Subject Index to Volume 27

Growing male rats that weighed 120 ± 5 g were kept for 30 days on the following synthetic diets: high protein diet (HPD), 59% casein; high fat diet (HFD), 50% saturated fat; and normal diet (ND), 19% casein, 10% saturated fat, and 60% sucrose. Other essential dietary ingredients were included in all the diets. All animals were injected at the end of the 30–day period with parathion [10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (ip) injection as a single dose] or dichlorvos (30 mg/kg ip as a single dose) to compare the effect of dietary pretreatments on mortality from parathion and dichlorvos. A lower dose of parathion (7.5 mg/kg) and dichlorvos (20 mg/kg) was employed in another set of experiments to compare the spontaneous regeneration of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase (ChE) activity at 2 hr, 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days after administration of parathion or dichlorvos. The effect of these diets on hepatic microsomal oxidases was also determined. Results showed that diets per se did not affect initial plasma and RBC ChE activity. The HPD and HFD significantly protected against mortality from parathion but not from dichlorvos. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P–450 and aminopyrine demethylase activity were unchanged, but aniline hydroxylase activity was increased significantly by HPD and HFD. Parathion oxidase in hepatic microsomes was significantly increased in rats fed HFD only. For the HPD, spontaneous regeneration of ChE diminished in RBCs in parathion-intoxicated rats and in plasma and RBCs of dichlorvos-intoxicated rats. The HFD did not affect ChE regeneration in plasma or RCBs of parathion-intoxicated rats, but significantly increased it in dichlorvos-intoxicated rats. There may be a reversible protein sequestration of both insecticides in growing rats fed HPD.     

Subject Index to Volume 15

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency continues to be a problem in pediatrics. This report presents four children, one Caucasian male and three African-American females aged 4 to 24 months who were treated for vitamin D deficiency rickets.

Methods: One female was diagnosed in the Emergency Department during evaluation of a viral syndrome, another presented with hypocalcemic seizures and the third was a self-referral for evaluation of widened wrists. The male had biochemical rickets discovered incidentally during a hospitalization for pneumonia. All were breastfed without formula supplements. The 24-month female had severe cow and soy protein allergies and received multivitamin supplements intermittently. Birth order was from third to sixth child. Two families practiced Islam and the mothers wore veils. The females had a weight deficit for height. The females demonstrated a rachitic rosary, widening of the wrists and leg bowing. At diagnosis the serum calcium was 5.0–8.6 mg/dl, the inorganic phosphorus was 1.5–3.9 mg/dl and the alkaline phosphatase was 408–3324 U/L. The serum intact parathormone levels and the vitamin D levels were measured at Nichols Laboratories. The 25-OH vitamin D levels were 2–22 ng/ml and the 1,25(OH)₂ vitamin D levels were 14–122 pg/ml. All had elevated parathormone levels. The three females had roentgenographic evidence of rickets. Two of the children also demonstrated iron deficiency.

Results: All patients responded to Vitamin D supplements, beginning at 2000 IU for the male and 8,000–10,000 IU daily for the females. Two children were also given calcium supplements. The three females all showed complete healing of the rickets radiologically within six months. The serum intact parathormone demonstrated an inverse correlation with the serum calcium during recovery (r=?0.669; p<0.05).

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency does still occur. Breastfed children of multiparous mothers, with increased skin pigmentation, living in the higher latitudes are at increased risk and would benefit from vitamin D supplementation while breastfeeding.     

Subject Index to Volume 4

Objective: The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC), which includes the inferior (IFG), middle (MFG), and superior (SFG) frontal gyri, has been implicated in satiation. Using a voxel-based approach, we previously identified an LDLPFC region (as reported as peak voxel) in which a reduced neuronal response to a meal was associated with obesity. In this study, we sought to determine which gyri in the LDLPFC best distinguished the neuronal responses to a meal using a different statistical approach.

Methods: We reanalyzed brain responses to a meal using the hypothesis-driven region-of-interest–based (ROI) approach. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), a marker of neuronal activity in the LDLPFC and its 3 gyri, was acquired in 2 conditions (hunger and after the satiating meal) using ¹⁵O-water positron emission tomography scans. rCBF was extracted and estimated using masks of the 3 gyri that were created in MRIcro and Statistical Parametric Mapping 5 software.

Results: Using the ROI approach, a satiation-related reduction in LDLPFC rCBF was observed in the obese (p = 0.04) and tended to be significantly greater than that in lean subjects (p = 0.07). The rCBF reduction was greater in the obese subjects than in the lean subjects in the left IFG (p = 0.03) and MFG (p = 0.004) after adjustment was made for age, sex, and number of voxels in these gyri, but not in the SFG (p = 0.5).

Conclusions: Our results are consistent with those obtained by the voxel-based approach in showing the association between obesity and a satiation-related reduction in LDLPFC activity. This LDLPFC response preferentially involves the IFG and MFG. We suggest that these brain regions could be targeted by new therapeutic interventions.     

Subject Index to Volume 9

A gas chromatographic method has been developed lor the detection of nickel carbonyl in blood and breath. Nickel carbonyl has been identified in blood following exposure of rats to nickel carbonyl by inhalation. Nickel carbonyl has also been identified in breath following administra" tion of nickel carbonyl to rats by intravenous injection. Therefore, this study has demonstrated that nickel carbonyl can pass across the pulmonary alveolus in either direction, without degradation or metabolic alteration.

The gas chromatographic method is suggested as a technique for monitoring the concentrations of nickel carbonyl in industrial atmospheres and in the blood of workmen who are accidentally exposed to inhalation of nicke! carbonyl.     

Subject Index to Volume 5

Background: Previous investigations have shown that plasma free choline decreases during long distance running.

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine if body choline status changes during a marathon run and whether performance is thereby adversely affected.

Design: Twenty-three accomplished marathon runners 25 to 49 years of age were studied before and after the 1997 Houston-Methodist Marathon. Fasting blood and five-hour urine samples were obtained in the morning, 14 days prior to the race, immediately after the race and approximately 48 hours after completion of the race. Runners were asked to predict their finish times two weeks prior to the race. Performance was indicated by the ratio of predicted to actual time.

Results: Both plasma free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations as well as urinary free choline concentration decreased immediately following the race (19.2±4.5 to 14.6±4.2 nmol/mL, p=0.005, and 2565.2±516.4 to 2403.4±643.0 nmol/mL, p=0.068, respectively) and, except for the phospholipid-bound choline, rebounded towards baseline after 48 hours (15.6±3.2 and 2299.9±426.7 nmol/mL), although plasma concentrations remained significantly below baseline. Plasma free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations were significantly correlated (r=0.46, p=0.0001), although urinary free choline concentration was not correlated with either. There was no correlation between plasma free, phospholipid-bound or urinary free choline concentration and actual finish time or the ratio of predicted to actual finish time. However, the percent decrease in urinary free choline concentration was significantly correlated with the ratio of predicted to actual time (r=0.47, p=0.036). No relationship was seen between this ratio and the percent decrease in either plasma free or phospholipid-bound choline concentrations immediately after the race.

Conclusion: Our finding of both decreased free and phospholipid-bound choline suggests the decrease in choline status is related to accelerated choline metabolism or enhanced choline uptake by tissues rather than decreased hepatic choline release. The role of choline supplementation during endurance running requires further investigation.     

Subject Index to Volume 6

The nutrient composition of dry beans makes them ideally suited to meet two major dietary recommendations for good health–increased intake of starches and complex carbohydrates and decreased consumption of fat. Dry beans supply protein, complex carbohydrate, fiber and essential vitamins and minerals to the diet, yet are low in fat and sodium and contain no cholesterol. Both protective and therapeutic effects of bean intake have been documented. The antinutritional effects of dry beans, while minor, are of interest to nutrition professionals. Dry beans are an excellent way to increase dietary fiber consumption and most individuals can incorporate beans into their diet without difficulty if they do so gradually. Including dry beans in a health-promoting diet is especially important in meeting the major dietary recommendations to reduce risk for chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer.