慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并气胸及出血性休克1例护理

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种具有气流受限特征的肺部疾病,气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展。自发性气胸是COPD常见的并发症之一。本科于2008年7月收治1例COPD患者先后并发气胸、上消化道出血致出血性休克,经采取相应的治疗和护理措施,取得良好的效果,现将护理措施报道如下。     

感染性休克患者中心静脉压与全心舒张末期容积指数相关性研究

【】目的：通过观察感染性休克患者中心静脉压(CVP)与全心舒张末期容积指数(GEVDI)的相关性,探讨CVP与GEDVI的临床应用价值。方法：采用回顾性分析研究方法,选取2013年01月至2014年12月收住南通大学附属医院重症医学科符合感染性休克诊断标准的56例患者作为研究对象。分别记录患者在入科后及不同治疗时段的CVP、GEDVI、心脏指数(CI)等血流动力学参数。计算CVP、GEDVI、CI之间的相关性,并进行分析研究。结果：1.早期目标导向治疗6小时CVP的变化与GEDVI及CI的变化均存在相关性(均P＜0.05)。2.在感染性休克治疗12小时、24小时、48小时及72小时,CVP的变化与GEDVI及CI的变化不存在显著的相关性(均P＞0.05)。3.感染性休克治疗期间,GEDVI的变化与CI的变化也存在显著的正相关性(均P＜0.05)。结论：1. CVP可作为感染性休克患者早期指导液体复苏治疗的可靠指标,但在治疗6小时后,CVP难以真实反映感染性休克患者的容量状态。2. GEDVI能准确地反映感染性休克病人的心脏前负荷,满足早期目标导向治疗快速达标的要求,应用GEDVI替代CVP指导感染性休克的液体复苏是可行的。     

BODE指数在我国农村慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨我国农村地区慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者BODE指数与生活质量的相关性及其应用价值.方法 选择广东省英德市九龙镇COPD稳定期患者26例.测定并计算其BODE指数各项目的评分.采用St George呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评价患者的生活质量.结果 患者BODE指数分级与SGRQ总分、症状分、活动分、影响分均具有相关性(r值分别为0.674、0.430、0.460、0.495,P均＜0.05);GOLD分级仅与SGRQ总分和活动分具有相关性(r值分别为0.447、0.418,P均＜0.05).多元线性逐步回归分析发现BODE指数中影响SGRQ总分的因素是6 min步行距离(t=-2.397,P=0.025)和呼吸困难(t=2.257,P=0.034).结论 农村COPD患者BODE指数和生活质量密切相关,BODE指数中6 min步行距离和呼吸困难对生活质量的影响最大.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application value of BODE and the relationship between BODE index and life quality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in rural China. Methods A total of 26 rural patients with stable COPD were enrolled. BODE index and it's four components including body mass index ( BMI ), airflow obstruction ( FEV1 % ), dyspnea ( MMRC ) and exercise capacity ( 6MWD ) were calculated. St. Georgeps Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were used to evaluate health-related quality of life of these patients. Results The BODE index was significantly correlated with the SGRQ total score , symptom ,activity and impact score ( r = 0. 674,0. 430,0. 460,0. 495 respectively, Ps ＜ 0. 05 ). GOLD grade was only significantly correlated with the SGRQ total score and active score( r =0. 447,0. 418 ,Ps ＜0. 05 ). Stepwise liner multiple regression analysis showed that activity score of SGRRQ was an influence factor of BODE index. 6MWD of BODE index( t = - 2. 397, P = 0. 025 ) and MMRC ( t = 2. 257, P = 0. 034 ) were independently correlated with activity scores of SGRQ . Conclusion BODE index and life quality had significant relationship. 6MWD and MMRC of BODE index were the most powerful influence factors of life quality in rural COPD patients.     

整体护理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用

1．临床资料1．1．20例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中,男性19例,女性1例;年龄62～75岁,平均年龄对．2岁;病程10～20年者8例,21～30年者5例,30年以上者7例;其中合并冠心病9例,陈旧性心肌梗塞1例,高血压病6例。护理中遇到以下几种情况,根据不同护理诊断,采取相应护理措施。护理诊断气体交换受损。与下列因素有关：通气功能障碍;气道狭窄;弥漫面积减少;残气量增多;L／Q比例失调。护理措施：评估肺部情况。促进有效时吸：选择合适位置,半卧位,端坐位;吸嘴呼吸;腹式呼吸;腿部的运动,吸气时收腹,腿屈起,帮助横隔抬高…     

针对性护理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并失眠患者中的应用

目的:针对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并失眠患者施以针对性护理,观察对患者疾病治疗有效率及睡眠质量的影响.方法:选取2018年11月至2020年9月陵城区人民医院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并失眠患者62例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组31例,对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组采用针对性护理干预,比较2组患者疾病...     

感染性休克患者中心静脉压与全心舒张末期容积指数的相关性研究

目的:通过观察感染性休克患者中心静脉压(CVP)与全心舒张末期容积指数(GEVDI),探讨CVP与GEDVI的相关性及临床应用价值。方法:采用回顾性分析的研究方法,选取2013年1月~2014年12月南通大学附属医院重症医学科收治的符合感染性休克诊断标准的56例患者作为研究对象,分别收集记录患者在入院后及不同治疗时段的CVP、GEDVI和心脏指数(CI)等血流动力学参数,探究CVP、GEDVI、CI之间的相关性,并进行分析。结果:早期目标导向治疗6 h时CVP的变化与GEDVI和CI的变化均存在相关性,P0.05;在感染性休克治疗12 h、24 h、48 h及72 h后,CVP的变化与GEDVI和CI的变化不存在明显的相关性,P0.05;感染性休克治疗期间,GEDVI的变化与CI的变化也存在明显的正相关性,P0.05。结论:CVP可作为感染性休克患者早期指导液体复苏治疗的可靠指标,但在治疗6 h后,CVP难以真实反映感染性休克患者的容量状态;GEDVI能准确地反映感染性休克病人的心脏前负荷,满足早期目标导向治疗快速达标的要求,采用GEDVI替代CVP指导感染性休克的液体复苏治疗是可行的。     

整体护理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ,COPD)患者的整体护理的效果。方法 对我院呼吸内科2010年收治的COPD患者37例实施功能制护理,2011年收治的COPD患者42例实施整体护理。对两组患者出院3个月后生活质量进行评价并比较两组患者一年内该疾病急性发作时门急诊的就诊频率。结果：实验组患者疾病急性发作时门急诊就诊次数明显少于对照组,生活质量明显高于对照组。结论：以病人为中心的整体护理对COPD患者疾病的康复起到了积极的促进作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试问卷对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者生活质量的评估价值

目的：探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试问卷（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test,CAT）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）稳定期患者生活质量的评估价值.方法：对40例COPD稳定期患者进行CAT评分以及圣乔治呼吸问卷（St George＇s respiratory questionnaire,SGRQ）评分,并测定体质量指数（BMI）、第1秒用力呼气容积/预计值（percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second in predicated value,FEV1％ pred）、改良的英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表（modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale,MMRC）评分、6 min步行距离（six-minute walk distance,6MWD）、BODE（B为体质量指数,O为气道阻塞程度,D为呼吸困难分数,E为运动耐力）指数,并对结果进行相关性分析.结果：CAT评分与FEV1％pred、6MWD呈显著负相关（r分别为-0.71和-0.85,P＜0.01）,与MMRC评分、BODE指数呈显著正相关（r分别为0.78和0.83,P＜0.01）,与SGRQ总分及3个组成部分即呼吸症状、活动受限、疾病影响评分均呈显著正相关（r为0.92～0.97,P＜0.01）,与BMI无相关性.结论：CAT问卷可作为评估COPD稳定期患者生活质量的有效手段.     

无症状慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者特点分析

目的了解无症状慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床特点。方法对在2010年1月至2011年12月在天津市职业病防治院健康体检的36 231人次进行调查,筛检出1042例COPD患者,遂进行问诊、体检,调查问卷并进行肺功能检查。结果无症状COPD患者432例,总患病率为1.19%;有症状COPD患者610例,总患病率为1.68%。无症状组和有症状组患者性别、年龄、职业、婚姻状况、受教育程度和吸烟情况比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺功能检测显示,无症状组第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1占预计值%)与有症状组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期肺功能受损不太严重时临床症状不明显,因而造成COPD的漏诊和对疾病危害的低估,而早期COPD的诊断需要检测肺功能。     

自我管理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用研究进展

正慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是危害人类健康的重要疾病。据世界卫生组织预计,到2020年COPD将成为全球世界疾病经济负担第5位~([1])。COPD作为全球公共卫生的重大问题,在我国也正成为国家和个人主要的疾病负担。目前,COPD的治疗手段仅仅是延缓疾病的进展,致使患者在长期患病过程中,心理、生理和社会等方面均受     

Global end-diastolic volume index vs CVP goal-directed fluid resuscitation for COPD patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the clinical effects of early goal-directed therapy according to the global end-diastolic volume index (GEDI) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with septic shock.

Medium term effects of including manual therapy in a pulmonary rehabilitation program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomized controlled pilot trial.

Study design: Randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To investigate the effect of including manual therapy (MT) in a pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Background: The primary source of exercise limitation in people with COPD is dyspnea. The dyspnea is partly caused by changes in chest wall mechanics, with an increase in chest wall rigidity (CWR) contributing to a decrease in lung function. As MT is known to increase joint mobility, administering MT to people with COPD carries with it the potential to influence CWR and lung function.

Methods: Thirty-three participants with COPD, aged between 55 and 70 years (mean?=?65·5±4 years), were randomly assigned to three groups: pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) only, soft tissue therapy (ST) and PR, and ST, spinal manipulative therapy (SM), and PR. Outcome measures including forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), 6-minute walking test (6MWT), St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), and the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale were recorded at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks.

Results: There was a significant difference in FVC between the three groups at 24 weeks (P?=?0·04). For the ST+SM+PR group versus PR only the increase was 0·40 l (CI: 0·02, 0·79; P?=?0·03). No major or moderate adverse events (AE) were reported following the administration of 131 ST and 272 SM interventions.

Discussion: The increase in FVC is a unique finding. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for this outcome are not yet understood, the most likely explanation is the synergistic effect resulting from the combination of interventions. These results support the call for a larger clinical trial in the use of MT for COPD.     

Performance of COPD population screener questionnaire in COPD screening: a validation study and meta-analysis

This study aimed to validate the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Population Screener (COPD-PS) questionnaire as a screening tool in a cohort of Chinese subjects who underwent a health examination, and to summarise its overall performance through a meta-analysis. We enrolled 997 subjects aged ≥40 years who underwent a health examination, both lung function and COPD-PS data were collected. The screening performance of COPD-PS was evaluated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, using the area under the curve (AUC) to assess the screening accuracy. A standard diagnostic meta-analysis was used to summarise the screening performance of COPD-PS for COPD. Of the 997 subjects, 157 were identified as having COPD. The COPD-PS score was significantly higher in COPD patients than controls (5.03 ± 5.11 vs. 2.72 ± 1.80, p < .001). At a cut-off of 4, the sensitivity and specificity of COPD-PS for identifying COPD were 74.52 and 70.24%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.79. Eight studies (including this study) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimates for COPD-PS were as follows: sensitivity of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.47–0.63), specificity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.84–0.89), positive likelihood ratio of 3.00 (95% CI: 1.65–5.47), negative likelihood ratio of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35–0.52) and diagnostic odds ratio of 7.24 (95% CI: 3.91–13.40). The AUC of the summary ROC curve was 0.78. COPD-PS appears to be a useful tool for screening individuals with a high risk of COPD and guiding the selection of individuals for subsequent spirometry examination.

KEY MESSAGES

• COPD-PS is a simple and useful method to screen COPD.
• The combination of COPD-PS with other tools may improve the screen performance.

     

Isokinetic testing of quadriceps function in COPD: feasibility,responsiveness, and minimal important differences in patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation

BackgroundIsokinetic testing of peripheral muscle function is valid and reliable in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).ObjectiveTo evaluate whether and to what extent isokinetic testing of quadriceps function meets pre-defined test criteria in patients with COPD; to determine the response to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and to calculate minimal important differences (MIDs) of isokinetic quadriceps function.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 2033 patients with COPD (age: 65±9 years, body mass index: 26±6 kg/m², FEV₁: 49±22% predicted) who followed a comprehensive PR program. Pre and post PR isokinetic quadriceps function was assessed with 30 maximal extension-flexion contractions at an angular speed of 90°/s on a computerized dynamometer. The chosen anchors were 6-min walk test and COPD assessment test.ResultsPre PR, 27% of the patients performed the isokinetic test incorrectly. In male and female patients with a correct pre and post PR isokinetic test, peak torque (Δ=10±13 Nm or 9% and Δ=7±9 Nm or 10%, respectively) and total work (Δ=263±270 J or 14% and Δ=198±190 J or 15%, respectively) improved significantly. There was no change in work fatigue index following PR. Using distribution-based calculations, MID estimates for peak torque and total work ranged between 6–7 Nm and 97–135 J in males and between 4–5 Nm and 62–99 J in females.ConclusionsBased on the current test criteria, three in four patients with COPD performed the isokinetic quadriceps test correctly during baseline PR assessment. Furthermore, peak torque and total work, but not work fatigue index, were responsive to PR and sex-specific MIDs were established.     

有创无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病所致急性呼吸衰竭的研究

目的　评价有创无创序贯性机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的可行性及其临床效果。方法　以 2 0 0 1年 12月至 2 0 0 3年 12月间本院危重病医学科 (ICU)收治的严重肺部感染所致慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)急性呼吸衰竭并需要机械通气的患者为研究对象。临床出现“肺部感染控制窗 (出窗 )”后 ,前瞻性随机分为有创无创序贯性治疗组 (NIV组 )和常规治疗组 (对照组 )。NIV组立即拔除气管插管 ,应用口鼻面罩双水平正压 (BiPAP)模式无创机械通气支持直至脱机。对照组则继续有创机械通气 ,以压力支持方式脱机。观察两组患者一般情况、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分 (APACHE)Ⅱ、动脉血气分析指标、心率、血压、肺部感染控制窗出现时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、呼吸机相关肺炎 (VAP)患病率和患者转归。结果　共有 33例患者入选研究 ,其中NIV组 17例 ,对照组 16例。两组患者在治疗前年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分、心率、血压、动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )和动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )等指标相似 (P >0 0 5 )。NIV组和对照组出窗的时间分别为 (2 9± 0 6 )d和(5 0± 0 5 )d ,出窗时间和出窗时两组患者的心率、血压、呼吸频率、PaO2 和PaCO2 等指标无显著性差异(P >0 0 5 )。NI     

Optimization of ventilator setting by flow and pressure waveforms analysis during noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of COPD: a multicentric randomized controlled trial

Introduction  

The analysis of flow and pressure waveforms generated by ventilators can be useful in the optimization of patient-ventilator interactions, notably in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. To date, however, a real clinical benefit of this approach has not been proven.     

感染性休克复苏中血管活性药撤离对预后的影响

目的探讨感染性休克复苏中有计划血管活性药撤离对组织灌注及预后的影响。方法入ICU时急性生理和慢性健康状况评分18²8分且Glasgow昏迷评分>7分的感染性休克患者,2006年10月至2009年6月为常规治疗组(A组),共纳入32例,2009年7月至2010年12月为有计划血管活性药撤离组(B组),共纳入30例;排除标准为既往有慢性心肺及肝肾功能不全病史。A组入ICU 6 h内予EDGT方案,必要时加去甲肾上腺素(NE)和(或)多巴酚丁胺,维持平均动脉压≥65 mmHg,医师根据经验减量和停用血管活性药。B组入ICU 6 h内根据PiCCO监测体循环外周阻力指数应用NE调整在90028分且Glasgow昏迷评分>7分的感染性休克患者,2006年10月至2009年6月为常规治疗组(A组),共纳入32例,2009年7月至2010年12月为有计划血管活性药撤离组(B组),共纳入30例;排除标准为既往有慢性心肺及肝肾功能不全病史。A组入ICU 6 h内予EDGT方案,必要时加去甲肾上腺素(NE)和(或)多巴酚丁胺,维持平均动脉压≥65 mmHg,医师根据经验减量和停用血管活性药。B组入ICU 6 h内根据PiCCO监测体循环外周阻力指数应用NE调整在900¹ 500 d·s·cm-5·(m2)-1;根据每搏变异量及全心舒张末期容积指数进行液体复苏,使平均动脉压≥65 mmHg,继续液体复苏,如平均动脉压≥75 mmHg稳定1 h,每10 min降低NE 0.4?g·kg-1·h-1,至平均动脉压降到651 500 d·s·cm-5·(m2)-1;根据每搏变异量及全心舒张末期容积指数进行液体复苏,使平均动脉压≥65 mmHg,继续液体复苏,如平均动脉压≥75 mmHg稳定1 h,每10 min降低NE 0.4?g·kg-1·h-1,至平均动脉压降到65⁷5 mmHg,如平均动脉压<65 mmHg,则维持上次NE量。观察患者6 h后中心静脉氧饱和度和乳酸值,3 d的液体平衡状态、28 d生存率、28 d脱离呼吸机时间、住ICU时间和无脏器衰竭时间。结果 (1)两组患者的年龄、性别、病因、APACHEⅡ及SOFA评分、血流动力学状态、氧合指数、中心静脉氧饱和度和乳酸值在液体复苏前无统计学差异。(2)B组复苏6 h后中心静脉氧饱和度[(73±10)%]比A组[(68±15)%]明显升高,乳酸[(2.3±1.1)mmol/L]比A组[(2.8±1.2)mmol/L]明显降低(P<0.05)。(3)两组6 h及第1天血管活性药量无统计学差异,但B组第2天与第3天多巴酚丁胺[(245±33)mg与(135±21)mg]较A组[(267±29)mg与(156±18)mg]明显减少,同样B组NE量[(20.6±7.3)mg与(8.2±2.3)mg]较A组[(23.4±7.7)mg与(9.1±2.6)mg]明显减少(P<0.05)。(4)B组6 h及第1天液体复苏的量比A组明显增加[(2 918±887)ml vs.(2 326±568)ml;(4 554±738)ml vs.(3 847±454)ml],但第2天与第3天的液体复苏量比A组[(2 289±376)ml vs.(2 597±428)ml;(989±302)ml vs.(1 438±313)ml]减少,3 d总液体复苏[(7 648±815)ml vs.(7 965±678)ml]明显减少(P<0.05)。(5)B组28 d生存率和无脏器衰竭时间有改善趋势但差异无统计学意义,28 d内脱离呼吸机时间[(16.3±9.2)d vs.(19.5±8.5)d]增加,住ICU时间缩短[(9.6±3.2)d vs.(8.4±3.1)d](P<0.05)。结论感染性休克复苏过程中严密监测下进行血管活性药撤离,能尽早充分复苏稳定循环,改善脏器灌注,并减少液体过负荷的风险,减少机械通气时间,缩短住ICU时间。     

COPD缓解期患者阈压力负荷吸气肌锻炼的疗效观察

作者自行研制一种阈压力负荷吸气肌锻炼器，该锻炼器通过弹簧控制吸气瓣开瓣压，压力负荷与弹簧压缩程度成直线关系，故调节方便且基本不受吸气流量的影响。３４例ＣＯＰＤ缓解期患者用４０％最大口腔吸气压（ｍａｘｉｕｍｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｐｒｅｓｕｒｅ，ＭＩＰ）作为压力负荷，每天用该锻炼器锻炼４０ｍｉｎ，５周后ＭＩＰ由６３７±２１７ｋＰａ（４７９±１６３ｍｍＨｇ）增加到７７９±２４２ｋＰａ（５８６±１８２ｍｍＨｇ），Ｐ＜００１，负荷呼吸时间由１７２４±９０３ｓ延长到２６７９±１５７５ｓ（Ｐ＜００１），常规肺功能指标则无明显变化。２５例对照组上述指标均无明显变化。锻炼组中８例继续锻炼１０周，ＭＩＰ和负荷呼吸时间较锻炼５周时进一步提高；用力肺活量、第一秒用力呼气量和最大通气量也较锻炼前增加。另外８例停止锻炼１０周后各项参数均返回到锻炼前水平。     

感染性休克患者右心室功能不全的研究

目的：观察感染性休克患者右心室功能的变化,为防治感染性休克患者的右心室功能不全进一步提供理论依据。方法：选择急救中心1997年10月至2000年10月3月年收治的感染性休克患者36例,运用REF－1^TM右心功能监测仪和HP监护仪,结合超声心动图观察右心室射血分类（RVEF）、右心室室壁应力（RVWS）、充盈早期最大流速（E）与晚期最大流速（A）之比（E／A）充盈早期最大流速减速时间（Dte)、平均肺动脉压（mPA)、肺血管阻力指数（PVRI）、中心静脉压（CVP）、右心室舒张末容积指数（）RVEDVI）、心排指数（CI）、肺动脉嵌压（PAWP）。右心室每搏作功指数（RVSWI）和右心室作功指数（RCWI）的变化。结果：休克早期患者即出现轻度右心室功能不全,表现为RCWI、RVSWI、RVEF、E／A、Dte的下降及RVWS的增加;随着休克病情的恶化,RCWI、RVSWI、RVEF、E／AD Dte的进一步下降及RVWS的进一步增加;而休克纠正后,RVEF和RVWS基本恢复正常,RCWI、RVSWI、E／A、Dte及RVWS均未见明显改善。结论：“感染性休克患者早期右心室功能减退,晚期出现右心衰竭;随着休克的纠正,右心室功能一定程度的改善,但未完全恢复正常。