别真菌表面某些PAMP,激活巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的吞噬作用并释放各种炎性细胞因子,从而起到抗真菌作用。对TLR进一步深入研究将有可能为真菌感染性疾病的免疫治疗提供新的思路。     

TLR9介导B细胞活化及其意义

Toll样受体（TLR）是固有免疫系统介导免疫识别的重要受体。随着研究的深入,TLR被认为在适应性免疫中起着重要作用。新近研究显示,TLR尤其是TLR9可能直接介导B细胞活化,在抗体生成和类别转换过程中发挥重要作用,而不适当的TLR刺激则可能活化自身反应性B细胞,导致自身免疫性疾病。     

Toll样受体在寄生虫感染过程中的作用

Toll样受体（TLR）是天然免疫系统识别病原微生物的主要受体,在天然免疫反应中具有重要的作用。TLR通过识别病原相关模式分子以激活抗感染的天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答。TLR信号通路可通过诱导炎性因子的产生在适应性免疫应答中发挥重要作用。本文就TLR在寄生虫感染中发挥的作用作一综述。     

白细胞介素-17参与固有免疫应答的研究进展

白细胞介素(IL)-17是一类重要的细胞因子,通常认为IL-17主要由Th17细胞分泌,参与机体的适应性免疫应答.近年来大量研究表明,在肺、胃肠黏膜及皮肤等屏障组织中存在多种固有免疫细胞可以分泌IL-17,作为的机体免疫系统第一道防线的重要成员,一方面通过模式识别受体迅速感知外来抗原的刺激,趋化募集到损伤部位,不经克隆扩增即可发挥清除病原,参与炎症、应激或者超敏反应的作用.另一方面,分泌IL-17的固有免疫细胞能够与慢性炎症的记忆细胞相互作用,启动适应性免疫应答,发挥调节机体免疫稳态的功能.     

自噬相关蛋白对固有免疫调控的研究进展

模式识别受体（PPRs）识别病原微生物成分,诱导机体产生固有免疫应答。固有免疫应答异常,可导致超强的炎症反应,并可引起自身免疫性疾病。因此,必须对固有免疫应答进行严格的调控,才能维持机体生理平衡稳定。近年来,研究发现细胞自噬（autophagy）对固有免疫应答有着重要的调控作用。     

TLR信号转导通路及其抗病毒感染机制的研究现状

Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)是近年来发现的机体识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular pat-tern,PAMP)从而激活固有免疫应答的重要受体系统,并可激起适应性免疫应答,其通过介导多种信号转导通路激活固有免疫,与宿主抵抗病毒感染、炎症反应及自身免疫性疾病有直接关系。本文就TLR的分子结构、分布、识别的配体、信号转导通路及抗病毒感染机制等的研究现状作一综述。     

自然杀伤细胞活化性受体的研究进展

自然杀伤细胞（NK）是机体固有免疫系统的重要效应细胞,其不仅能杀死病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞,还参与调节固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答.NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤效应取决于NK细胞抑制性受体和活化性受体与其配体相互作用的整合,而NK细胞不杀伤正常组织是因为抑制性受体对HLA-Ⅰ类分子的优势识别.NK细胞抑制性受体研究比较成熟,近几年NK细胞活化性受体研究进展很快.     

中性粒细胞在结核病免疫中的作用及其研究进展

多形核中性粒细胞(PMN)作为机体重要的固有免疫效应细胞,是机体抵抗病原微生物感染的第一道防线。早期的研究认为PMN仅作为吞噬细胞在结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)感染的早期参与抗结核病的固有免疫应答,但近年来的研究显示PMN还参与了结核病适应性免疫的诱导和调节,对结核病免疫的发展有重要的影响。目前,人们对其在结核病免疫过程中发挥的确切功能、对结核发生发展的影响及相关机制还未完全明了,然而近年来越来越多的研究正逐步加深我们对PMN在结核病免疫中的作用的认识。现就近年来有关PMN在结核病免疫中的研究进展进行综述。     

Toll样受体4与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化是心脑血管疾病的病理基础。但目前关于动脉粥样硬化的发病机制还不是很清楚。普遍认为免疫应答,包括固有免疫和适应性免疫在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中起了重要作用。Toll受体4（TLR4）是抗原相关分子模式（PAMP）受体,在识别微生物感染、激发先天性免疫反应中发挥了重要作用。近来发现炎症在动脉粥样硬化发展的各个阶段均发挥了重要作用,虽然目前确切的证据还缺乏,但是越来越多的调查发现,病原体感染引起的分子和细胞的改变表明炎症具有这种作用。     

TLR4与中枢神经系统损伤

As a receptor mediating the transmembrane signal transduction in the innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a bridge between innate immunity and required immunity, and plays an important role when signal-transducing of some cells are activated. Recent reports show that TLR4 expresses in the different glial cells and strongly links to the innate immune activation and inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS). TLR4 plays a key role in the processes of brain damage by infection of the CNS, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage and trauma. In this review, we concentrate on recent findings regarding the progress of function and mechanism of TLR4 in the processes of the CNS damage in various diseases.     

Toll样受体-9的研究进展

Toll样受体-9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)是哺乳动物TLRs家族中一员,作为细胞表面的天然模式识别受体,主要参与免疫刺激序列(CpG序列)激活免疫细胞的信号传导,从而在天然抗感染免疫及联系天然免疫和获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。通过对TLR9-CpG作用通路的研究,将促进天然免疫机制研究的进一步深入,有利于解决诸如:CpG佐剂、DNA疫苗、CpG抗感染、抑制肿瘤、预防过敏反应等实际应用过程中存在的问题。     

广谱模式识别分子Toll-like receptor 2的研究进展

TLR-2（Toll-like receptor 2,TLR-2）是哺乳动物TLRs（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）家族的一员,作为细胞表面的天然受体蛋白,主要参与病原微生物产物的识别及炎症信号传导,介导天然抗感染兔疫;最近又发现其参与机体对非感染因子所致炎性组织损伤的识别。通过对TLR-2参与的识别和细胞内信号传导机制的研究,可为深入探讨抵御微生物感染的机制、对自身正常与非正常组织的识别提供新的思路。     

Toll-like receptors

The toll-like receptors are innate immunity receptors which recognise particular exogenous structures in the microorganisms pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and endogenous structures damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Eleven TLR have been identified among human beings. These are danger receptors located in the cells of the immune system but also in other cells. Their primary function is the recognition of pathogens and the activation of the cell that holds them. It follows from it an action on the cells environment, inflammation cells and an activation of the adaptive immunity. The knowledge of the intracellular signalisation ways of the TLR has allowed us to understand the physiopathology of certain diseases. Thus, several works use the agonists of TLR to stimulate them: vaccines against infectious diseases, allergies and cancers. The antagonists are used to block the TLR in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. It is clear that the border between innate and adaptive immunity fades and that these two components of the immune response are closely related, thus opening up new prospects diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.     

MicroRNAs in the regulation of TLR and RIG-I pathways

The innate immune system recognizes invading pathogens through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which elicit innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and initiate adaptive immunity to control or eliminate infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are the key innate immune PRRs and are tightly regulated by elaborate mechanisms to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. Although much of the focus in the literature has been on the study of protein regulators of inflammation, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important controllers of certain features of the inflammatory process. Several miRNAs are induced by TLR and RIG-I activation in myeloid cells and act as feedback regulators of TLR and RIG-I signaling. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the recent understanding of how miRNA networks respond to TLR and RIG-I signaling and their role in the initiation and termination of inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence also indicates that both virus-encoded miRNAs and cellular miRNAs have important functions in viral replication and host anti-viral immunity.     

先天免疫的研究进展

近来,关于先天免疫的研究有了突飞猛进的进展。特别是在关于模式识别受体的发现和功能研究方面。模式识别受体能识别病原相关的分子模式。先天免疫不但提供抗感染的第一防线而且调控后天获得性免疫的激活。如果没有先天免疫,后天获得性免疫的功能会变得很微弱。Toll样受体是先天免疫的关键感受器和研究最多的模式识别受体。激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达。所有这些关于研究Toll样受体及其信号通路的新见解已经开始改变我们对炎性反应和免疫反应相关疾病的预防和治疗。     

Toll样受体7作为新靶点在过敏性及自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)属于模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)家族,通过迅速识别入侵微生物病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)激活下游信号传导途径,引发机体的免疫反应,是连接固有免疫与适应性免疫的桥梁.目前在人类发现10种不同TLRs,分别命名为TLR1 ～TLR10.近年的研究显示,TLR7与过敏性疾病、自身免疫性疾病—过敏性哮喘、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等有密切的联系.TLR7的激活状态影响上述疾病的发生、发展和预后.这些证据预示TLR7可能作为潜在靶点为哮喘和SLE的治疗提供新的方向.     

Toll-like receptor 2 modulates the proinflammatory milieu in Staphylococcus aureus-induced brain abscess

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that plays an important role in innate immune recognition of conserved structural motifs on a wide array of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. To ascertain the functional significance of TLR2 in the context of central nervous system (CNS) parenchymal infection, we evaluated the pathogenesis of S. aureus-induced experimental brain abscess in TLR2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The expression of several proinflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2, was significantly attenuated in brain abscesses of TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice during the acute phase of infection. Conversely, interleukin-17 (IL-17), a cytokine produced by activated and memory T cells, was significantly elevated in lesions of TLR2 KO mice, suggesting an association between innate and adaptive immunity in brain abscess. Despite these differences, brain abscess severity in TLR2 KO and WT animals was similar, with comparable mortality rates, bacterial titers, and blood-brain barrier permeability, implying a role for alternative PRRs. Expression of the phagocytic PRRs macrophage scavenger receptor type AI/AII and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) was increased in brain abscesses of both TLR2 KO and WT mice compared to uninfected animals. However, LOX-1 induction in brain abscesses of TLR2 KO mice was significantly attenuated compared to WT animals, revealing that the TLR2-dependent signal(s) influence LOX-1 expression. Collectively, these findings reveal the complex nature of gram-positive bacterial recognition in the CNS which occurs, in part, through engagement of TLR2 and highlight the importance of receptor redundancy for S. aureus detection in the CNS.     

人Toll样受体9基因多态性与免疫异常疾病的相关性研究进展

Toll样受体9（TLR9）是一种模式识别受体,在天然免疫系统及获得性免疫应答的激活和调节中发挥着重要作用。TLR9基因被认为是炎性相关基因,基因的变异可能与许多免疫异常疾病有相关性,主要包括Th-2驱使的特异反应性疾病及以Th-1占主体的自身免疫性疾病。国内外已有许多关于人TLR9基因多态性与免疫异常疾病易感性的研究,该文就这些研究作一综述。