职业性噪声暴露与高血压的关系

噪声是一种频率与强度变化毫无规律的随机组合声音,它普遍存在于各种职业环境中,对人体健康可造成很多伤害,其中噪声性听力损伤是最主要的职业危害之一,也是职业卫生研究的热点。但噪声对人体的损害是多种多样的,近年来,噪声对非听觉系统的影响,也逐渐受到了人们的关注。笔者就近期噪声对血压影响的研究现状综述如下。     

某造纸厂工人噪声暴露与高血压的关系

[目的]研究造纸生产过程中噪声与作业人员高血压的关系. [方法]选取某大型造纸企业,对其作业场所噪声声压级进行监测;同时选择该企业接触噪声作业人员作为观察组、其他单位行政管理人员作为对照组进行职业健康体检,包括血压测定.对不同分组人员高血压患病率进行统计分析. [结果]观察组高血压患病率(9.1％)高于对照组(4.9％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).经趋势卡方检验,噪声暴露量(8h等效连续A声级)与高血压患病率间存在明确的剂量-反应关系(P＜0.05). [结论]该造纸厂噪声污染普遍存在,长期噪声作业对工人的血压有一定影响.     

高频连续稳态噪声长期暴露对大鼠血压的影响

本文采用改进的光电容积法测量大鼠左后足血压的方法,发现90dB(A)高频连续稳态噪声对大鼠血压的影响大致可分为两个阶段:第一阶段从噪声暴露开始至第43和第31周,大鼠收缩压和静脉压相应波动较大,呈不稳定状态;第二阶段从第47和第35局开始至实验结束(第91周),噪声组大鼠的收缩压和静脉压相应明显高于对照组,波动减小,呈持续较高状态.噪声对雄鼠和雌鼠血压影响的规律一致.     

两类噪声作业工人个体噪声暴露特点的观察

[目的]观察和比较接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声工人个体之间、工作日之间个体噪声暴露的特点和规律。[方法]应用噪声个体计量仪分别测量了4名细纱车间挡车工(稳态噪声)和4名机械加工车间工人(非稳态噪声)3个工作日(班次)的个体噪声暴露,用工作期间的8h等效声级(LAeq.8h)作为评价指标。[结果]两组工人个体噪声暴露的时间图显示其工作环境噪声性质分别为典型的稳态噪声和非稳态噪声。稳态噪声组12人次个体噪声暴露的LAeq.8h最大、最小值和差值分别为99.2、92.8和6.4dB(A);非稳态噪声组相应数值为89.9、83.1和6.8dB(A)。稳态噪声组每名工人3个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(98.0±1.1)、(94.3±1.5)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.9±1.0)、(85.1±1.5)dB(A)。稳态噪声组4名工人每个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(96.6±1.9)、(95.8±2.0)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.1±3.0)、(86.1±2.1)dB(A)。[结论]在接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声的两组人群中,1名工人1次或多次个体噪声暴露测量结果不能准确评估该工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平,多名工人1次个体噪声暴露测量的平均值可以作为评估该组工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平的依据。     

Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension and Myocardial Infarction in Relation to Subjective Ratings of Traffic Noise Exposure

A cross-sectional study was performed on a 5% sample of the adult population of the city of Pancevo (3622 residents). The response rate was 79 % (2874), with 1243 interviewed males (43%) and 1631 females (57%). Noise annoyance was assessed on a five- grade verbal scale (Not at all; Slightly; Moderately; Very; Extremely). Arterial hypertension was defined by antihypertensive treatment, information on which was obtained from questionnaire. Myocardial infarction was also subjectively confirmed. Prevalence and odds ratios of arterial hypertension and myocardial infarction were computed for subjects who were very much and extremely annoyed by noise, or moderately annoyed, using residents who were slightly annoyed or not annoyed at all as a referent category. Significant odds ratios (adjusted for age, body mass index and smoking habits) were found for self-reported arterial hypertension [1,8 (1,0-2,4 - 95% confidence interval), P < 0,01] and myocardial infarction [1,7 (1,0-2,9), P < 0,05] in very much or extremely noise disturbed male subjects, compared to those who were not annoyed at all, or were slightly annoyed by noise. The respective odds ratios for females were lower and not statistically significant 1,1 (0,8-1,7) and 1 (0,4-2,0).     

Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports (HYENA): study design and noise exposure assessment

An increasing number of people live near airports with considerable noise and air pollution. The Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports (HYENA) project aims to assess the impact of airport-related noise exposure on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease using a cross-sectional study design. We selected 6,000 persons (45-70 years of age) who had lived at least 5 years near one of six major European airports. We used modeled aircraft noise contours, aiming to maximize exposure contrast. Automated BP instruments are used to reduce observer error. We designed a standardized questionnaire to collect data on annoyance, noise disturbance, and major confounders. Cortisol in saliva was collected in a subsample of the study population (n = 500) stratified by noise exposure level. To investigate short-term noise effects on BP and possible effects on nighttime BP dipping, we measured 24-hr BP and assessed continuous night noise in another subsample (n = 200). To ensure comparability between countries, we used common noise models to assess individual noise exposure, with a resolution of 1 dB(A). Modifiers of individual exposure, such as the orientation of living and bedroom toward roads, window-opening habits, and sound insulation, were assessed by the questionnaire. For four airports, we estimated exposure to air pollution to explore modifying effects of air pollution on cardiovascular disease. The project assesses exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, primarily using data from another project funded by the European Union (APMoSPHERE, Air Pollution Modelling for Support to Policy on Health and Environmental Risks in Europe).     

长期噪声暴露对大鼠海马CRF系统的影响

目的 探讨长期噪声暴露对大鼠海马组织中促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRF)信号系统的影响。方法 选择Wistar雄性大鼠64只,随机分为对照组和暴露组,每组32只,暴露组暴露条件为95 dB白噪声,4 h/d×30 d,停止噪声暴露分别恢复0、3、7、14 d;对照组动物除不接受噪声暴露外,其他条件与暴露组相同。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RTPCR)和免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测海马组织中促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素及其受体(CRF、CRFR1、CRFR2)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果 暴露组大鼠海马CRF、CRFR1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平在停止噪声暴露后恢复0、3、7 d明显高于对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),到14 d时恢复到正常水平;暴露组CRFR2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平在恢复0 d无明显变化,恢复3、7 d时明显升高差异有统计学意义(P0.05),到14 d时其蛋白表达恢复到正常水平,mRNA水平依然明显高于对照组。结论 长期噪声暴露可引发大鼠海马CRF及其受体系统持续异常改变,其可能参与了噪声暴露致阿尔茨海默病症(AD)样变的进程。     

噪声接触与神经行为功能关系的meta分析

目的综合分析噪声对神经行为功能改变的效应关系,取得敏感性行为指标.方法采用meta分析对国内1994～2003年发表的有关噪声与神经行为关系的文献进行汇总、归纳和定量综合分析.结果各项行为指标得分接触组与对照组差异显著,行为效应大小均大于0.2.结论噪声接触可引起认知能力、情感及心理运动能力的改变.目标追踪、简单反应时、紧张、数字跨度和疲劳是较敏感的指标.     

镉与职业噪声联合暴露对听力的损害

目的探讨镉与噪声联合暴露对作业人员听力的影响。方法利用现况调查的方法,选择某冶炼厂精馏车间63名作业人员为镉与噪声联合接触组（联合组）,某齿轮厂机加工车间57名作业人员为噪声接触组（噪声组）,同一冶炼厂不接触有害因素的行政后勤人员53名为对照组,对3组人员工作场所噪声和镉及其化合物进行检测,对3组人员进行尿镉测定和0.5～6 kHz 6个频段的纯音气导测试,并进行问卷调查。结果各组工作场所噪声强度均未超标,联合组工作场所镉及其化合物浓度超标率为27.8%,联合组尿镉超标率为23.81%,联合组听力损失总检出率为36.7%,明显高于噪声组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。各组不同频段听阈均值比较,联合组0.5、1、2、3、4、6 kHz听阈值分别为（23.29±2.79）、（19.63±3.12）、（18.96±3.72）、（24.00±11.79）、（28.58±17.53）、（32.58±19.65）dB（A）,均高于噪声组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论镉与噪声职业暴露对听力损失存在协同作用。     

Saliva Cortisol and Exposure to Aircraft Noise in Six European Countries

Background

Several studies show an association between exposure to aircraft or road traffic noise and cardiovascular effects, which may be mediated by a noise-induced release of stress hormones.

Objective

Our objective was to assess saliva cortisol concentration in relation to exposure to aircraft noise.

Method

A multicenter cross-sectional study, HYENA (Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports), comprising 4,861 persons was carried out in six European countries. In a subgroup of 439 study participants, selected to enhance the contrast in exposure to aircraft noise, saliva cortisol was assessed three times (morning, lunch, and evening) during 1 day.

Results

We observed an elevation of 6.07 nmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.32–9.81 nmol/L] in morning saliva cortisol level in women exposed to aircraft noise at an average 24-hr sound level (L_Aeq,24h) > 60 dB, compared with women exposed to L_Aeq,24h ≤ 50 dB, corresponding to an increase of 34%. Employment status appeared to modify the response. We found no association between noise exposure and saliva cortisol levels in men.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that exposure to aircraft noise increases morning saliva cortisol levels in women, which could be of relevance for noise-related cardiovascular effects.     

Hearing Loss in New Apprentices due to Exposure to Non-industrial Noise

New apprentices were questioned about their noise exposure andwere divided into a group with significant exposure and a groupwithout such exposure. Audiometry was then performed. It wasfound that the exposed group had significant loss at 6 kHz. Dr C. F. Taylor, British Steel Corporation, Llanwern Group, Newport, Gwent, NPT OXN.     

Cerebral Cortical Metabolism After Chronic Exposure to Ozone

This study represents a biochemical survey of cerebral cortex in dogs, in which an increased latency of evoked electroencephalogram EEG potentials of visual cortex had been observed after prolonged exposure to ozone. Portions of occipital and parietal cortex were analyzed from 44 dogs which had been exposed to 1 to 3 ppm O₃ for 18 months. Contents of norepinephrine and epinephrine, lipid hydroperoxides, K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl^- were measured. In addition, the activity of the following enzymes was determined: monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, cholînesterase, 5’-nu-cleotidase, and Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg⁺⁺ adenosine triphosphatases (ATP’ases). Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity showed a steady decline as the daily exposure to 1 ppm O₃ was increased from 8 to 24 hours. Concurrently, the catecholamine content of the tissues declined.     

职业噪声暴露与吸烟联合作用对听力影响的研究进展

职业噪声暴露所导致的职业性听力损伤是世界范围内的主要职业性疾病，但噪声并不是引起职业性听力损伤的惟一因素。研究发现吸烟也是听力损伤的重要危险因子之一，吸烟可能通过损伤内耳毛细胞及导致内耳组织缺氧加重噪声暴露所导致的听力损伤。     

累积噪声暴露量与噪声性听力损失关系的探讨

目的 进一步探讨累积噪声暴露量(CNE)与噪声性听力损失之间的关系.方法 采用横断面调查方法,以深圳市7家企业噪声作业工龄1年以上的512名工人作为研究对象,进行职业卫生学调查及听力测定.结果 听力损失发生率81.25%,CNE与听力损失发生率存在暴露量一反应关系,听力损失发生率^=0.205+4.780 CNE;通过对听力损失多个相关因素的Logistic回归分析,CNE、噪声强度与听力损失发生具有相关性(P<0.05),而CNE的相关性最强(P<0.001,r=1.148),年龄、性别、工龄与听力损失无相关性(P>0.05).结论 CNE与听力损失发生率存在暴露量-反应关系,在噪声危害评价中具有很好的科学性.     

非稳态噪声工作场所噪声暴露测量与评价

[目的]测量和评价非稳态噪声工作场所的8h等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）、1min等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）和全天等效声级估算值（LAeq.8h）。[方法]采用个人声暴露计测量LAeq.8h,用声级计测量LAeq.8h。和每个时间段的噪声值,计算出全天的等效声级（LAeq.8h）。应用LAeq.8h和LAeq.8h、LAeq.8T分别测量某输油管道加工厂和某家用电器制造厂239名工人的个体噪声（接触）和相应作业场所噪声（暴露）水平。[结果]两家工厂LAeq.8h均值分别为（89．7±3.8）dB（A）和（90．5±5．7）dB（A）,分别高于LAeqT的（88．0±2．4）dB（A）和（89．2±3．6）dB（A）（P〈O．05或P〈0．01）。与LAeq.8h相比,LAeq.1min采样时间点存在抽样误差。绝大多数工作岗位的LAeq.1min与LAeq.8h均值差大于3dB（A）,所有工作岗位的LAeq.8T均值与LAeq.8h均值差均小于3．0dB（A）。[结论]LAeq.8h能反映在非稳态噪声工作场所工人实际接触噪声暴露水平,LAeq.T比较符合作业工人实际噪声接触水平LAeq.1min。会低估或高估工人噪声暴露水平。     

Health Effects from Chronic Low-Level Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide

The acute toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide have been known for decades. However, studies investigating the adverse health effects from chronic, low-level exposure to this chemical are limited. In this study, the authors compared symptoms of adverse health effects, reported by residents of two communities exposed mainly to chronic, low-levels of industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide, to health effects reported by residents in three reference communities in which there were no known industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide. Trained interviewers used a specially created, menu-driven computer questionnaire to conduct a multi-symptom health survey. The data-collection process and questions were essentially the same in the reference and exposed communities. The two exposed communities responded very similarly to questions about the major categories. When the authors compared responses of the exposed communities with those of the reference communities, 9 of the 12 symptom categories had iterated odds ratios greater than 3.0. The symptoms related to the central nervous system had the highest iterated odds ratio (i.e., 12.7; 95% confidence interval = 7.59, 22.09), followed by the respiratory category (odds ratio = 11.92; 95% confidence interval = 6.03, 25.72), and the blood category (odds ratio = 8.07; 95% confidence interval = 3.64, 21.18). Within the broader health categories, individual symptoms were also elevated significantly. This study, like all community-based studies, had several inherent limitations. Limitations, and the procedures the authors used to minimize their effects on the study outcomes, are discussed. The results of this study emphasize the need for further studies on the adverse health effects related to long-term, chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide.     

非稳态噪声累积暴露量与听力损失的关系

[目的]分析基于个体噪声8 h等效连续A声级(LAeq.8h)(暴露水平)的累积噪声暴露量(cumulation noise exposure,CNELAeq.8h)与非稳态噪声所致听力损失的关系,探讨CNELAeq.8h能否有效评估非稳态噪声接触水平。[方法]选择轧钢厂和钢结构厂98名接触非稳态噪声工人为研究对象。采用个人声暴露计测量工人LAeq.8h,并与接触噪声工龄合并计算CNELAeq.8h,同时对工人进行问卷调查和听力测试。[结果]经噪声分层分析和趋势卡方检验,高频听力损失检出率随CNELAeq.8h的增加而升高;经logistic回归分析,CNELAeq.8h是工人高频听力损失和语频听力损失的危险因素,OR值分别为1.261和1.109(P<0.01)。CNELAeq.8h、LAeq.8h、工龄、高频、语频听力程度之间均呈明显相关(P<0.01);经多因素回归分析,CNELAeq.8h进入高频听力损失的多因素回归模型(P<0.01)。[结论]CNELAeq.8h与工人高频听力损失呈良好剂量-效应关系,能有效评估非稳态噪声接触水平。