Oral Inhalation System for Exposing Rabbits to Cigarette Smoke

? An oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke has been developed. The essential components of the system comprise a smoke delivery device that adapts to the oral cavity, a molded face mask, and a sealable body enclosure.

The functional capability of the system has been validated by detecting the presence of nicotine in plasma and by measuring the deposition of dotriacontane labeled with radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) in lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke.     

Oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke.

An oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke has been developed. The essential components of the system comprise a smoke delivery device that adapts to the oral cavity, a molded face mask, and a sealable body enclosure. The functional capability of the system has been validated by detecting the presence of nicotine in plasma and by measuring the deposition of dotricontane labeled with radioactive carbon (14C) in lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke.     

A Community Approach to Respiratory Disease

The pulmonary retention of certain volatile compounds and particulate matter in cigarette smoke was studied in humans. A smoke-dosage apparatus delivered a standard puff which was inhaled and subsequently exhaled into cold traps. Acetaldehyde, isoprene, acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide were measured and compared with the amounts found in noninhaled smoke. A 86% to 99% retention was found for all compounds except carbon monoxide of which 54% was retained. These findings stress the importance of using methods which approximate actual smoking conditions when evaluating the biological effect of tobacco smoke.     

Acute Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Murine Macrophages

Experiments have been carried out on the immediate effects of cigarette smoke on murine peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelioid cells. Within 30 minutes after exposure to cigarette smoke, many murine peritoneal or alveolar macrophages die, while survivors exhibit an increase in tritiated RNA synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. The susceptibility of these cells to cigarette smoke contrasts sharply with that of murine fibroblasts and mixed cultures of fibroblastic and epithelioid cells derived from explants of fetal mouse lung.     

Stimulation by Cigarette Smoke of Glutathione Peroxidase System Enzyme Activities in Rat Lung

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of in vivo cigarette smoke exposure on glutathione peroxidase—related enzyme systems of the rat lung. These enzymes, acting in concert, are thought to be responsible for disposing of toxic lipid peroxides in pulmonary tissue. Thirty-day-old rats were exposed to thirteen cigarettes per day for 21 days with a Walton reverse-smoking exposure apparatus. After 21 days of smoke exposure, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase were increased 34%, 24%, and 38%, respectively, over control values. This level of cigarette smoke exposure did not cause detectable histological lesions. We present the hypothesis that short-term, low-level cigarette smoke exposure is capable of initiating metabolic alterations in lung cells at exposures at which histological changes are not detectable by light microscopy.     

Menstrual cycle bleeding patterns in cigarette smokers

It is known that women who smoke cigarettes and use oral contraceptives are more likely to have breakthrough bleeding than women who do not smoke. In this article, we review possible mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its constituents may contribute to irregular bleeding, highlight differences in the activities of nicotine and cigarette smoke, and postulate further studies in the area.     

Potential exposure from smoking parathion-contaminated cigarettes

Pesticide workers usually contaminate their cigarettes with less than 100 µg per cigarette by handling them, but in some instances such contamination has been found to be over 200 µg. To obtain values for potential exposure resulting from smoking contaminated filter tip and nonfilter cigarettes, from 10 to 200 µg of parathion was applied to the cigarette surface area found to be most often contamined by hands. This was followed in two separate experiments by simulated smoking using a special apparatus to determine (1) passage of toxic material through cigarettes in mainstream smoke, (2) amount found in sidestream smoke, (3) amount trapped in the filter or equivalent butt end, and (4) amount recovered in ashes. The amount of parathion passing through cigarettes as a potential for inhalation exposure ranged up to 28% of dosing levels. No paraoxon orS-ethyl parathion was detected. Although there was an indication that slightly more pesticide was recovered from filters than from equivalent butt ends, the amount recovered in mainstream smoke of filter type cigarettes was not significantly lower than for nonfilter cigarettes. Location of contamination on a cigarette had minimal effect on the amount found in mainstream smoke.     

Risk factors for e-cigarette,conventional cigarette,and dual use in German adolescents: A cohort study

ObjectiveLittle is known about risk factors that are associated with e-cigarette use in adolescents.MethodsMultilevel mixed-effects regressions were performed to assess the relationship between factors that might be associated with e-cigarette, conventional cigarette and dual use in a cohort of 2693 German adolescents (mean age = 12.5 years; SD = 0.6). Risk factors were assessed in October 2010 and life time e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use were assessed 26 months later.ResultsUse of e-cigarettes as well as use of conventional cigarette and dual use were associated with higher sensation seeking scores, and higher odds of having friends and parents who smoke conventional cigarettes, with conventional cigarette use additionally with male gender, being older, having higher odds of siblings who smoke conventional cigarettes, and less likely for adolescents who attend a Gymnasium, secondary school with a strong emphasis on academic learning. The use of conventional cigarettes at baseline did not predict e-cigarette use at follow-up. Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use was 4.7%, of conventional cigarette use 18.4%. A quarter of e-cigarette users (23.8%) never smoked a conventional cigarette.DiscussionData indicate that e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use share many but not all risk factors. E-cigarettes could counteract the process of denormalization of smoking.     

Deposition of sidestream cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract

The intake of sidestream cigarette smoke can be calculated if ventilation and smoke concentration are known. However, respiratory tract dose of smoke particulates cannot be determined unless the deposition fraction of inhaled smoke is known. The deposition fraction of mainstream smoke is 70-90%, far higher than expected for most particles in the size range, 0.2-0.5 micron, which is also the range for cigarette smoke. The deposition fraction of sidestream smoke was measured in five normal male subjects. The deposition, the dose of smoke particulates to the respiratory tract can be estimated. The deposition fraction of sidestream smoke is much lower than for mainstream smoke.     

Website Designs for Communicating About Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke

ABSTRACT

The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act requires the US government to inform the public about the quantities of toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke. A website can accomplish this task efficiently, but the site’s user interface must be usable to benefit the general public. We conducted online experiments with national convenience samples of 1,451 US adult smokers and nonsmokers to examine the impact of four interface display elements: the chemicals, their associated health effects, quantity information, and a visual risk indicator. Outcomes were perceptions of user experience (perceived clarity and usability), motivation (willingness to use), and potential impact (elaboration about the harms of smoking). We found displaying health effects as text with icons, providing quantity information for chemicals (e.g., ranges), and showing a visual risk indicator all improved the user experience of a webpage about chemicals in cigarette smoke (all p < .05). Displaying a combination of familiar and unfamiliar chemicals, providing quantity information for chemicals, and showing a visual risk indicator all improved motivation to use the webpage (all p < .05). Displaying health effects or quantity information increased the potential impact of the webpage (all p < .05). Overall, interface designs displaying health effects of chemicals in cigarette smoke as text with icons and with a visual risk indicator had the greatest impact on the user experience, motivation, and potential impact of the website. Our findings provide guidance for accessible website designs that can inform consumers about the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke.     

Cigarette Smoking Women of Reproductive Age Who Use Oral Contraceptives: Results from the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems

BackgroundDespite health warnings about the increased risk of cerebrovascular disease among women who smoke while using oral contraceptives (OCs), prior research suggests that OC use is still prevalent among women who smoke cigarettes. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of OC use among cigarette smoking women of reproductive age in the United States.Study DesignWe extracted data from the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of 76,544 women between 18 and 44 years of age who reported using some form of contraception. OC use, or self-reported use of “the pill,” was examined among those who currently smoke, either everyday or some days. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare OC use between smoking and nonsmoking women.ResultsOne fourth (26.9%) of U.S. women who smoke compared with 34.6% of nonsmoking women reported currently using OCs. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, binge drinking, and health care coverage, women who smoke were 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6–0.7) times as likely to use OCs as nonsmoking women. Among women aged 35 to 44 years, the odds of OC use among smokers was even further reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; 95% CI, 0.3–0.4) compared with nonsmokers.ConclusionAmong U.S. women of reproductive age who use contraception, particularly among women aged 35 to 44 years, those who smoke cigarettes are significantly less likely to use OCs than those who do not.     

Author Index to Volume 9

The absorption in the mouth of volatile and aerosol components in cigarette smoke was studied in humans. Determinations were made of acetaldehyde, isoprene, acetone, acetonitile, toluene, and particulate matter using gaschromatography and fluorometric methods. The amount of the various compounds in smoke coming directly from the cigarette and smoke which had stayed in the mouth for two seconds were determined. The results were expressed as percent absorption. The absorption was higher for water- soluble compounds (around 60%) than for nonwater-soluble compounds (around 20%). No correlation was found between boiling point and absorption. Sixteen percent of the particulate matter was retained in the mouth. A lower absorption was found among heavy smokers for isoprene, acetaldehyde, and acetonitrile.     

A review of tobacco abuse and its epidemiological consequences

Aim

The economic burden caused by death and disease in the world is credited mainly to tobacco use—currently linked to approximately 8,000,000 deaths per year with approximately 80% of these faralities reported in low and middle income economies. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 7,000,000 deaths are attributed to direct tobacco use, while approximately 1,200,000 non-smokers exposed to second hand cigarette smoke die every year. Accordingly, tobacco use is a major threat to the public health infrastructure; therefore, proper cessation interventions must be put in place to curb tobacco abuse and ease economic and social burdens caused by the tobacco epidemic.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to investigate how scientific efforts have been advanced towards harm reduction among smokers and non-smokers. Relevant articles published during the period 2010–2020 in PubMed, Crossref, Google scholar, and Web of Science were used in this study. The articles were selected based on health impacts of cigarette smoking, tobacco cessation and emerging diseases, including Covid?19. Various cessation strategies have been identified although their efficiency is yet to match the desired results.

Results

A series of carcinogenic chemicals are generated during cigarette smoking resulting in serious health complications such as cancer and mutagenesis. The precursors for tobacco induced diseases are toxic and carcinogenic chemicals of the nitrosamine type, aldehydes, polonium-210 and benzo[a]pyrene, which bio-accumulate in the body system during cigarette smoking to cause disease. Rehabilitation facilities, use of drugs to diminish the desire to smoke, heavy taxation of tobacco products and warning labels on cigarettes are some of the cessation strategies employed towards curbing tobacco abuse.

Conclusion

The need for further research to develop better methods and research based policies for safe cigarette smoking and workable cessation strategies must be a priority in order to deal with the tobacco epidemic. Campaigns to promote tobacco cessation and abstinence are recommended in this review as a sure measure to mitigate against the deleterious impacts caused by cigarette smoking and tobacco abuse.

     

香烟中自由基的电子自旋共振检测及自由基与焦油含量的相关性研究

目的 研究香烟烟气中自由基的检测及样品处理方法,分析香烟烟气中自由基成分,探讨各种有害成分之间的相关性。方法 用电子自旋顺磁共振仪(ESR)及自制的配套装置对香烟烟气中的气相及粒相自由基含量进行分析检测。结果 无论香烟类型或品牌,烟气中自由基的主体是气相自由基,含量是粒相自由基的10—30倍;国产香烟样品中气相自由基含量低于进口品牌,而粒相自由基的含量水平较低且相近。结论 ESR及配套装置可以方便地应用于香烟烟气自由基成分的分析检测：香烟烟气中的自由基成分主要为气相自由基;同品牌香烟中自由基含量与焦油、烟碱的含量呈正相关。因此,一般不能依据香烟焦油含量推断香烟中的自由基,特别是气相自由基含量水平;使用活性炭滤嘴对气相、粒相自由基均有降低作用。     

高温与香烟联合诱变作用的研究

为探讨高温、香烟及其联合的遗传毒性和诱变作用，观察用高温或／和香烟烟雾水溶物处理的人淋巴细胞和小鼠骨髓细胞微核。结果表明在体外，高温（４０℃、４１℃、４２℃、４３℃，各温度分别处理５分钟）显著诱发人淋巴细胞微核的形成（Ｐ＜０．０１），并与温度成正比，高温与香烟联合具有明显的协同作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时小鼠体内实验也表明高温与高浓度香烟（每只每天灌胃相当于１．０～２．０支香烟的烟雾水溶物，连续１０天）联合对小鼠骨髓细胞微核有显著的诱发作用和复合作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论是高温与香烟联合可加强生物遗传物质的损伤     

The effects of smoking on fertility from gametogenesis to implantation

The literature concerning the effects of cigarette smoking, treatment with nicotine, cigarette smoke condensates, or cigarette smoke constituents on reproductive events from gametogenesis to implanatation is reviewed. Epidemiologic evidence, although scanty, suggests that cigarette smoking decreases fertility in women. Cigarette smoking is also associated with an increased frequency of menstrual abnormalities and a cigarette dose-related decrease in the age of spontaneous menopause. Similar epidemiologic studies assessing reproductive function have not been conducted among men who smoke. Several small studies have demonstrated decreased sperm counts and an increased frequency of abnormal sperm morphology among male smokers. Cessation of smoking in several of these studies has been associated with an increase in sperm number and a decrease in the frequency of sperm shape abnormalities. Treatment of rodents with cigarette smoke or cigarette smoke constituents produces similar effects on sperm number and morphology. Experimental evidence from humans and rodents suggests that cigarette smoke or nicotine can alter hypothalamic-pituitary interrelationships, stimulating growth hormone, cortisol, vasopressin, and oxytocin release and inhibiting luteinizing hormone and prolactin release. These changes may alter hormonal interrelationships necessary for successful reproduction. Studies in rodents and human and nonhuman primates also suggest that cigarette smoke or nicotine alters the motility of the female reproductive tract, and may impair implantation of the embryo. Analysis of the experimental data available concerning the effects of smoking on reproductive processes suggests an adverse influence on reproduction at several sites from gametogenesis to implantation. The literature on smoking and fertility, however, is surprisingly small. Additional experimentation, as well as epidemiological surveys of human populations, are necessary before it will be possible to make unequivocal statements concerning reproductive interference by cigarette smoke or its components.     

Cadmium Hypertension

The kinetics of the change in the concentration of polonium-210 in the peripheral blood of six cigarette smokers has been studied up to 89 days altar sudden complete cessation of smoking. Circulating polonium-210 levels declined an average of 14% after three to four days, and 20.5% after 11 to 14 days. The results indicate that a major fraction of the Isotope inhaled in cigarette smoke is absorbed directly into the blood stream.     

Lung Clearance of Particles and Bacteria

The ability of the lung to clear particles and viable bacteria was studied in guinea pigs exposed to cigarette smoke. The animals were given ten puffs of fresh cigarette smoke from one to four cigarettes daily during one to four weeks. They were then exposed to a mixed aerosol of killed radioactive and viable Escherichia coli. The clearance of radioactive and viable bacteria was determined—the former being an indicator of the mucus clearance and the latter, of the phagocytic activity of the lung. Smoke from cigarettes of high and medium tar content was found to decrease both mechanical and bactericidal clearance. After shorter exposure times, the results indicate that the mechanical clearance flow is affected earlier than the bactericidal clearance. When phenylmethyloxadiazole was added to the tobacco by 2% by weight, an effect on the mechanical or bactericidal clearance could not be demonstrated.     

Tobacco use in Florida: Comparisons between adults living with and without disabilities

BackgroundFlorida has the third largest population in the U.S. of persons living with disabilities, making optimizing health outcomes for this population paramount. Though the state has a long-standing and robust program to reduce tobacco use, prevention efforts do not specifically target persons with disabilities.ObjectiveTo compare rates of tobacco use behaviors and second hand smoke exposure between adults living with and without disabilities.MethodsSecondary analysis of 2007–2009 Florida BRFSS data. The proportions of persons with disabilities who were cigar or cigarette smokers, quit smoking, were exposed to secondhand smoke, or had an interest in calling a Quit Line were compared for persons with and without disabilities. Weighted proportions and accompanying 95% confidence intervals were calculated, with proportions adjusted for age, gender, race, and education.ResultsAdult Floridians with a disability were more likely to report being a current cigarette smoker and being exposed to secondhand smoke, yet were also more likely to report quitting smoking for at least one day than were persons without a disability. No differences were found for cigar smoking, age at smoking initiation, or interest in the Quit Line.ConclusionsFindings suggest persons with disability are disproportionately burdened by tobacco use, yet are more likely to attempt to quit, suggesting a need for targeted interventions to assist persons with a disability in smoking cessation and reducing tobacco use and exposure. This has important implications for the future health of a group at greater risk of chronic disease.     

Deposition patterns of cigarette smoke in human airways.

Experimental deposition patterns of cigarette smoke in surrogate human airway systems are very heterogeneous. Particle deposits are enhanced at predictable, well-defined morphological regions; most specifically, carinal ridges within bifurcation zones and along posterior sections of tubular airways. The efficiency of the mucociliary transport mechanism in vivo is also reduced at airway branchings. The geometrical sites of preferential particle deposition and impaired clearance can be correlated with clinically observed anatomical sites exhibiting increased incidences of bronchogenic carcinomas. These locations are not compatible with current theoretical models simulating only the usual particle deposition processes of inertial impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion, while intending to account for particle hygroscopicity. Moreover, data from human subject exposures indicate that heretofore unknown factors affect the distribution of inhaled cigarette smoke. Herein, a new mathematical model is presented that explains cigarette smoke deposition patterns, including bifurcation "hot spots," in terms of composition and cumulative density. The behavior of mainstream cigarette smoke can be related to physicochemical parameters of its particulate and vapor-gas phases and is a result of two distinct effects: (1) particle cloud motion and (2) vapor-gas behavior. In lung airways, Effect 1 is the most prominent. The high particle number,ns approximately equal to 3 x 10(9) cm-3, and mass,rho s approximately equal to 10(-4) g cm-3, concentrations of smoke dictate that a bolus of it has kinetic properties of an entity (Effect 1 above), independent of the aerodynamic size characteristics of individual constituent particles. This motion may be exacerbated by the bulk movement (Effect 2 above) of the vapor-gas phase density of smoke.